DROIT DE CHAPELLE: AN ALMOST FORGOTTEN PRIVILEGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF DIPLOMACY

Öz

The flow of time inevitably brings change, which in turn creates different needs that must be governed by new rules. The way that this process has shaped different eras can also be seen in the field of law. For example, when religious freedoms were restricted or even banned, diplomatic law allowed the privilege of droit de chapelle – the right for ambassadors to have a private place of worship in their residences and mission premises in foreign countries. This was founded on the then-accepted theory of ex-territoriality, on which all an ambassador’s privileges and immunities were based. By the 19th century, however, once religious tolerance had triumphed over bigotry, this privilege became unnecessary. During the 20th century, as it seems, this right became well established and widely practised among States. This might suggest that there was no longer any need for provisions relating to droit de chapelle while codifying the rules of diplomacy, particularly as reflected in the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Yet, is this really the case? After determining if droit de chapelle really is common in practice and clear in content, this article considers whether it is still necessary to regulate it in a provision within the international law of diplomacy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Droit de chapelle, right to chapel, diplomatic privileges, 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, religion,

İBADETHÂNE HAKKI: ULUSLARARASI DİPLOMASİ HUKUKUNDA NEREDEYSE UNUTULAN BİR DİPLOMATİK AYRICALIK

Öz

Zamanın akışı yeni kurallarca yönetilmesi gereken farklı ihtiyaçları kaçınılmaz olarak beraberinde getirir. Bu sürecin işleyişi hukuk alanında da görülebileceği üzere farklı dönemleri şekillendirmiştir. Meselâ, dinî özgürlükler sınırlandığında, hattâ yasaklandığında, diplomasi hukuku büyükelçiler için yabancı ülkelerdeki rezidanslarında veya misyon binalarında ibadetleri için özel bir yere sahip olma hakkını - ibadethâne hakkını bahşetmiştir. Bu hak, bir büyükelçinin tüm ayrıcalık ve bağışıklıklarının dayandırıldığı o dönemde kabûl edilen ülke dışılık teorisi üzerinde temellendirilmektedir. 19. yüzyılda bağnazlık karşısında dinî toleransların galebe çalmasıyla bu ayrıcalık bir bakıma zarurîlik özelliğini yitirmiştir. 20. yüzyılda, görüldüğü üzere, bu hak iyice yerleşmiş ve devletler arasında yaygın bir biçimde uygulanmaktadır. Bu durum, özellikle 1961 tarihli Diplomatik İlişkilere Dair Viyana Sözleşmesinde yansıtıldığı üzere diplomasi kurallarının kodifiye edilmesi esnasında ibadethâne hakkına ilişkin hükümlerin artık zarurî olmadığına işaret etmektedir. Acaba, gerçekte durum böyle midir? Bu makalede, ibadethâne hakkının, gerçekte içerik açısından açık bir biçimde ele alınıp alınmadığı, uygulama açısından da genel olarak etki kazanıp kazanmadığı belirlendikten sonra, bu hakkın, hâlen uluslararası diplo- masi hukuku çerçevesinde pozitif bir hükümle düzenlenmesinin zarurî olup olmadığı değerlendirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Droit de chapelle,
• ibadethâne hakkı
• diplomatik ayrıcalıklar
• 1961 tarihli Diplomatik İlişkilere Dair Viyana Sözleşmesi
• din

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