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SİGARA KULLANIMI ÖNLEME PROGRAMININ GELİŞTİRİLMESİ ve PROGRAMIN ETKİNLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2012, Sayı: 34, 1 - 21, 01.12.2012

Öz

Bu çalışma ilköğretim öğrencilerine yönelik sigara kullanımı önleme programının geliştirilmesi ve etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.                       Çalışma iki aşama da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Birinci aşamada veri tabanları ve araştırmalar incelenmiş, uzmanlardan görüşler alınarak eğitim içeriği Sosyal Bilişsel Öğrenme Teorisine göre hazırlanmıştır. İkinci aşamada örneklem belirlenmiş ve program uygulanmıştır. Örnekleme bir ilköğretim okulundaki dört ve beşinci sınıf öğrencisi ile ebeveynleri alınmıştır. Veriler girişim öncesi, girişim sonrası altıncı ayda, girişimden bir yıl ve iki yıl sonra toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tekrarlı ölçümlerde tek yönlü varyans analizi, Bonferroni düzeltmeli eşleştirilmiş t testi ve ki kare testi kullanılmıştır. Sosyal bilişsel öğrenme grubundaki öğrencilerin sigara yarar algılarının anlamlı şekilde azaldığı ve zarar algılarının arttığı belirlenmiştir. Sigara deneme oranları ise değişmemiştir. Sosyal bilişsel öğrenme temelli girişim programının çocukların sigara deneme oranını azaltmada, yarar ve zarar algısını değiştirmede etkili olduğu saptanmıştır

