Relationships among Career Engagements, Career Callings, Career Adaptabilities, and Hopes of Emerging Adulthood: Testing with Two-Stage Structural Equation Modeling

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 59, 394 - 417, 29.03.2024

Ahmet Kara

https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1378977

Öz

This study aims to propose a career engagement model for emerging adulthood and to test this proposed model with two-stage structural equation modeling. Based on this aim, this study was designed in correlational design. Of the 327 emerging adulthood who participated in the study, 214 (65.4%) were female, and 113 (34.6%) were male. These participants [Ageranj = 18-25, AgeMean =19.97, AgeSs = 1.57] were included in the study by criterion sampling method. The data were collected with the "Career Adaptability Scale," "Career Engagement Scale," "Career Calling Scale," and "Dispositional Hope Scale. " Two-stage structural equation modeling was preferred in data analysis. First, the measurement model was tested. Once this measurement model was validated, the second stage of testing the structural models (hypothetical and final) was conducted. The significance of the indirect effect was evaluated with Bootstrap Analysis by resampling 1000 samples and creating lower and upper-bound confidence intervals. Maximum Likelihood was used as the estimation method in this study. In the first of the findings of this study, career calling predicts career adaptability in a significant and positive way. In the second, career calling predicts hope significantly and positively. The third is that career adaptability predicts career engagement significantly and positively. The fourth, hope, predicts career engagement significantly and positively. Finally, the mediation effect of career adaptability and hope in the relationship between career calling and career engagement was significant. The findings were discussed within the literature framework, and recommendations for practice and research were developed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Career Adaptability, Career Engagement, Career Calling, Hope, Emerging Adulthood

Beliren Yetişkinlerin Kariyer Adanmışlıkları, Kariyer Arzuları, Kariyer Uyumlulukları ve Umutları arasındaki İlişkiler: İki Aşamalı Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesiyle Test Edilmesi

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, beliren yetişkinler için bir kariyer adanmışlık modeli önermek ve önerilen bu modeli iki aşamalı yapısal eşitlik modellemesiyle sınamaktır. Bu amaca dayalı olarak bu araştırma, korelasyonel desende tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan 327 beliren yetişkinlerin 214’ü (65.4%) kadın ve 113’ü (34.6%) erkekten oluşmaktadır. Bu katılımcılar [Yaşranj = 18-25, YaşOrt. =19.97, YaşSs = 1.57] araştırmaya ölçüt örnekleme yöntemiyle dahil edilmişlerdir. Araştırmada veriler “Kariyer Uyumluluğu Ölçeği”, “Kariyer Adanmışlık Ölçeği”, “Kariyer Arzusu Ölçeği” ve “Sürekli Umut Ölçeği” ile toplanmıştır. Veri analizinde iki aşamalı yapısal eşitlik modellemesi tercih edilmiştir. İlk önce ölçüm modeli test edilmiştir. Bu ölçüm modeli doğrulandıktan sonra ikinci aşama olan yapısal modellerin (hipotetik ve nihai) sınanması yapılmıştır. Dolaylı etkinin anlamlılığı 1000 yeniden örnekleme yapılarak ve alt ve üst sınır güven aralıkları oluşturularak Bootstrap Analiziyle değerlendirilmiştir. Bu araştırmada tahminleme yöntemi olarak Maximum Likelihood kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın bulguların birincisinde kariyer arzusu, kariyer uyumluluğunu anlamlı ve pozitif bir şekikde yordamaktadır. İkincisinde kariyer arzusunun, umudu anlamlı ve pozitif bir şekikde yordadığı bulunmuştur. Üçüncüsünde kariyer uyumluluğu, kariyer adanmışlığını anlamlı ve pozitif bir şekilde yordamaktadır. Dördüncüsünde umut, kariyer adanmışlığını anlamlı ve pozitif bir şekikde yordadığı bulgulanmıştır. Son olarak kariyer arzusu ile kariyer adanmışlığı arasındaki ilişkide kariyer uyumluluğu ve umudun aracılık rolünün anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular literatür çerçevesinde tartışılmış, uygulama ve araştırmaya yönelik öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kariyer uyumluluğu, Kariyer adanmışlığı, Kariyer arzusu, Umut, Beliren yetişkinlik

