THE IMPACT OF PERCIEVED JUSTICE OF EMPLOYEES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL: MODERATING EFFECT OF EMPLOYEE WELL-BEING

Öz

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the employees’ perceived justice and well-being on psychological capital and the moderating role of well-being in this effect. According to the study carried out on 683 employees in tourism sector, it is determined that both perceived justice and well-being positive and significant effect on the employees’ psychological capital. Besides, it is determined that the employees’ well-being level has a moderating role for the influences of the perceived justice (Distributive, procedure and interactional) on psychological capital.

Keywords: Organizational Justice, Distributive Justice, Procedural Justice, Interactional Justice, Psychological Capital, Well-being.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Organizational Justice, Distributive Justice, Procedural Justice

ÇALIŞANLARIN ÖRGÜTSEL ADALET ALGILARININ PSİKOLOJİK SERMAYE ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: ÇALIŞANLARIN İYİLİK HALİNİN DÜZENLEYİCİ ROLÜ

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı çalışanların psikolojik sermaye seviyeleri üzerinde adalet algılarının ve iyilik hallerinin etkisi ve bu etkide iyilik halinin düzenleyici rolünü belirlemektir. 683 turizm sektörü çalışanı üzerinde yapılan araştırma sonucunda; çalışanların adalet algılarının hem psikolojik sermaye seviyelerini ve hem de iyilik hallerini pozitif ve anlamlı olarak etkilediği, çalışanların iyilik hallerinin de psikolojik sermaye seviyelerini pozitif ve anlamlı etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Bunun dışında, çalışanların adalet algılarının her üç boyutunun (Prosedür, Dağıtım, Etkileşim) psikolojik sermaye seviyeleri üzerine etkisinde iyilik hallerinin düzenleyici rolünün bulunduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Örgütsel Adalet, Dağıtım Adaleti, Prosedür Adaleti, Etkileşim Adaleti, Psikolojik Sermaye, İyilik Hali.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

Kaynakça

1. Aiken, L. S. ve West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
2. Alvin, D. F. (1987). Distributive justice and satisfaction with material well-being. American Sociological Review, 52 (1): 83-95.
3. Annes, J. (1982). An introduction to Plato’s republic. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
4. Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., Smith, M. ve Palmer, N. F. (2010). Impact of positive psychological capital on employee well-being over time. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15 (1): 17-28.
5. Avey, J. B., Patera, J. L. ve West, B. J. (2006). The implications of positive psychological capital on employee absenteeism. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13 (2): 42-60.
6. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman.
7. Baron, R. M. ve Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6): 1173-1182.
8. Beugre, C. D. (2002). Understanding organizational justice and its impact on managing employees: An African perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13 (7): 1091-1104.

