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Takım Çalışmasının İşlevsizleşmesinde İzleyici Etkisinin Rolü

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3, 455 - 467, 22.01.2015
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusbed.08059

Öz

Öz

Bu çalışmada, işletmelerde özellikle ulusal yazında kısıtlı bir şekilde değinilen “izleyici etkisi (bystander effect)” ve izleyici etkisinin örgütlerdeki takım çalışmasının aksamasındaki rolünün araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek için Kayseri’de faaliyet gösteren yiyecek-içecek endüstrisi çalışanları üzerinde araştırma yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda (i) izleyici etkisinin takım çalışmasının işlevsizleşmesinde etkili olan boyutların tamamıyla negatif ilişkisi olduğu, (ii) bu boyutlardan en çok güven boyutuna etki ettiği ve (iii) takım çalışmasının işlevsizleşmesinde en çok sonuçları dikkate almama boyutunun ön plana çıktığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu çıktılar bağlamında ise sektördeki yöneticilere ve ilgili karar alıcılara yol gösterici bilgiler sunulması hedeflenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: İzleyici Etkisi, Takım Çalışması, Yiyecek-İçecek İşletmeleri.

Kaynakça

  • Abbate, C. S., Ruggieri, S. ve Boca, S. (2013). The effect of prosocial priming in the presence of bystanders. The Journal of Social Psychology, 153 (5): 619-622.
  • Alicke, M. D. ve Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-enhancement and self protection: What they are and what they do. European Review of Social Psychology, 20 (1): 1-48.
  • Bateman, B., Wilson, F. C. ve Bingham, D. (2002). Team effectivenes-development of an audit questionnaire. Journal of Management Development, 21 (3): 215-226.
  • Bertland, A. (2009). Virtue ethics in business and the capabilities approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 84: 25-32.
  • Chen, G., Tjosvold, D. ve Liu, C. (2006). Cooperative goals, leader people and productivity values: Their contribution to top management teams in China. Journal of Management Studies, 43 (5): 1177-1200.
  • Darley, J. M., ve Latane, B. (1968). Bystander interventation in emergencies: diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8 (4): 377-383.
  • D’cruz, P. ve Noronha, E. (2011). The limits to workplace friendship managerialist HRM and bystander behaviour in the context of workplace bullying. Employee Relations, 33 (3): 269-288.
  • Dechurch, L. A. ve Magnus, J. R. (2010). The cognitive underpinnings of effective teamwork: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95 (1): 32-53.
  • Fredricks, S., Ramsey, M. ve Hornett, A. (2010). Kinship and bystander effect: The role of others in ethical decisions. Journal of Religion and Business Ethics, 2 (1): 1-22.
  • Garcia, S. M., Weaver, K., Moskowitz, G. B. ve Darley, J. M. (2002). Crowdedminds: The implicit bystander effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 (4): 843-853.
  • Gard, G., Lindstörm, K. ve Dallner, M. (2003). Towards a learning organization: The introduction of a client-centered team-based organization in administrative surveying work. Applied Ergonomics, 34 (2): 97-105.
  • Gerstein, M. S. ve Shaw, R. B. (2006, Autumn). “The case against organizational bystanders”, Princeton Management Consulting Group (e-journal), 2006 (1-12): http://princetonmc.com/wp-content/uploads/Organizational Bystanders-7-06.pdf, (26.11.2013).
  • Grantham, T. C. (2011). New directions for gifted black males suffering from bystander effects: A call for upstanders. Reoper Review, 33 (4): 263-272.
  • Hamburger, M. E., Basile, K. C. ve Vivolo, A. M. (2011). Measuring bullying victimization, perpetration, and bystander experiences: A compendium of assessment tools. Atlanta: GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
  • Hoegl, M. ve Gemuenden, H. G. (2001). Teamwork quality and the success of innovative projects: A theoretical concept and empirical evidence. Organizational Science, 12 (4): 435-449.
  • Hu, M. M., Horng, J. ve Sun, Y. C. (2009). Hospitality teams: Knowledge sharing and service innovation performance. Tourism Management, 30 (1): 41-50.
  • Hudson, J. M. ve Bruckman, A. S. (2004). The bystander effect: A lens for understanding patterns of participation. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13 (2): 165-195.