A

Öz

Kaynakça

• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
• Anggriana, T. M., Wardani, S. Y., & Pratama, B. D. (2022). Career readiness and career adaptability as a moderator between implementation of merdeka belajar-kampus merdeka program and career engagement. Jurnal Konseling dan Pendidikan, 10(4), 676-686. https://doi.org/10.29210/172900
• Anthis, K. (2014). Hope, will, purpose, competence, and fidelity: Ego strengths as predictors of career identity. Identity, 14(2), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2014.892001
• Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
• Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
• Bott, E. M., Duffy, R. D., Borges, N. J., Braun, T. L., Jordan, K. P., & Marino, J. F. (2017). Called to medicine: Physicians’ experiences of career calling. The Career Development Quarterly, 65(2), 113-130. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12086
• Cao, Y., Liu, J., Liu, K., Yang, M., & Liu, Y. (2019). The mediating role of organizational commitment between calling and work engagement of nurses: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(3), 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.05.004
• Chan, M. (2017). The importance of career clarity and proactive career behaviours in predicting positive student outcomes: Evidence across two cohorts of secondary students in Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 37(4), 601-614. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2017.1388214
• Dalla Rosa, A., & Vianello, M. (2020). Linking calling with workaholism: Examining obsessive and harmonious passion as mediators and moderators. Journal of Career Assessment, 28(4), 589-607.https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072720909039
• Demirtaş, A. S., & Kara, A. (2022). Cognitive control and flexibility as predictor of career adaptability in emerging adults. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 30(2), 390-397. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.803515
• Dik, B. J., & Shimizu, A. B. (2019). Multiple meanings of calling: Next steps for studying an evolving construct. Journal of Career Assessment, 27(2), 323-336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072717748676
• Duffy, R. D., Allan, B. A., & Dik, B. J. (2011). The presence of a calling and academic satisfaction: Examining potential mediators. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.11.001
• Duffy, R. D., Dik, B. J., & Steger, M. F. (2011). Calling and work-related outcomes: Career commitment as a mediator. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78(2), 210-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.09.013
• Duffy, R. D., Douglass, R. P., Autin, K. L., & Allan, B. A. (2014). Examining predictors and outcomes of a career calling among undergraduate students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.009
• Duffy, R. D., & Sedlacek, W. E. (2007). The presence of and search for a calling: Connections to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(3), 590-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.03.007
• Duffy, R. D., & Sedlacek, W. E. (2010). The salience of a career calling among college students: Exploring group differences and links to religiousness, life meaning, and life satisfaction. The Career Development Quarterly, 59(1), 27-41. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2010.tb00128.x
• Eryılmaz, A., & Kara, A. (2016). Investigation of psychometric properties of career adaptability scale. The Online Journal of Counseling and Education, 5(1), 29-39.
• Eryılmaz, A., & Kara, A. (2018a). Pre-service teachers’ career adaptabilities: It’s relationships with career decision-making self-efficacy and career barriers. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 10(2), 235-244. https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2018.02.016
• Eryılmaz, A. ve Kara, A. (2018b). Öğretmen adayları için bir kariyer uyumluluk modeli. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 352-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.322596
• Eryılmaz, A., & Kara, A. (2019). Öğretmenlerin öznel ı̇yi oluşlarıyla kariyer uyumlulukları arasında amaçlar ı̇çin mücadele etmenin aracı rolü. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 9(52), 1-21.
• Fang W., Zhang Y., Mei J., Chai X., Fan X. (2018). Relationships between optimism, educational environment, career adaptability and career motivation in nursing undergraduates: A cross-sectional study. Nursing Education Today, 68, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.05.025
• Frankel, J. R., & Wallen, N.E. (2009). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw-Hill İnternational Edition.
• Hall, D. T., & Chandler, D. E. (2005). Psychological success: When the career is a calling. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 155–176. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.301
• Hamzah, S. R., Le, K. K., & Musa, S. N. S. (2021). The mediating role of career decision self- efficacy on the relationship of career emotional intelligence and self-esteem with career adaptability among university students. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 26(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2021.1886952
• Harrison, J. R., Hsu, A., Markette, N., Dudleston, J., & Lavallee, D. (2023). Athletic identity and career engagement as predictors of mental well-being in North American professional athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2023.2229353
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
• Hirschi, A. (2014). Hope as a resource for self-directed career management: Investigating mediating effects on proactive career behaviors and life and job satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 1495-1512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9488-x
• Hirschi, A., Freund, P. A. & Herrmann, A. (2014). The career engagement scale: Development and validation of a measure of proactive career behaviors. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(4), 575-594. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713514813
• Hirschi, A., & Jaensch, V. K. (2015). Narcissism and career success: Occupational self- efficacy and career engagement as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 205-208.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.002
