INGROUP IDENTIFICATION AND INGROUP BIAS: THE ROLE OF GROUP NORM

Öz

The aim of this research was to examine the moderating role of ingroup norm on the association between ingroup identification on ingroup bias. Relatedly, we also examined whether this association varied depending on the group formation. To do this, we conducted three experimental studies to that end. Study 1 (N = 103) focused on real groups (Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray Football Club fans), where we manipulated ingroup norm and then measured ingroup identification. Specifically, in order to manipulate ingroup norm, participants were randomly assigned to an “egalitarian” norm condition, “favoritism” norm condition or control group. Ingroup bias was operationalized through a difference score in allocating screen time for a sports program on TV, allocating page areas in sports newspapers, and positive evaluations through adjective ratings. Results showed that higher identification was associated with stronger ingroup bias. However, the moderating effect of ingroup norm (egalitarianism vs. favoritism) on the relationship between ingroup identification and ingroup bias was not observed. Study 2 and Study 3employed minimal groups created in the lab setting. In Study 2 (N = 122), two groups labeled “analytical” and “holistic” thinkers were formed based on false feedback (i.e., participants were told that their answers to math problems would be categorized based on an algorithm), and then ingroup norm was manipulated as the same way in the first study (egalitarianism vs. favoritism). In addition, ingroup identification was manipulated, rather than being merely measured. In Study 3, (N = 94) ingroup identification was manipulated with a similar procedure used in Study 2; but this time, the moderating effect of group formation (competitive vs. cooperative groups), rather than group norm, was investigated. In Studies 2 and 3, no main effects of ingroup identification, ingroup norm, or group formation on ingroup bias were obtained. The interaction effects of identification with ingroup norm or formation were not statistically significant either. These three experimental studies, showed that, contrary to the literature, intergroup members did not exhibit distributional ingroup bias based on a type of group norms or group formations. The findings were discussed in the context of literature, methodological differences, and the problem of reproducibility in social psychology.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Identification
• Social identity
• Ingroup norm
• Ingroup favoritism
• Group formation

İÇ GRUP ÖZDEŞİMİ VE İÇ GRUP YANLILIĞI: GRUP NORMLARININ ROLÜ

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı iç grup özdeşiminin iç grup yanlılığı üzerindeki etkisinde iç grup normunun düzenleyici etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda üç deneysel çalışma yürütülmüştür. İlk çalışmada, gerçek grup üyelerinin iç grup özdeşimleri ölçülmüş ve iç grup normları eşitlikçilik, kayırmacılık veya kontrol grubu olacak şekilde değişimlenmiştir. İç grup yanlılığı, iç grup ve dış grup arasında spor programı süresi paylaştırma, spor gazetesi sayfası paylaştırma ve olumlu özelliklerle değerlendirme ölçümlerindeki iç grup lehine fark olarak işlevselleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, iç grup özdeşimi arttıkça iç grup yanlılığının da arttığını, ancak iç grup özdeşimi ve iç grup yanlılığı arasındaki ilişkide grup normunun düzenleyici etkisinin olmadığını göstermiştir. Diğer iki çalışmada laboratuvarda oluşturulmuş minimal gruplar kullanılmıştır. İkinci çalışmada bir matematik görevinden sonra katılımcılara seçkisiz olarak analitik veya bütüncül düşünme-karar verme stiline sahip oldukları şeklinde sahte bir geribildirim verilerek iki grup oluşturulmuş ve ilk çalışmadaki gibi norm ataması yapılmıştır. Ayrıca iç grup özdeşimi de ölçülmek yerine yüksek ve düşük seviyelerde olacak şekilde değişimlenmiştir. Üçüncü çalışmada ise iç grup özdeşimi, yine ikinci deneysel çalışmadakine benzer bir yöntem ile değişimlenmiş; ancak bu kez düzenleyicilik etkisi grup normunun bir öncülü olarak değerlendirilen iç grup biçimlenmesi bağlamında araştırılmıştır. İkinci ve üçüncü çalışmada özdeşimin, grup normunun ya da biçimlenmesinin iç grup yanlılığı üzerinde temel etkisi gözlenmemiştir. Grup özdeşiminin, grup normuyla veya grup biçimlemesiyle etkileşimi de istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Psikoloji öğrencisi olmayan toplumun farklı kesimlerinden katılımcıları örnekleyen bu üç çalışma, alanyazının aksine gruplar arası üyelerin grup normlarına veya biçimlenmelerine bağlı olarak bölüştürme davranışı sergilemediğini göstermektedir. Bulgular, metodolojik farklılıklar ve sosyal psikolojideki tekrarlanabilirlik sorunu bağlamında tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Özdeşim
• Sosyal kimlik
• İç grup normu
• İç grup yanlılığı
• Grup biçimlenmesi

Kaynakça

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