Kaynakça

  • Abroms, L., Simons-Morton, B., Heynie, DL., & Chen, R. (2005). Psychosocial predictors of smoking trajectories during middle and high shcool. Addiction, 100, 852-861.
  • Aitken, PP. (1990). Peer Group Pressure, Parental Control and Cigarette Smoking among 10 to 14 years old, Br j Soc Clin Psychol, 19, 142-146.
  • Akdur, R. (2009). Gençlerde Sigara Salgını, Sigara ve Sağlık sempozyumu, 2 Nisan 2009, Ankara
  • Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development. Vol.6. Six theories of child development (pp. 1-60). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
  • Bandura, A.(1997). Self-Efficacy The Exercise of Control. WH Freeman and Company, USA.
  • Biglan, A., Ary, DV., Smolkowski, K., Duncan, T., & Black, CA. (2000). Randomised controlled trial of a community intervention to prevent adolescent tobacco use. Tobacco Control, 9, 24–32.
  • Biglan, A., & Duncan, TE. (1995). Peer and parental influences on adolencent tabocco use. J Behav Med, 18, 315-330.
  • BM Uyuşturucu Madde Ve Suç Ofisi (2003). Türkiye’deki Sağlık Hizmetleri, Eğitim Ve Toplumsal Girişimle Madde Kullanımının Önlenmesi Çalışması 2003.
  • Brook, JS., Whiteman, M. (1983). Father and San: Their Relationship and Personality Charasteristic associated with the Son’s Smoking Behaviour, J Genet Psycgol, 142, 271- 281.
  • Bruvold, WH. (1993). A Meta-analysis of adolencent Smoking Prevention Programs. Am J Public Health 83(6). 872-880.
  • Buzgan, T., Çom, S., Irmak, H., Baykan, H., Aydın, E., & Taner, S. (2007). Mpower Tütün Salgınını Kontrol Etmeye Yönelik Politika Paketi. Sağlık Bakanlığı-Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, Ankara.
  • Cohen, DA., Richardson J., & La Bree, L. (1994). Parenting Behaviour and the Onset of Smoking and Alchol Use. Pediatrics, 94, 368-375.
  • Cote, F., Godin, G., & Gagne, C. (2004). Identification of Factor promoting Abstinence From Smoking in a Cohort of Elemantary school Children, Preventive Medicine, 39, 695-703.
  • De Vries, H., Mudde, A., Kremers, S., Wetzels, J., Uiters, E., Ariza, C., et al. (2003). The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (ESFA): short-term effects. Health Education Research, 18(6), 649–663.
  • Dejesus, MC. (2000). Comparison of Smoking Beliefs Among Columbus, Ohıo Third Graders and Their Parents, Master Thesis, Graduate School of The Ohio State University, USA.
  • Edwards, L. (2002). Research priorities in school nursing: A delphi process. Journal of School Nursing, 18(3), 157-162.
  • Elder, JP., Perry, CL., Stone, EJ., Johnson, CC., Yang, M., Edmundson, EW., et al. (1996). Tobacco use measurement, prediction and intervention in elementary schools in four states: The CATCH Study. Preventive Medicine, 25, 486–494.
  • Ergüder, T. (2008). Tütün Kontrolü Çerçeve Sözleşmesi, Sağlık Bakanlığı - Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 731, Şubat - 2008 ANKARA
  • European Tabacco Control Report. (2007). World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe., Copenhagen.
  • Fergusson DM., Lynskey MT., & Horwood LJ. (1995). The role of peer affiliations, social, family and individual factors in continuities in cigarette smoking between childhood and adolescence. Addictions, 90, 647-659.
  • Filiz, H. (2007). Gençlerde sigardan korunma konusunda bir müdahale programının değrlendirilmesi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Yükseklisans tezi, 2007, Manisa.
  • Flynn BS., Worden JK., Secker-Walker RH., Badger JH., Geller MB., & Contanza MB. (1992). Prevention of cigarette smoking through to mass media intervention and school program. Am J Public Health. 1992; 82; 827-834
  • Gangley, BJ. (2000). Ty Tiger’s Tobacco Alert (3ta) Program: Results of a Three Year Longitudinal Study. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, University of Arkansas, Arkansas.
  • Gökgöz, Ş. (2004). Adölesan çağda sigara ve alkolle ilgili verilen eğitim etkinliği. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sivas.
  • Hanewinkel, R., & Abhauer, M. (2004). Fifteen-month follow-up Results of a school-based life-skills approach to smoking Prevention, Health Education Research, 19(2), 137-152.
  • Herken, H., & Özkan, İ. (1998). Sigara ve Sosyal Öğrenme, Genel Tıp Derg, 8(1), 45-47.
  • Hops, H., Tildesley, E., Linchestein, AD., Shermen, L. (1990). Parent-Adolecent Problem Solving Interaction and Drug Use, Am J Drug alchol Abuse, 16, 239-258.
  • Jİsendal, O., Aarİ, L.E., Torsheim, T. & Rasbash J. (2005). Evaluation of the school-based smoking-prevention program “BE smokeFREE”. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 46, 189 –199.
  • Karataş, H., & Öztürk, C. (2009). Sosyal Bilişsel Teori ile Zorbalığa Yaklaşım. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 2(2), 61-74.
  • Longlios MA., Petosa R., & Halam JS. (1999). Why do effective smoking prevention programs work? Studnet changes in Social Cognitive Theory constructs. Journal of School Health, 69 (8), 326-331.
