THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATERNAL GATEKEEPING AND ADOLESCENT ADJUSTMENT: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF FATHER INVOLVEMENT

Öz

The purpose of this research was to examine the mediating role of perceived father involvement by both fathers and adolescents in the relationship between dimensions of maternal gatekeeping (encouragement, discouragement, and control) and adolescent adjustment. In the study, adolescent adjustment was constructed with the variables such as social skills, emotion regulation, subjective well-being, and the filial piety. The sample consisted of 783 adolescents aged between 10 and 14 (MAge = 11.99, SD = 1.20) along with their mothers and fathers. According to the results of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, the accepted model revealed that the maternal gatekeeping dimensions did not directly predicted adolescent adjustment. Furthermore, while maternal encouraging and controlling gatekeeping predicted adolescent adjustment through the path from fathers’ perceived involvement to adolescents’ perceived father involvement, maternal discouraging gatekeeping only predicted through perceived father involvement by adolescents. Overall, the findings indicate that increased father involvement, and consequently better adolescent adjustment, were positively associated with maternal encouraging gatekeeping and negatively associated with her discouraging and controlling gatekeeping. The results were discussed within the framework of existing literature and may guide intervention programs aimed at supporting adolescent adjustment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adolescence
• Maternal Gatekeeping
• Father Involvement
• Socio-Emotional Development

ANNE BEKÇİLİĞİ İLE ERGEN UYUMU ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: BABA KATILIMININ ARACI ROLÜ

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, anne bekçiliği boyutları (teşvik, engel ve kontrol) ile ergen uyumu arasındaki ilişkide babanın algıladığı ve ergenin algıladığı baba katılımının aracı rolünü incelemektir. Çalışma kapsamında ergen uyumu değişkeni; sosyal beceri, öznel iyi oluş, duygu düzenleme ve evlatlık inancı değişkenleri ile oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmanın örneklemini 10-14 yaş aralığındaki 783 ergen (YaşOrt.= 11.99, S= 1.20) ile anne ve babaları oluşturmuştur. Gerçekleştirilen Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) analizi sonuçlarına göre, kabul edilen model, anne bekçiliği boyutlarının ergen uyumunu doğrudan yordamadığını ortaya koymuştur. Bunun yanı sıra annenin teşvik edici ile kontrol edici bekçiliği, babanın algıladığı katılımdan ergenin algıladığı katılıma giden yol aracılığıyla ergen uyumunu yordarken, annenin engelleyici bekçiliği yalnızca ergenin algıladığı baba katılımı yolu üzerinden ergen uyumunu yordamıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar genel olarak, artan baba katılımı ve sonuç olarak daha iyi ergen uyumunun, annenin teşvik edici bekçiliği ile olumlu, engelleyici ve kontrol edici bekçiliği ile olumsuz yönde ilişkili olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Ulaşılan sonuçlar alanyazın çerçevesinde tartışılmış olup, ergen uyumunu desteklemeye yönelik gerçekleştirilecek müdahale programlarına yol gösterici olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ergenlik
• Anne Bekçiliği
• Baba Katılımı
• Sosyo-Duygusal Gelişim

Kaynakça

1. Adamsons, K., O'Brien, M., & Pasley, K. (2007). An ecological approach to father involvement in biological and stepfather families. Fathering, 5 (2), 129-147. https://doi.org/10.3149/fth.0502.129
2. Akgöz-Aktaş, G. (2017). Baba katılımı ve çocuk uyumu arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Anne bekçiliği ve evlilik uyumunun etkisi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi).Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Mersin.
3. Akgöz-Aktaş & Aydın, A. (2020). Anne bekçiliği ölçeği anne formunun Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 23 (45), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpy1301996120200131m000018
4. Aldous, J. & Mulligan, G. M. (2002). Fathers' child care and children's behavior problems: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Issues, 23 (5), 624-647. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X02023005003
5. Allen, S. M. & Daly, K. J. (2007). The effects of father involvement: An updated research summary of the evidence. Centre for Families, Work & Well-Being, University of Guelph.
6. Austin, W. G., Pruett, M. K., Kirkpatrick, H. D., Flens, J. R., & Gould, J. W. (2013). Parental gatekeeping and child custody/child access evaluation: Part I: Conceptual framework, research, and application. Family Court Review, 51 (3), 485-501. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcre.12045
7. Bariola, E., Gullone, E., & Hughes, E. K. (2011). Child and adolescent emotion regulation: The role of parental emotion regulation and expression. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14 (2), 198-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0092-5
8. Bocknek, E. L., Brophy‐Herb, H. E., Fitzgerald, H. E., Schiffman, R. F., & Vogel, C. (2014). Stability of biological father presence as a proxy for family stability: Cross‐racial associations with the longitudinal development of emotion regulation in toddlerhood. Infant Mental Health Journal, 35 (4), 309-321. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21454

