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Ahlakî “Yapılmamalı”, İnsan Geliştirme Teknolojilerindeki Yapılabilirliği Sınırlandırmalı mı?

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2, 229 - 252, 06.12.2018

Öz

Bu çalışma öncelikle teknik alanda “yapılabilir, yapılması gerekeni gerektirir” şeklinde ifade edilen bir anlayışın, teknolojik

buyruğun ortaya çıkışını, nasıl mümkün olabildiğini, metafizik ve ahlakî açıdan ele almaktadır. Ardından teknolojik fizibilitenin,

metafizik ve ahlakî durumun mümkün kıldığı bu durumda ortaya çıkan, çağımızda sorun ya da eksiklik olarak addedilen birçok

hususu teknoloji yoluyla çözme temayülünün bir örneği olarak “insan geliştirme teknolojileri”ne işaret etmektedir. Çalışma,

söz konusu teknolojilerde yapılabilir olanın sınırlanmaksızın yapılmasının gereğini savunan transhümanist perspektife

karşı ahlakî “yapılmamalı”nın insan geliştirme teknolojilerindeki yapılabilirliği sınırlandırabilmesi, yönlendirmesi yahut

engelleyebilmesi gerektiğini savunmakta; bu kanaati, gerekçeleriyle geçtiğimiz yüzyıldan itibaren yapılan felsefi tartışmalara

da atıfla ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır. Nihayetinde maddi tekâmül üzerinden insanı geliştirmeyi amaçlayan anlayış yerine

daha esaslı olan gelişmenin iradi bir tarzda daha ahlakî olmakla tesis edileceğini savunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Agar, Nicholas. “Liberal Eugenics.” Public Affairs Quarterly 12, no. 2 (1998): 137-153.
  • Allhof, F., Lin, P., Moor, J. ve Weckert, J. 2009. “Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions and Answers.” www.humanenhance.com/NSF_report.pdf 1-50.
  • Anscombe, Elizabeth. “Modern Moral Philosophy,” Philosophy 33 (1958): 1-19.
  • Arnhart, Larry. “Human Nature.” İçinde Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics, Vol.2, editör Carl Mitcham, 952-956. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2005.
  • Arnhart, Larry. “Biotech Ethics.” İçinde Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics, Vol.1, editör Carl Mitcham, 227-232. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2005.
  • Arslan, İshak. Çağdaş Doğa Düşüncesi. İstanbul: Küre, 2011.
  • Bostrom, Nick, “In Defense of Posthuman Dignity.” Bioethics 19, no. 3 (2005): 202-214.
  • Brey, Philip. “Biomedical Engineering Ethics.” içinde A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology, editör Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen ve Vincent F. Hendricks, 392-396. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
  • Ellul, Jacques. Teknoloji Toplumu. Çev. Musa Ceylan. İstanbul: Bakış Yayınları, 2003.
  • Fromm, Erich. The Revolution of Hope: Toward a Humanized Technology. New York: Bantam Books, 1968.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Picador Books, 2002.
  • Gasset, José Ortega y. “Man the Technician.” İçinde History as a System and Other Essays toward a Philosophy of History, 85-161. New York: Greenwood Press, 1961.