  • McGahee TW, Tingen MS. (2000). The effects of a smoking prevention curriculum on fifth- grade children’s attitudes, subjective norms and refusal skills. Southern online journal of nursing research, , 1(2).
  • Murray, M., Kiryluk, S., Swan, AW. (1985). Relatation Between Parent’s and Children’s Smoking Behaviour and Attitude’s. J Epidemiol Community Health, 8, 109-114.
  • Ögel K., Tamar D., Evren C., Çakmak D (1998). Lise Gençleri Arasında Sigara, Alkol Ve Madde Kullanım Yaygılığı Projesi 98 (1998).
  • Ögel, K., & Liman, O. (2001). Gençlerde madde kullanım yaygınlığının ve özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Yeniden Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Özcebe, H. (2008). Gençler ve Sigara, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 731, Ankara.
  • Özkayın, N., Aktuğlu, K. (2003). Sigaranın Kas-İskelet Sistemi Üzerine Etkileri. STED, 12(3), 102.
  • Pallonen, U E., Prochaska, JO., Velicer, WF., Prokhorov, AV., & Smith, NF. (1998). Stages
  • of acquisition and cessation for adolescent smoking: An empirical integration.
  • Addictive Behaviors, 23, 303-324.
  • Pekşen Y. (1995). Sigara İçiminin Nedenleri, Epidemiyolojisi, Pasif İçicilik. Tür A (Ed). Sigaranın Sağlığa Etkileri Ve Bırakma Yöntemlerinde. Samsun, Logos Yayıncılık, 1-28.
  • PIAR 98. Sigara Alışkanlıkları ve Sigara İle Mücadele Kampanyası Kamuoyu Araştırması Raporu, PİAR, Ocak 1988.
  • Reddy, KS., Arora, M., Perry, CL., Nair, B., Kohli, A., Lytle, LA, et al. (2002). Tobacco and alcohol use outcomes of a school-based intervention in New Delhi. American Journal ofHealth Behavior, 26(3), 173–81.
  • Reimer, TM., Pamprehn, PR., Becker, SL., et. (1990). Father for Adolencent Cigarette Smoking: The Muscatin Study, Am J.Dischild, 144, 1265-1272.
  • Sarah, E., Garrison, MM., Chiristakis, DA., et. (2005). A Systemic Review of School-Based Smoking Prevention Trails with Long-term Fallow-up. Journal of Adolencent Health, 36: 162-169.
  • Sarı, HY., & Öztürk, C. (2005). İlkokul Öğrencilerinin sigaranın zararları konusunda verilen eğitimin sigarayla ilgili görüşlerine etkisi. Hemşirelik Forumu, Eylül-Aralık, 74-78.
  • Schofield MJ, Lynagh M, Mishra G. (2003). Evaluation of a Health Promoting Schools program to reduce smoking in Australian secondary schools. Health Education Research, 18(6), 678–92.
  • Selekman, J. (2006) School Nursing: A comprehensive text. FA Davis company, Philadelphia, USA.
  • Sezer, E. (1992). Sigara kullanımı ve gençler. Sigara Alarmı, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Derneği Sigarayla Mücadele kolu yayını, Aralık, 4, 3-6.
  • Storr, C., Reboussin, BA., Anthony, JC. (2004). Early childhood Misbehaviour and the estimated Risk of Becaming Tabocco Dependent, Am J epidemiol, 160, 126-130.
  • Storr, CL., Ialongo, NS., Kelam, SG., & Anthony, JC. (2002). A randomized controlled trial of two primary school intervention strategies to prevent early onset tobacco smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 66(1), 51–60.
  • Susman, S. (2005). Risk Factors and Prevention of Tobacco Use. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 44, 614-619.
  • Sussman, S., Dent, CW., Burton, D., Stacy, AW., Flay, BR. (1995). Developing school-based tobacco user prevention and cessation programs. Thousands Oaks, CA: SAGE publishing, Inc.
  • Tennent, SR. (1991). An evulation of the effect of a smoking prevention program middle school students’ knowledge and attitudes concernin cigarettee smoking. Yayınlamış yükseklisans tezi. Texas Women University Department of Health. USA.
  • Thomas, RE. (2004). School-based Programmes for Preventing Smoking, Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4) CD001293.
  • Thomas, RE., & Perera, R.(2009). School-based Programmes for Preventing Smoking, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Issue 3, 2009.
  • Thomas, RE., Baker, PRA., Lorenzetti, D.(2009). Family-based programmes for preventing smoking by children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3.
  • Tobler NS. (1986). Meta-analysis of 143 Adolencent Drug Prevention Programs: Quantitative Outcome Results of Program Participant Compared to a Control or Comparision Group, J drug Issues, 16: 537-567.
  • Torre GL., Chiaradia G., & Ricciardi G. (2005). School-based smoking prevention in children and adolescents: review of the scientific literature. J. Public Health, 13, 285-290.
  • Velicer,WF., DiClemente, CC., Prochaska, JO., & Brandenburg, N. (1985). Decisional
  • balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status. Journal of Personality
  • and Social Psychology, 48, 1279-1289.
  • WHO Tobacco Free Initiative. (2008). Building Blocks for Tobacco Control. World Health Organization. Genova
  • WHO. (2008). Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008. World Health Organization, Geneva.
  • Zhang, D., & Qiu, X. (1989). School-based Tobacco Use prevention People's Republic of China, JAMA, Jun 16, 269.