9. Cabrera, N. & Mitchell, S. (2009). An exploratory study of fathers’ parenting stress and toddlers’ social development in low-income African American families. Fathering, 7 (3), 201-225. https://doi.org/10.3149%2Ffth.0703.201
10. Caldera, Y. M. (2004). Paternal involvement and infant-father attachment: A Q-set study. Fathering, 2 (2), 191-210. https://doi.org/10.3149/fth.0202.191
11. Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2-3), 228-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01287.x
12. Chen, W. W., Wu, C. W., & Yeh, K. H. (2016). How parenting and filial piety influence happiness, parent–child relationships and quality of family life in Taiwanese adult children. Journal of Family Studies, 22 (1), 80-96. http://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2015.1027154
13. Cheung, C. K., Lee, J. J., & Chan, C. M. (1994). Explicating filial piety in relation to family cohesion. Journal of Social Behavior&Personality, 9 (3), 565-580.
14. Cicirelli, V. G. (1983). Adult children's attachment and helping behavior to elderly parents: A path model. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45 (4), 815-825. https://doi.org/10.2307/351794
15. Duran, A. (2010). Erkeksi rollerin baba katılımı ile ilişkisinin araştırılması (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
16. Duy, B. & Yıldız, M. A. (2014). Ergenler için Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5 (41), 23-35.
17. Dyer, K., Roby, J. L., Mupedziswa, R., & Day, R. (2011). Father involvement in Botswana: How adolescents perceive father presence and support. Families in Society, 92 (4), 426-431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.4168
18. Ebeoğlu, M. (2021). Ergenlik döneminde baba katılımının incelenmesi: Ekolojik sistemler kuramı perspektifi (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
19. Eryılmaz, A. (2009). Ergen öznel iyi oluş ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 7 (4), 975-989.
20. Fagan, J. & Cherson, M. (2017). Maternal gatekeeping: The associations among facilitation, encouragement, and low-income fathers’ engagement with young children. Journal of Family Issues, 38 (5), 633-653. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X15578007
21. Feldman, R., Bamberger, E., & Kanat-Maymon, Y. (2013). Parent-specific reciprocity from infancy to adolescence shapes children's social competence and dialogical skills. Attachment & Human Development, 15 (4), 407-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2013.782650
22. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, London: UK.
23. Finley, G. E. & Schwartz, S. J. (2004). The father involvement and nurturant Fathering scales: Retrospective measures for adolescent and adult children. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64 (1), 143-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403258453
24. Flouri, E. (2005). Father's involvement and psychological adjustment in Indian and White British secondary school age children. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 10 (1), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2005.00114.x
25. Flouri, E. & Buchanan, A. (2002). What predicts good relationships with parents in adolescence and partners in adult life: Findings from the 1958 British birth cohort. Journal of Family Psychology, 16 (2), 186-198. https://doi/10.1037/0893-3200.16.2.186
26. Flouri, E. & Buchanan, A. (2003). The role of father involvement and mother involvement in adolescents’ psychological well-being. British Journal of Social Work, 33 (3), 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/33.3.399
27. Fuendeling, J. M. (1998). Affect regulation as a stylistic process within adult attachment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15 (3), 291-322. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407598153001
28. Gaertner, B. M., Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., & Greving, K. A. (2007). Parental childrearing attitudes as correlates of father involvement during infancy. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69 (4), 962-976. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00424.x
29. Gaunt, R. & Pinho, M. (2017). Do sexist mothers change more diapers? Ambivalent sexism, maternal gatekeeping, and the division of childcare. Sex Roles, 79(3), 176-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0864-6
30. Gümüşten, D. (2020). Ebeveyn davranışları, mahremiyet ihlali ve ergenin psikolojik uyumu arasındaki ilişkilerin kendini belirleme kuramı çerçevesinde incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
31. Harter, S., Whitesell, N. R., & Kowalski, P. (1992). Individual differences in the effects of educational transitions on young adolescent’s perceptions of competence and motivational orientation. American Educational Research Journal, 29 (4), 777-807. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312029004777