9. Bies, R. J. (2001). International (in) justice: The sacred and the profane. J. Greenberg ve R. Cropanzano (Ed.) Advances in Organization Justice: İçinde 89-118. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
10. Bies, R. J., ve Moag, J. F. (1986). Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. R. J. Lewicki, B. H. Sheppard ve M. Bazerman (Ed.) Research on Negotiations in Organization: İçinde 43-55. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
11. Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago, IL: Alding.
12. Bryant, F. B. ve Cvengros, J. A. (2004). Distinguishing hope and optimism. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23 (2): 273-302.
13. Carver, C. S. ve Scheier, M. F. (2003). Optimism. C. R. Snyder ve S. J. Lopez (Ed.) Handbook of positive psychology: İçinde 231-243. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14. Cecil, R. ve Karla, S. (2009). Hope, optimism and self-efficacy: A system of competence and control enhancing African American college students academic well-being. Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints, 35 (2): 16-26.
15. Cohen, J., Cohen, P. , West, S. G. ve Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
16. Cohen-Charash, Y. ve Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86 (2): 278-321.
17. Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. ve Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (3): 425-445.
18. Cropanzano, R. ve Wright, T. A. (1999). A five-year study of change in the relationship between well-being and job performance. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51 (4): 252-265.
19. Cropanzano, R. ve Folger, R. (1996). Procedural justice and worker motivation. R. M. Steers, L. W. Porter ve G. A. Bigley (Ed.) Motivation and leadership at work: İçinde: 72-83, NewYork: McGraw-Hill.
20. Çelik, M., Turunç, Ö. ve Demirkaya, H. (2011). Çalışanların adalet algılarının iş performansına etkisinde kişi örgüt uyumunun aracılık rolü: Turizm sektöründe görgül bir çalışma. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 8 (2): 40-57.
21. Daniels, K. ve Harris, C. (2000). Work, psychological well-being and performance. Occupational Medicine, 50 (5): 304-309.
22. De Boer, E. M., Bakker, A. B., Syroit, J. E. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2002). Unfairness at work as a predictor of absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23: 181-197.
23. Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia and wellbeing: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9 (1): 1-11.
24. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95: 542-575.
25. Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31 (2): 103-157.
26. Diener, E. ve Larsen, R. J. (1993). The experience of emotional wellbeing. M. Lewis ve J. M. Haviland (Ed.) Handbook of emotions: İçinde 405-415. New York: Guilford Press.
27. Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E. ve Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychol.Bull, 125 (2): 276-302.
28. Elovainio, M., Kivimäki, M., ve Vahtera, J. (2002). Organizational justice: Evidence of a new psychosocial predictor of health. American Journal of Public Health, 92 (1): 105-108.
29. Elovainio, M., Kivimäki, M., Steen, N., ve Vahtera, J. (2004). Job decision latitude, organizational justice and health: Multilevel covariance structure analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 58 (9): 1659-1669.
30. Eren, E. (2012). Örgütsel davranış ve yönetim psikolojisi. 12. Baskı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
31. Fischer, A. R. ve Holz, K. B. (2010). Testing a model of women’s personal sense of justice, control, well-being, and distress in the context of sexist discrimination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34 (3): 297-310.
32. Fitz-enz, J. (2009). The ROI of human capital: Measuring the economic value of employee performance. İkinci Baskı. New York: Amacom.
33. Folger, R. ve Cropanzano, R. (1998). Organizational justice and human resources management. Thousand Oaks, London: Sage Publications.
34. Folger, R. ve Konovsky, M. A. (1989). Effects of procedural and distributive justice on reactions to pay raise decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 32 (1): 115-130.
35. Fordyce, M. W. (1988). A review of results on the happiness measures: A 60-second index of happiness and mental health. Social Indicators Research, 20: 355-381.
36. Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. London: Oxford University Press.
37. Goldberg, D. P. ve Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the general health questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9 (1): 139-145.
38. Graham, C., Eggers, A. ve Sukhtankar, S. (2004). Does happiness pay? An exploration based on panel data from Russia. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 55: 319-342.
39. Grant, A. M. ve Campbell, E. M. (2007). Doing harm, doing good, being well and burning out: The interactions of perceived prosocial and antisocial impact in service work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80: 665-691.
40. Greenberg, J. (1987). A taxonomy of organizational justice theories. Academy of Management Review, 12 (1): 9-22.
41. Greenberg, J. ve Colquitt, J. A. (Ed.) (2005). Handbook of organizational justice. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
42. Hausman, D. M. (2009). Benevolence, justice, well-being and the health gradient. Public Health Ethics, 2 (3): 235-243.
43. Huseman, R., Hatfield J. ve Miles, E. (1987). A new perspective on equity theory: The equity sensitivity construct. Academy of Management Review, 12 (2): 222-234.
44. Jahoda, M. (1958). Current concepts of positive mental health. New York: Basic Books.
45. Juntunen, C. L. ve Wettersten, K. B. (2006). Work hope: Development and initial validation of a measure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53 (1): 91-106.
46. Kahneman, D., Diener, E, ve Schwarz, N. (Ed). (1999). Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
47. Karaeminoğulları, A. (2006). Öğretim elemanlarının örgütsel adalet algıları ile sergiledikleri üretkenliğe aykırı davranışlar arasındaki ilişki ve bir araştırma. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
48. Kausto, J., Lipponen, E. A. L. ve Elovainio, M. (2005). Moderating effects of join security in the relationships between procedural justice and employee wellbeing. European J. Work and Organizational Psychology, 14 (4): 431-452.
49. Kickul, J., Gundry, L. K. ve Posig, M. (2005). Does trust matter? The relationship between equity sensitivity and perceived organizational justice. Journal of Business Ethics, 56 (3): 205-218.
50. Layard, R. (2005). Happiness: Lessons from a new science. New York: Penguin.
51. Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equity theory? New approaches to the study of fairness in social relationships. K. Gergen, M. Greenberg ve R. Willis (Ed.) Social exchange: Advances in theory and research: İçinde 27-55. New York: Plenum.
52. Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R. ve Kasl, S. V. (2002). Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 (2): 261-270.