Development of Smoking Prevention Program and Evaluation of the Program Effectiveness

Yıl 2012, Sayı: 34, 1 - 21, 01.12.2012

Öz

This study was performed to determine to develop smoking prevention program towardprimary school students and investigate the effect of the program. The study was conducted in two phases. The first stage examined the databases and research, taken the experts opinion, and prepared the program according to social cognitive learning theory. In the second stage, the sample size were determined and applied to the program. The sampling consisted of fourth and fifth grade student and their parents. Data were collected before education, after education, a year after education, and two year after education. Evaluation of the data were used by repeated measuerment of anova, Bonferroni adjusted paired t test, and Mc Nemar test. It was determined to a significant decrease of the smoking cons and increase smoking pros perception. There was no significant difference smoking status. Smoking prevention program is effective of reduce children smoking rate, changing the perception of smoking pros and cons.

Kaynakça

  • Abroms, L., Simons-Morton, B., Heynie, DL., & Chen, R. (2005). Psychosocial predictors of smoking trajectories during middle and high shcool. Addiction, 100, 852-861.
  • Aitken, PP. (1990). Peer Group Pressure, Parental Control and Cigarette Smoking among 10 to 14 years old, Br j Soc Clin Psychol, 19, 142-146.
  • Akdur, R. (2009). Gençlerde Sigara Salgını, Sigara ve Sağlık sempozyumu, 2 Nisan 2009, Ankara
  • Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development. Vol.6. Six theories of child development (pp. 1-60). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
  • Bandura, A.(1997). Self-Efficacy The Exercise of Control. WH Freeman and Company, USA.
  • Biglan, A., Ary, DV., Smolkowski, K., Duncan, T., & Black, CA. (2000). Randomised controlled trial of a community intervention to prevent adolescent tobacco use. Tobacco Control, 9, 24–32.
  • Biglan, A., & Duncan, TE. (1995). Peer and parental influences on adolencent tabocco use. J Behav Med, 18, 315-330.
  • BM Uyuşturucu Madde Ve Suç Ofisi (2003). Türkiye’deki Sağlık Hizmetleri, Eğitim Ve Toplumsal Girişimle Madde Kullanımının Önlenmesi Çalışması 2003.
  • Brook, JS., Whiteman, M. (1983). Father and San: Their Relationship and Personality Charasteristic associated with the Son’s Smoking Behaviour, J Genet Psycgol, 142, 271- 281.
  • Bruvold, WH. (1993). A Meta-analysis of adolencent Smoking Prevention Programs. Am J Public Health 83(6). 872-880.
  • Buzgan, T., Çom, S., Irmak, H., Baykan, H., Aydın, E., & Taner, S. (2007). Mpower Tütün Salgınını Kontrol Etmeye Yönelik Politika Paketi. Sağlık Bakanlığı-Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, Ankara.
  • Cohen, DA., Richardson J., & La Bree, L. (1994). Parenting Behaviour and the Onset of Smoking and Alchol Use. Pediatrics, 94, 368-375.
  • Cote, F., Godin, G., & Gagne, C. (2004). Identification of Factor promoting Abstinence From Smoking in a Cohort of Elemantary school Children, Preventive Medicine, 39, 695-703.
  • De Vries, H., Mudde, A., Kremers, S., Wetzels, J., Uiters, E., Ariza, C., et al. (2003). The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (ESFA): short-term effects. Health Education Research, 18(6), 649–663.
  • Dejesus, MC. (2000). Comparison of Smoking Beliefs Among Columbus, Ohıo Third Graders and Their Parents, Master Thesis, Graduate School of The Ohio State University, USA.
  • Edwards, L. (2002). Research priorities in school nursing: A delphi process. Journal of School Nursing, 18(3), 157-162.
  • Elder, JP., Perry, CL., Stone, EJ., Johnson, CC., Yang, M., Edmundson, EW., et al. (1996). Tobacco use measurement, prediction and intervention in elementary schools in four states: The CATCH Study. Preventive Medicine, 25, 486–494.