32. Hazen, N. L., McFarland, L., Jacobvitz, D., & Boyd‐Soisson, E. (2010). Fathers’ frightening behaviours and sensitivity with infants: Relations with fathers’ attachment representations, father–infant attachment, and children’s later outcomes. Early Child Development and Care, 180 (1-2), 51-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430903414703
33. Ho, D. Y. F. (1994). Filial piety, authoritarian moralism, and cognitive conservatism in Chinese societies. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 120 (3), 349-365.
34. Hu, L. T. & Bentler, P. M. (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equation Modeling, 6 (1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
35. Huang, S.-J. & Yeh, K.-H. (2013). The effect of perceived parenting styles on adolescents’ dual filial belief: A mediational analysis. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 39, 119–164.
36. Huang, J., Kim, Y., Sherraden, M., & Clancy, M. (2017). Unmarried mothers and children’s social-emotional development: The role of child development accounts. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26 (1), 234-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0551-1
37. Jackson, D. L. (2003). Revisiting sample size and number of parameter estimates: Some support for the N: q hypothesis. Structural Equation Modeling, 10 (1), 128-141. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM1001_6
38. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2007). Family, self, and human development across cultures: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
39. Karabulut, H. (2017). Ergenlerin saldırgan davranışları, baba katılımı ve baba katılımının yordayıcıları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
40. Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi: Kavramlar, İlkeler, Teknikler. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
41. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
42. Kocayörük, A. (2000). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin sosyal becerilerini geliştirmede dramanın etkisi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
43. Kocayörük, E. (2012). Öz-belirleme kuramı açısından ergenlerin anne baba algısı ile duyuşsal iyi oluşları arasındaki ilişki. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4 (37), 24-37.
44. Kuzucu, Y. (2011). Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4 (35), 79-91.
45. Kuzucu, Y. & Özdemir, Y. (2013). Predicting adolescent mental health in terms of mother and father involvement. Education and Science, 38 (168), 96-112.
46. Lamb, M. E. (1975). Fathers: Forgotten contributors to child development, Human Development, 18, 245- 266. https://doi.org/10.1159/000271493
47. Lamb, M. E. (1977). Fathers-infant and mother infant interaction in the first year of life. Child Development, 48, 167-181. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128896
48. Lamb, M. E., Pleck, J. H., Charnov, E. L., & Levine, J. A. (1985). Paternal behavior in humans. American Zoologist, 25, 883-894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/25.3.883
49. Lang, S. N., Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Kotila, L. E., Feng, X., Kamp Dush, C. M., & Johnson, S. C. (2014). Relations between fathers’ and mothers’ infant engagement patterns in dual-earner families and toddler competence. Journal of Family Issues, 35 (8), 1107-1127. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192513X14522243
50. Ling, M. T. W. L., Chen, H. F., & Chiu, K. C. N. (2020). Parental warmth and involvement and the self-esteem of young people in Hong Kong. Child Indicators Research, 13 (3), 801-817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-019-09645-3
51. Makusha, T. & Richter, L. (2016). Gatekeeping and its impact on father involvement among black South Africans in rural Kwazulu-Natal. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 18 (3), 308-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1083122
52. Meteyer, K. & Perry-Jenkins, M. (2010). Father involvement among working-class, dual-earner couples. Fathering, 8 (3), 379-403. https://doi.org/10.3149/fth.0803.379
53. Montero-Montero, D., López-Martínez, P., Martínez-Ferrer, B., & Moreno-Ruiz, D. (2020). Parenting dimensions and adolescent peer aggression: A gendered analysis. Sustainability, 12 (16), 6522. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166522
54. Nainee, S., Aun, T. S., & Seng, T. C. (2016). Role of Reciprocal filial piety in the relationship between parental involvement and filial behavior among Malaysian adolescents. Journal of Techno Social, 8 (2), 25-32.
55. Nkwake, A. (2009). Maternal employment and fatherhood: What influences paternal involvement in child-care work in Uganda? Gender & Development, 17 (2), 255-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070903009726
56. Özdemir, Y. (2012). Ergenlerin öznel iyi oluşunun demografik değişkenler, ana-baba kontrolü ve ana-baba kabul/ilgisi açısından incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37 (165), 20-33.