  • Grey, William. “Playing God.” İçinde The Concise Encyclopedia of the Ethics of New Technologies editör Ruth Chadwick, 335-339. San Diego: Academic Press, 2001.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. ‘İdeoloji’ olarak Teknik ve Bilim. Çev. Mustafa Tüzel, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2010.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. İnsan Doğasının Geleceği. Çev. Kaan H.Ökten, İstanbul: Everest Yayınları, 2003.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. “Technical Progress and the Social Life-World.” İçinde Readings in the Philosophy of Technology, editör David M.Kaplan, 81-88. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004.
  • Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Çev. Semih Lim. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1992.
  • Howard Snyder, Frances. “Ought Implies Can.” İçinde International Encyclopedia of Ethics, Vol.6, editör Hugh Lafollette, 3748-3757. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Huesemann, Michael ve Huesemann, Joyce. Techno-Fix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers, 2011.
  • Jonas, Hans. “Biological Engineering-A Preview.” İçinde Philosophical Essays: From Ancient Creed to Technological Man, 141-167. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, 1974.
  • Jonas, Hans. “Seventeenth Century and After: The Meaning of the Scientific and Technological Revolution.” İçinde Philosophical Essays: From Ancient Creed to Technological Man, 65-68. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, 1974.
  • Jonas, Hans. The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984.
  • Jonas, Hans. “The Practical Uses of Theory.” İçinde Philosophy and Technology: Readings in the Philosophical Problems of Technology, editör Carl Mitcham ve Robert Mackey, 335-346. New York: Free Press, 1983.
  • Juengst, Eric ve Moseley, Daniel, “Human Enhancement.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2016 Edition), editör Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/enhancement/.
  • Kass, Leon (ed). Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness (A Report of The President’s Council on Bioethics), Washington DC, 2003.
  • La Mettrie, Julien Offray. İnsan, Bir Makina. Çev. Zehra Bayramoğlu. İstanbul: Havass Yayınları, 1980.
  • MacIntyre, Alasdair. Erdem Peşinde. Çev. Muttalip Özcan. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2001.
  • Mumford, Lewis. Makina Efsanesi. Çev. Fırat Oruç. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 1996.
  • Ozbekhan, Hasan. “The Triumph of Technology: “Can Implies Ought”.” İçinde An Introduction to Technological Forecasting, editör Joseph Paul Martino, 83-92. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1972.
  • Sandel, Michael J. The Case against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007.
  • Savulescu, Julian. “Genetic Interventions and The Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings.” İçinde The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics, editör Bonnie Steinbock, 516-535. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Sennett, Richard. Zanaatkar. Çev. Melih Pekdemir. İstanbul: Ayrıntı, 2003.
  • Vallor, Shannon. “Knowing What to Wish For: Human Enhancement Technology, Dignity and Virtue.” Techné 15, no. 2 (2011): 137-155.
  • Vallor, Shannon. Technology and the Virtues: A Philosophical Guide to a Future Worth Wanting. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Woelert, Peter. “Man and His Technological Doubles.” Philosophy Today 52, no. 2 (2008): 157-164.