  • Ergüder, T. (2008). Tütün Kontrolü Çerçeve Sözleşmesi, Sağlık Bakanlığı - Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 731, Şubat - 2008 ANKARA
  • European Tabacco Control Report. (2007). World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe., Copenhagen.
  • Fergusson DM., Lynskey MT., & Horwood LJ. (1995). The role of peer affiliations, social, family and individual factors in continuities in cigarette smoking between childhood and adolescence. Addictions, 90, 647-659.
  • Filiz, H. (2007). Gençlerde sigardan korunma konusunda bir müdahale programının değrlendirilmesi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Yükseklisans tezi, 2007, Manisa.
  • Flynn BS., Worden JK., Secker-Walker RH., Badger JH., Geller MB., & Contanza MB. (1992). Prevention of cigarette smoking through to mass media intervention and school program. Am J Public Health. 1992; 82; 827-834
  • Gangley, BJ. (2000). Ty Tiger’s Tobacco Alert (3ta) Program: Results of a Three Year Longitudinal Study. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, University of Arkansas, Arkansas.
  • Gökgöz, Ş. (2004). Adölesan çağda sigara ve alkolle ilgili verilen eğitim etkinliği. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sivas.
  • Hanewinkel, R., & Abhauer, M. (2004). Fifteen-month follow-up Results of a school-based life-skills approach to smoking Prevention, Health Education Research, 19(2), 137-152.
  • Herken, H., & Özkan, İ. (1998). Sigara ve Sosyal Öğrenme, Genel Tıp Derg, 8(1), 45-47.
  • Hops, H., Tildesley, E., Linchestein, AD., Shermen, L. (1990). Parent-Adolecent Problem Solving Interaction and Drug Use, Am J Drug alchol Abuse, 16, 239-258.
  • Jİsendal, O., Aarİ, L.E., Torsheim, T. & Rasbash J. (2005). Evaluation of the school-based smoking-prevention program “BE smokeFREE”. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 46, 189 –199.
  • Karataş, H., & Öztürk, C. (2009). Sosyal Bilişsel Teori ile Zorbalığa Yaklaşım. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 2(2), 61-74.
  • Longlios MA., Petosa R., & Halam JS. (1999). Why do effective smoking prevention programs work? Studnet changes in Social Cognitive Theory constructs. Journal of School Health, 69 (8), 326-331.
  • McGahee TW, Tingen MS. (2000). The effects of a smoking prevention curriculum on fifth- grade children’s attitudes, subjective norms and refusal skills. Southern online journal of nursing research, , 1(2).
  • Murray, M., Kiryluk, S., Swan, AW. (1985). Relatation Between Parent’s and Children’s Smoking Behaviour and Attitude’s. J Epidemiol Community Health, 8, 109-114.
  • Ögel K., Tamar D., Evren C., Çakmak D (1998). Lise Gençleri Arasında Sigara, Alkol Ve Madde Kullanım Yaygılığı Projesi 98 (1998).
  • Ögel, K., & Liman, O. (2001). Gençlerde madde kullanım yaygınlığının ve özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Yeniden Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Özcebe, H. (2008). Gençler ve Sigara, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 731, Ankara.
  • Özkayın, N., Aktuğlu, K. (2003). Sigaranın Kas-İskelet Sistemi Üzerine Etkileri. STED, 12(3), 102.
  • Pallonen, U E., Prochaska, JO., Velicer, WF., Prokhorov, AV., & Smith, NF. (1998). Stages
  • of acquisition and cessation for adolescent smoking: An empirical integration.
  • Addictive Behaviors, 23, 303-324.
  • Pekşen Y. (1995). Sigara İçiminin Nedenleri, Epidemiyolojisi, Pasif İçicilik. Tür A (Ed). Sigaranın Sağlığa Etkileri Ve Bırakma Yöntemlerinde. Samsun, Logos Yayıncılık, 1-28.
  • PIAR 98. Sigara Alışkanlıkları ve Sigara İle Mücadele Kampanyası Kamuoyu Araştırması Raporu, PİAR, Ocak 1988.
  • Reddy, KS., Arora, M., Perry, CL., Nair, B., Kohli, A., Lytle, LA, et al. (2002). Tobacco and alcohol use outcomes of a school-based intervention in New Delhi. American Journal ofHealth Behavior, 26(3), 173–81.