57. Paley, B., Conger, R. D., & Harold, G. T. (2000). Parents' affect, adolescent cognitive representations, and adolescent social development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62 (3), 761-776. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00761.x
58. Pekel-Uludağlı, N. (2024). The role of the father involvement in child development: the relationships with maternal, paternal, and child characteristics. Current Psychology, 43 (5), 4085-4097. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04649-3
59. Phillips, K. F. V. & Power, M. J. (2007). A new self‐report measure of emotion regulation in adolescents: The regulation of emotions questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 14 (2), 145- 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.523
60. Puhlman, D. J. & Pasley, K. (2013). Rethinking maternal gatekeeping. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 5 (3), 176-193. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12016
61. Puhlman, D. J. & Pasley, K. (2017). The maternal gatekeeping scale: Constructing a measure. Family Relations, 66 (5), 824-838. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12287
62. Roth, P. L. (1994). Missing data: A conceptual review for applied psychologists. Personnel Psychology, 47 (3), 537-560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01736.x
63. Sarkadi, A., Kristiansson, R., Oberklaid, F., & Bremberg, S. (2008). Fathers’ involvement and children’s developmental outcomes: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Acta Paediatrica, 97 (2), 153-158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00572.x
64. Sayıl, M. (2013). Ana baba ergen ilişkilerinde kontrol, özerklik ve çatışmanın sosyal alan kuramı ve sosyal değişim bağlamında incelenmesi: Ebeveyn ve ergen açısından sonuçlar (Proje No: 113K208). TÜBİTAK - SOBAG.
65. Su, L. P., Kubricht, B., & Miller, R. (2017). The influence of father involvement in adolescents’ overall development in Taiwan. Journal of Adolescence, 59, 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.05.010
66. Stolz, H. E., Barber, B. K., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Toward disentangling fathering and mothering: An assessment of relative importance. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67 (4), 1076-1092. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00195.x
67. Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S., Shannon, J. D., Cabrera, N. J., & Lamb, M. E. (2004). Fathers and mothers at play with their 2‐and 3‐year‐olds: Contributions to language and cognitive development. Child Development, 75 (6), 1806-1820. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00818.x
68. Tığrak, A. (2017). Anneden algılanan kontrolün ergenin psikososyal işlevselliği ile ilişkisinde tepkiselliğin ve evlatlık inancının rolü (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
69. Tu, Y. C., Chang, J. C., & Kao, T. F. (2014). A study on the relationships between maternal gatekeeping and paternal involvement in Taiwan. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 122, 319-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1347
70. Updegraff, K. A., McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., & Kupanoff, K. (2001). Parents' involvement in adolescents’ peer relationships: A comparison of mothers' and fathers' roles. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63 (3), 655-668. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00655.x
71. Wang, X., Yu, Y., Zhu, R., & Ji, Z. (2021). Linking maternal gatekeeping to child outcomes in dual-earner families in China: The mediating role of father involvement. Early Child Development and Care, 191 (2), 187-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2019.1611568
72. Williams, S. K. & Kelly, F. D. (2005). Relationships among involvement, attachment, and behavioral problems in adolescence: Examining father’s influence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 25 (2), 168-196. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0272431604274178
73. Yeh, K-H. (2003). The beneficial and harmful effects of filial piety: An integrative analysis. K.-S. Yang, K.-K. Hwang, P. B. Pedersen ve I. Daibo (Ed.), Progress in Asian social psychology: Conceptual and empirical contributions içinde (s. 67-82). Westport, US: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
74. Yeh, K. H. & Bedford, O. (2003). A test of the dual filial piety model. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6 (3), 215-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-839X.2003.00122.x
75. Yılmazçetin, C. (2003). Babanın katılımı ve ergen öncesi çocukların davranışsal problemleri arasındaki ilişki (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
76. Zvara, B. J., Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., & Dush, C. K. (2013). Fathers' involvement in child health care: Associations with prenatal involvement, parents' beliefs, and maternal gatekeeping. Family Relations, 62 (4), 649-661. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12023