Should Ethical “ought not” Limit Technological Feasibility in Human Enhancement Technologies?

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2, 229 - 252, 06.12.2018

Öz

This study addresses the emergence of an understanding expressed as “can implies ought” in the technical field. This concept

is a technological imperative, and the study explores how this understanding is possible from a metaphysical and ethical

perspective. The study refers to “human enhancement technologies” as an example of the tendency that arose in the case

where technological feasibility and metaphysical and moral conditions make it possible. This tendency solves many problems

or deficiencies through technology. The study argues that ethical “ought not” should limit, direct, or prevent technological

feasibility in human enhancement technologies that oppose transhumanist perspectives, which limitlessly defend the “can

implies ought” in these technologies. The paper attempts to put forward this conviction and its justifications with reference

to philosophical debates. In conclusion, the argument is that more fundamental enhancement can be provided by being

more ethical with free will, rather than through enhancing human beings materially.

Kaynakça

  • Agar, Nicholas. “Liberal Eugenics.” Public Affairs Quarterly 12, no. 2 (1998): 137-153.
  • Allhof, F., Lin, P., Moor, J. ve Weckert, J. 2009. “Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions and Answers.” www.humanenhance.com/NSF_report.pdf 1-50.
  • Anscombe, Elizabeth. “Modern Moral Philosophy,” Philosophy 33 (1958): 1-19.
  • Arnhart, Larry. “Human Nature.” İçinde Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics, Vol.2, editör Carl Mitcham, 952-956. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2005.
  • Arnhart, Larry. “Biotech Ethics.” İçinde Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics, Vol.1, editör Carl Mitcham, 227-232. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2005.
  • Arslan, İshak. Çağdaş Doğa Düşüncesi. İstanbul: Küre, 2011.
  • Bostrom, Nick, “In Defense of Posthuman Dignity.” Bioethics 19, no. 3 (2005): 202-214.
  • Brey, Philip. “Biomedical Engineering Ethics.” içinde A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology, editör Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen ve Vincent F. Hendricks, 392-396. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
  • Ellul, Jacques. Teknoloji Toplumu. Çev. Musa Ceylan. İstanbul: Bakış Yayınları, 2003.
  • Fromm, Erich. The Revolution of Hope: Toward a Humanized Technology. New York: Bantam Books, 1968.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Picador Books, 2002.
  • Gasset, José Ortega y. “Man the Technician.” İçinde History as a System and Other Essays toward a Philosophy of History, 85-161. New York: Greenwood Press, 1961.
  • Grey, William. “Playing God.” İçinde The Concise Encyclopedia of the Ethics of New Technologies editör Ruth Chadwick, 335-339. San Diego: Academic Press, 2001.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. ‘İdeoloji’ olarak Teknik ve Bilim. Çev. Mustafa Tüzel, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2010.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. İnsan Doğasının Geleceği. Çev. Kaan H.Ökten, İstanbul: Everest Yayınları, 2003.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. “Technical Progress and the Social Life-World.” İçinde Readings in the Philosophy of Technology, editör David M.Kaplan, 81-88. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004.
  • Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Çev. Semih Lim. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1992.
  • Howard Snyder, Frances. “Ought Implies Can.” İçinde International Encyclopedia of Ethics, Vol.6, editör Hugh Lafollette, 3748-3757. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Huesemann, Michael ve Huesemann, Joyce. Techno-Fix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers, 2011.
  • Jonas, Hans. “Biological Engineering-A Preview.” İçinde Philosophical Essays: From Ancient Creed to Technological Man, 141-167. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, 1974.
  • Jonas, Hans. “Seventeenth Century and After: The Meaning of the Scientific and Technological Revolution.” İçinde Philosophical Essays: From Ancient Creed to Technological Man, 65-68. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, 1974.
  • Jonas, Hans. The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984.
  • Jonas, Hans. “The Practical Uses of Theory.” İçinde Philosophy and Technology: Readings in the Philosophical Problems of Technology, editör Carl Mitcham ve Robert Mackey, 335-346. New York: Free Press, 1983.
  • Juengst, Eric ve Moseley, Daniel, “Human Enhancement.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2016 Edition), editör Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/enhancement/.
  • Kass, Leon (ed). Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness (A Report of The President’s Council on Bioethics), Washington DC, 2003.
  • La Mettrie, Julien Offray. İnsan, Bir Makina. Çev. Zehra Bayramoğlu. İstanbul: Havass Yayınları, 1980.
  • MacIntyre, Alasdair. Erdem Peşinde. Çev. Muttalip Özcan. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2001.
  • Mumford, Lewis. Makina Efsanesi. Çev. Fırat Oruç. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 1996.
  • Ozbekhan, Hasan. “The Triumph of Technology: “Can Implies Ought”.” İçinde An Introduction to Technological Forecasting, editör Joseph Paul Martino, 83-92. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1972.
  • Sandel, Michael J. The Case against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007.
  • Savulescu, Julian. “Genetic Interventions and The Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings.” İçinde The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics, editör Bonnie Steinbock, 516-535. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Sennett, Richard. Zanaatkar. Çev. Melih Pekdemir. İstanbul: Ayrıntı, 2003.
  • Vallor, Shannon. “Knowing What to Wish For: Human Enhancement Technology, Dignity and Virtue.” Techné 15, no. 2 (2011): 137-155.
  • Vallor, Shannon. Technology and the Virtues: A Philosophical Guide to a Future Worth Wanting. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Woelert, Peter. “Man and His Technological Doubles.” Philosophy Today 52, no. 2 (2008): 157-164.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Tema Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tuba Nur Umut 0000-0003-0201-6228

Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Umut, Tuba Nur. “Ahlakî ‘Yapılmamalı’, İnsan Geliştirme Teknolojilerindeki Yapılabilirliği Sınırlandırmalı mı?”. Darulfunun Ilahiyat 29, sy. 2 (Aralık 2018): 229-52.