  • Reimer, TM., Pamprehn, PR., Becker, SL., et. (1990). Father for Adolencent Cigarette Smoking: The Muscatin Study, Am J.Dischild, 144, 1265-1272.
  • Sarah, E., Garrison, MM., Chiristakis, DA., et. (2005). A Systemic Review of School-Based Smoking Prevention Trails with Long-term Fallow-up. Journal of Adolencent Health, 36: 162-169.
  • Sarı, HY., & Öztürk, C. (2005). İlkokul Öğrencilerinin sigaranın zararları konusunda verilen eğitimin sigarayla ilgili görüşlerine etkisi. Hemşirelik Forumu, Eylül-Aralık, 74-78.
  • Schofield MJ, Lynagh M, Mishra G. (2003). Evaluation of a Health Promoting Schools program to reduce smoking in Australian secondary schools. Health Education Research, 18(6), 678–92.
  • Selekman, J. (2006) School Nursing: A comprehensive text. FA Davis company, Philadelphia, USA.
  • Sezer, E. (1992). Sigara kullanımı ve gençler. Sigara Alarmı, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Derneği Sigarayla Mücadele kolu yayını, Aralık, 4, 3-6.
  • Storr, C., Reboussin, BA., Anthony, JC. (2004). Early childhood Misbehaviour and the estimated Risk of Becaming Tabocco Dependent, Am J epidemiol, 160, 126-130.
  • Storr, CL., Ialongo, NS., Kelam, SG., & Anthony, JC. (2002). A randomized controlled trial of two primary school intervention strategies to prevent early onset tobacco smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 66(1), 51–60.
  • Susman, S. (2005). Risk Factors and Prevention of Tobacco Use. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 44, 614-619.
  • Sussman, S., Dent, CW., Burton, D., Stacy, AW., Flay, BR. (1995). Developing school-based tobacco user prevention and cessation programs. Thousands Oaks, CA: SAGE publishing, Inc.
  • Tennent, SR. (1991). An evulation of the effect of a smoking prevention program middle school students’ knowledge and attitudes concernin cigarettee smoking. Yayınlamış yükseklisans tezi. Texas Women University Department of Health. USA.
  • Thomas, RE. (2004). School-based Programmes for Preventing Smoking, Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4) CD001293.
  • Thomas, RE., & Perera, R.(2009). School-based Programmes for Preventing Smoking, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Issue 3, 2009.
  • Thomas, RE., Baker, PRA., Lorenzetti, D.(2009). Family-based programmes for preventing smoking by children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3.
  • Tobler NS. (1986). Meta-analysis of 143 Adolencent Drug Prevention Programs: Quantitative Outcome Results of Program Participant Compared to a Control or Comparision Group, J drug Issues, 16: 537-567.
  • Torre GL., Chiaradia G., & Ricciardi G. (2005). School-based smoking prevention in children and adolescents: review of the scientific literature. J. Public Health, 13, 285-290.
  • Velicer,WF., DiClemente, CC., Prochaska, JO., & Brandenburg, N. (1985). Decisional
  • balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status. Journal of Personality
  • and Social Psychology, 48, 1279-1289.
  • WHO Tobacco Free Initiative. (2008). Building Blocks for Tobacco Control. World Health Organization. Genova
  • WHO. (2008). Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008. World Health Organization, Geneva.
  • Zhang, D., & Qiu, X. (1989). School-based Tobacco Use prevention People's Republic of China, JAMA, Jun 16, 269.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA44VB94EC
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Murat Bektaş Bu kişi benim

Candan Öztürk Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Sayı: 34

Kaynak Göster

APA Bektaş, M., & Öztürk, C. (2012). SİGARA KULLANIMI ÖNLEME PROGRAMININ GELİŞTİRİLMESİ ve PROGRAMIN ETKİNLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi(34), 1-21.