Neden Yas Tutarız?

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 57, 33 - 51, 29.06.2023

Rumeysa Seven

https://doi.org/10.21054/deuifd.1239443

Öz

Yas olgusu; felsefi, dini, mitolojik, sosyolojik ve psikolojik açılardan ele alınarak anlaşılabilecek oldukça geniş perspektife sahip bir konudur. Genellikle sevilen birisinin ölümü sonrası yaşanan duygu durumu olarak anlaşılsa da yasın kapsamı çok daha geniştir. Sahip olunan bir nesnenin kaybı için olabileceği gibi bir hayal veya idealin yitirilmesi sonrası da yaşanabilir. İnsan hayatının farklı dönemlerinde sürekli var olmasına rağmen çoğu durumda farkına bile varılmamaktadır. Yas kavramının, ortaya çıkışının ve arkasında yatan olguların bilinmesi bir farkındalık oluşturacağından etkili bir mücadele mekanizması oluşturulmasına da katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışmada yas kavramı, neden oluştuğu, kayıpla ilişkisi ve insan hayatı üzerindeki etkilerinden bahsedilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yas, Kayıp, Bağlanma, Nesne İlişkileri, Ölüm

Kaynakça

• Agamben, Giorgio. Tanık ve Arşiv: Auschwitz’den Artakalanlar. çev. Ali İhsan Başgül. Ankara: Dipnot, 2010.
• Bassin, Donna. "Nostalgic objects of our affection: Mourning, memory, and maternal subjectivity", Psychoanalytic Psychology 10/3 (1993), 425. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0079453
• Bowlby, John. "Processes of mourning". International Journal of PsychoAnalysis 42 (1961) 317-340. Bowlby, John. Attachment and loss: Volume II: Separation, anxiety and anger (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
• Campbell, Joseph. Historical atlas of world mythology. New York: Harper & Row. 1988.
• Freud, Sigmund. “Mourning and Melancholia”. The Standard Edition of The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey. 14/243-244. London: The Hogart Press, 1957.
• Freud, Sigmund. Yas ve Melankoli. çev. Aslı Emirsoy. 18. İstanbul: Telos Yayınevi, 2015.
• George, Hagman. "Mourning: A review and reconsideration". International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 76 (1995), 909-925.
• Graves, Frank Pierrepont. The Burial Customs Of The Ancient Greeks. Brooklyn, Colombia College, Doktora Tezi, 1891. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/49431/49431-h/49431- h.htm#FNanchor_7_7
• Hacıgökmen, Mehmet Ali. "Türklerde yas âdeti temelleri ve sonuçları". Tarihçiliğe Adanmış Bir Ömür: Prof. Dr. Nejat Göyünç’e Armağan. 393- 423. Konya: SÜ Türkiyat Ens. Yayınları, 2013.
• Hofer, Myron A. "Early relationships as regulators of infant physiology and behavior". Acta paediatrica 83 (1994), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13260.x
• Kavaler-Adler, Susan. “Object relations issues in the treatment of the preoedipal character”. American Journal of Psychoanalysis 53/1 (1993) 19-34. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/BF01250071
• Kavaler-Adler, Susan. Mourning, spirituality and psychic change: And Psychic Change A New Object Relations View Of Psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge, 2003.
• Klein, Melanie. "Mourning and its relation to manic-depressive states". The international journal of psycho-analysis 21 (1940), 125-153.
• Leader, Darian. Depresyon, Yas Ve Melankoli. çev. Ayça Göçmen. 31-32. İstanbul: Encore Yayınları, 2018.
• Lipson, Channing T. "Denial and mourning." International Journal of PsychoAnalysis 44 (1963): 104-107.
• McCrae, Robert R. - Costa Jr. Paul T. "Psychological resilience among widowed men and women: A 10‐year follow‐up of a national sample". Journal of Social Issues 44/3 (1988), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02081.x
• Miller, Alice. Prisoners of Childhood. New York: Basic Books, 1986. Neimeyer, Robert A. – Prigerson, Holly G., - Davies, Betty. "Mourning and meaning". American Behavioral Scientist 46/2 (2002), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276402236676
• O'Connor, Mary-Frances. "Immunological and neuroimaging biomarkers of complicated grief”. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 14/2 (2012) 141-148. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/mfoconnor
• Öncü, Bedriye. “Normal Yas Tepkileri”. Yürekte Kırk Mum; Bireysel ve Toplumsal Yas, ed. Erguvan Tuğba Özel Kızıl. 9-10. İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık, 2017.
• Parkes, Colin Murray. Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life. London: Routledge/Methuen & International Universities Press, 3. Basım, 1996, 78.
• Pollock, George H. "Mourning and adaptation". International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 42 (1961), 341-361.
• Prigerson, Holly G. vd. "Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11". PLOS Medicine 6/8 (2009), 1-12. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121
• Rando, Therese A. “Knowledge and Theory”. Clinical dimensions of anticipatory mourning: Theory and practice in working with the dying, their loved ones, and their caregivers. ed. Therese A Rando Champaign, IL: Research Press, 2000.
• Reineman Julia. "Between the imaginary and the real: Photographic portraits of mourning and of melancholia in Argentina". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 92/5 (2011), 1241-1261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-8315.2011.00414.x
• Rohde, Erwin. Psykhe, Yunanlarda Ruhlar Kültü Ve Ölümsüzlük İnancı. çev. Özgür Orhan. İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık, 2020.
• Rubin, Nissan. "Social networks and mourning: A comparative approach". OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying 21/2 (1990), 113-127. https://doi.org/10.2190/QFE7-Q9A1-A5VX-UD9X
• Shear, Katherine – Shair, Harry. "Attachment, loss, and complicated grief". Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology 47/3 (2005), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20091
• Spitz, René A. “Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood”. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 1 (1945), 53-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126
• Spitz, René A. “Anaclitic depression: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood II”. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 2 (1946), 313-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1946.11823551
• Tanhan, Fuat- Kasap, Süleyman – Ünsal, Fırat. "Cultural and religious perspective of loss and bereavement in Anatolia." Journal of Human Sciences 13.3 (2016): 4181-4187. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v13i3.3892
• Weiss, Robert S. “Grief, bonds and relationships”. Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping, and Care. ed. Stroebe, Margaret S. vd. 26-30. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001.
• Worden, J. William. Grief counselling and grief therapy: a handbook for the practitioner, New York: Springer, 5. Basım, 2018, 50.
• Zorlu, Semra vd. "Religious and cultural practices of muslims living in central anatolia on death and mourning: a qualitative study from Turkey". Journal of Religion and Health 61/6 (2022), 4934-4958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01607-4.