• Hirschi, A., Lee, B., Porfeli, E. J., & Vondracek, F. W. (2013). Proactive motivation and engagement in career behaviors: Investigating direct, mediated, and moderated effects. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.02.003
• Hirschi, A., Niles, S. G., & Akos, P. (2011). Engagement in adolescent career preparation: Social support, personality and the development of choice decidedness and congruence. Journal of Adolescence, 34(1), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.12.009
• In, H. (2016). Acculturation and hope as predictors of career decision self-efficacy among Korean international undergraduate students. Journal of Career Development, 43(6), 526-540. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845316633784
• Kara, A., & Eryılmaz, A. (2021). A career adaptability model for psychological counselors. International Journal of Progressive Education, 17(6), 32-53. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2021.382.3
• Kara, A., Orum-Çattık, E., & Eryılmaz, A. (2022). Adaptivity, adaptability, adapting response, and adaptation result: testing with structural equation modelling on pre-service teachers. Current Psychology, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01975-2
• Kim, B., Jang, S. H., Jung, S. H., Lee, B. H., Puig, A., & Lee, S. M. (2014). A moderated mediation model of planned happenstance skills, career engagement, career decision self‐efficacy, and career decision certainty. The Career Development Quarterly, 62(1), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2014.00070.x
• Korkmaz, O. (2023). “Visions about future: hope, optimism, and pessimism” as predictor of university students’ proactive career behavior. International Academic Social Resources Journal, 8(45), 1914-1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/ASRJOU RNAL.67583
• Korkmaz, O., Kırdök, O., Alkal, A., ve Akça, M.Ş. (2020). Kariyer adanmışlık ölçeği: Proaktif kariyer davranışlarının ölçümünün geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 6, (72), 4668-4677. http://dx.doi.org/10.26449/sssj.2570
• Laursen, J. (2023). Radical hope and processes of becoming: Examining short-term prisoners’ imagined futures in England & Wales and Norway. Theoretical Criminology, 27(1), 48-65.https://doi.org/10.1177/13624806211069545
• Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
• MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
• Maggiori, C., Johnston, C. S., Krings, F., Massoudi, K., & Rossier, J. (2013). The role of career adaptability and work conditions on general and professional well-being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 437-449.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.07.001
• Marsh, H.W., Hau, K.T., Artelt, C., Baumert, J., & Peschar, J.L. (2006). OECD’s brief self report measure of educational psychology’s most useful affective constructs: Cross- cultural, psychometric comparisons across 25 countries. International Journal of Testing, 6(4), 311-360. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327574ijt0604_1
• Neault, R. A., & Pickerell, D. A. (2011). Career engagement: Bridging career counseling and employee engagement. Journal of Employment Counseling, 48(4), 185-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2011.tb01111.x
• Niles, S. G. (2011). Career flow: A hope-centered model of career development. Journal of Employment Counseling, 48(4), 173–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2011.tb01107.x.
• Nilforooshan, P., & Salimi, S. (2016). Career adaptability as a mediator between personality and career engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.02.010
• Praskova, A., Creed, P. A., & Hood, M. (2015). The development and initial validation of a career calling scale for emerging adults. Journal of Career Assessment, 23(1), 91-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714523089
• Savickas, M. (2013). Career Development and Counseling in (Ed.) S. D. Brown, R. W. Lent Putting Theory and Research to Work, (pp. 144-180). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. http://www.mpr-online.de
• Seymenler, S., Küçü, E. ve Siyez, D. M. (2015, Ekim). Beliren yetişkinler için kariyer arzusu ölçeğinin Türkçe ’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. 13. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Mersin, Türkiye.
• Shang, W. W., Zhang, G. W. & Wang, Y. L. (2022). Career calling and job satisfaction of ıdeological and political education teachers in china: the mediating role of occupational self-efficacy. Sustainability, 14(20), 13066.https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013066
• Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422- 445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
• Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991). The will and ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570- 585. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570
• Sou, E. K., Yuen, M., & Chen, G. (2022). Career adaptability as a mediator between social capital and career engagement. The Career Development Quarterly, 70(1), 2-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12289
• Spurk, D., Volmer, J., Orth, M., & Göritz, A. S. (2020). How do career adaptability and proactive career behaviours interrelate over time? An inter-and intraindividual investigation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(1), 158– 186. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12288
• Tarhan, S. ve Bacanlı, H. (2015). Sürekli umut ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 1-14.
• Zhang, C., Herrmann, A., Hirschi, A., Wei, J., & Zhang, J. (2015). Assessing calling in Chinese college students: Development of a measure and its relation to hope. Journal of Career Assessment, 23(4), 582-596. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072715595804
• Zhang, L., & Guo, X. (2023). Social support on calling: Mediating role of work engagement and professional identity. Career Development Quarterly 71, 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12321.
• Zeng, Q., Li, J., Huang, S., Wang, J., Huang, F., Kang, D., & Zhang, M. (2023). How does career-related parental support enhances career adaptability: the multiple mediating roles of resilience and hope. Current Psychology, 42, 25193–25205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03478-0