53. Lind, E. A. ve Tyler, T. R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum.
54. Liu L., Chang Y., Fu J., Wang, J. ve Wang, L. (2012). The mediating role of psychological capital on the association between occupational stress and depressive symptoms among Chinese physicians: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 12: 1-8.
55. Luthans, F. ve Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33 (3): 321-349.
56. Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M. ve Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
57. Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive, 16 (1): 57-72.
58. Luthans, F. ve Jensen S. M. (2002). Hope: A new positive strength for human resource development. Human Resource Development Review, 1 (3): 304-322.
59. Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., ve Norman, S. M. (2007). Psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60: 541-572.
60. Luthans, F., Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J. ve Avey, J. B. (2008). The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate - employee performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29 (2): 219-238.
61. Marenbon J. (1997). Early medieval philosophy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Pres.
62. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56 (3): 227-239.
63. Masterson, S. S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., ve Taylor, M. S. (2000). Integrating justice and social exchange: The differing effects of fair procedures and treatment on work relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 43 (4): 738-748.
64. Moorman, R. H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76 (6): 845-855.
65. Mroczek, D. K., ve Spiro, A. (2005). Change in life satisfaction during adulthood: Findings from the veterans affairs normative aging study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 (1): 189-202.
66. Niehoff, R. T. ve Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36 (3): 527-556.
67. Ostir, G. V., Markides, K. S., Peek, M. K. ve Goodwin, J. S. (2001). The association between emotional well-being and the incidence of stroke in older adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63 (2): 210-215.
68. Tripathi, P. (2011). Employee well-being: Role of psychological capital, amity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2 (1): 18-22.
69. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., ve Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (5): 879-903.
70. Rainey, D. W. (1995). Stress, burnout, and intention to terminate among umpires. J. Sport Behavior, 18 (4): 578-590.
71. Rani, R., Garg, P. ve Rastogi, R. (2012). Organizational justice and psychological wellbeing of police employees: A relationship study. International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 1 (5): 183-194.
72. Ryff, C. D. (1989a). Beyond ponce DeLeon and life satisfaction: New directions in the quest of successful ageing. Int. J. Development, 12 (1): 35-55.
73. Ryff, C. D. (1989b). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J. Personality and Social Psychology, 57 (6): 1069-1081.
74. Scheier, M. F. ve Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4 (3): 219-247.
75. Schmitt, M. ve Dörfel, M. (1999). Procedural injustice at work, justice sensitivity, job satisfaction and psychosomatic well-being. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29 (4): 443-453.
76. Sekaran, U. (1992). Research methods for business. Canada: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
77. Sekman, M. (2005). Her şey seninle başlar. 7. Baskı. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
78. Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness. New York: Free Press.
79. Seligman, M. ve Maier, S. F. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74 (1): 1-9.
80. Seligman, M. E. P. (1998). Learned pptimism. New York: Pocket Books.
81. Shahnawaz, M. G. ve Jafri, H. (2009). Psychological capital as predictors of organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35 (Special Issue): 78-84.
82. Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13 (4): 249-276.
83. Snyder, C. R., Irving, L. M., ve Anderson, J. R. (1991). Hope and health. C. R. Snyder (Ed.) Handbook of social and clinical psychology: İçinde 295-305. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
84. Sousa-Poza A. ve Sousa-Poza A. A. (2000). Well-being at work: A cross-national analysis of the levels and determinants of job satisfaction. Journal of Socio-Economics, 29 (6): 517-538.
85. Spell, C. S. ve Arnold, T. (2007). An appraisal perspective of justice, structure, and job control as antecedents of psychological distress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28 (6): 729-751.
86. Strassle, C. G., McKee, A. E. ve Plant, D. D. (1999). Optimism as an indicator of psychological health: Using psychological assessment wisely. Journal of Personality Assessment, 72 (2): 191-201.
87. Sullivan M. J. L., Adams H., Horan S., Maher D., Boland D. ve Gross R. (2008). The role of perceived injustice in the experience of chronic pain and disability: Scale development and validation. J Occup Rehabil., 18 (3): 249-261.
88. Tepper, B. J. (2001). Health consequences of organizational justice: Tests of main and interactive effects. Organizational and Human Behavior Processes, 86 (2): 197-215.
89. Tiger, L. (1971). Optimism: The biology of hope. New York: Simon-Schuster.
90. Vermunt, R. ve Steensma, H. (2005). How can justice be used to manage stress in organizations? J. Greenberg ve J. A. Coquitt (Ed.) Handbook of organizational justice: İçinde 383-410. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
91. Viswesvaran, C. ve Ones, D. S. (2002). Examining the construct of organizational justice: A meta-analytic evaluation of relations with work attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 38 (3): 193-203.
92. Walster, E., Ellen, B. ve Walster, G. W. (1976). New directions in equity research. L. Berkowitz ve E. Walster (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology: İçinde 1-42 (vol. 9). New York: Academic Press.
93. Walter-Busch, E. (2000). Stability and change of regional quality of life in Switzerland, 1978-1996. Social Indicators Research, 50 (1): 1-49.
94. Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A. ve Oke, A. (2010). Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: A cross-level investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95 (3): 517-529.
95. Walumbwa, F., Peterson, S. J., Avolio, B. J. ve Hartnell C. A. (2010). An investigation of the relationships among leader and follower psychological capital, service climate, and job performance. Personnel Psychology, 63 (4): 937-963.
96. Ybema, J. F. ve Bos, K. (2010). Effects of organizational justice on depressive symptoms and sickness absence: A longitudinal perspective. Social Science & Medicine, 70 (10): 1609-1617.
97. Ylipaavalniemi, J., Kivimäki, M., Elovainio, M., Virtanen, M., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. ve Vahtera, J. (2005). Psychosocial work characteristics and incidence of newly diagnosed depression: A prospective cohort study of three different models. Social Science & Medicine, 61 (1): 111-122.