  • Janson, G. R., Carney, J. V. ve Hazler, R. J. (2009). Bystanders’ reactions to witnessing repetitive abuse experiences. Journal of Counceling and Development, 87 (3): 319-326.
  • Karamustafa, K., Güllü, K., Acar, N. ve Ulama, Ş. (2010). Konaklama işletmelerinde pazar odaklılık uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Karasar, N. (1995). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Sim Matbaası.
  • Kingston, S. (2008). Bullying as a social process: Factors influencing bystander behaviour. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Brock University, Faculty of Child and Youth Studies, Ontairo.
  • Kozlowski, S. W. J. ve Ligen, D. R. (2006). Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7 (3): 77-124.
  • Kozlowski, S. W. J., Hully, S. M., Nason, E. R., Smith, E. M., Ligen, D. R. ve Pulakos, E. D. (1999). Developing adaptive teams: A theory of compilation and performance across levels and time. D. R. Ligen ve E. D. Pulakos, (Der.) The changing nature of work performance: Implications for staffing, personnel actions, and development: İçinde 240–292. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Lencioni, P. M. (2002). The five dysfunctions of a team: A leadership fable. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Lepine, J. A., Piccolo, R. F., Jackson, C. L., Mathieu, J. E. ve Saul, J. R. (2008). A meta-analysis of teamwork processes: Tests of a multidimensional model and relationships with team effectiveness criteria. Personnel Psychology, 61 (2): 273-307.
  • Marks, M. A., Mathieu, J. E. ve Zaccaro, S. J. (2001). A temporally based framework and taxonomy of team processes. Academy of Management Review, 26 (3): 356–376.
  • Mathieu, J. E., Heffner, T. S., Goodwin, G. F., Salas, E. ve Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2000). The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 (2): 273–283.
  • Meuse, K. P. (2009). Driving team effectiveness. Stanford University: The Korn/Ferry Institute.
  • Moe, N. B., Dingsoyr, T. ve Dyba, T. (2010). A teamwork model for understanding an agile team: A case study of a scrum project. Information and Software Technology, 52 (5): 480-491.
  • Namie, G. ve Lutgen-Sandvik, P. E. (2010). Active and passive accomplices: The communal character of workplace bullying. International Journal of Communication, 4: 343-373.
  • Oh, I. ve Hazler, R. J. (2009). Contributions of personal and situational factors to bystanders' reactions to school bullying. School Psychology International, 30 (3): 291-310.
  • Özdevecioğlu, M., Kaya, Y. ve Dedeoğlu, T. (2014). Kişilik özelliklerinin izleyici etksi (bystander effect) üzerindeki etkisinde kontrol odağının rolü. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 42 (Temmuz-Aralık): 25-40.
  • Özgener, Ş. (2003). Quality function deployment: A teamwork approach. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 14 (9): 969-979.
  • Özler, D. E. ve Koparan, D. (2006). Takım performansına etki eden takım çalışmasına ilişkin faktörlerin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Akademik Bakış, 8: 1-29.
  • Paull, M., Omarı, M. ve Standen, P. (2012). When is a bystander not a bystander? A typology of the roles of bystanders in workplace bullying. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 50 (3): 351-366.
  • Perçin, N. Ş. ve Erbaş, E. (2014). Turizm işletmelerinde izleyici etkisi. Ş. A. Tükeltürk, N. Ş. Perçin, ve B. Güzel, (Der.) Turizm işletmelerinde çalışan ilişkileri yönetimi: İçinde 239- 264 Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Pizam, A. ve Shani, A. (2009). The nature of hospitality industry: Present and future managers’ perspectives. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20 (1): 134-150.
  • Salmivalli, C., Lappalainen, M. ve Lagerspetz, K. (1998). Stability and change of behavior in connection with bullying in schools: A two-year follow-up. Aggressive Behavior, 24 (3): 205-218.
  • Salmivalli, C. ve Voeten, M. (2004). Connections between attitudes, group norms, and behaviour in bullying situations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28 (3): 246-258.
  • Scully, M. ve Rowe, M. (2009). Bystander training within organizations. Journal of the International Ombudsman Association, 2 (1): 1-9.
  • Sims, R. L. ve Sun, P. (2011). Witnessing workplace bullying and the Chinese manufacturing employee. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27 (1): 9-26.
  • Stout, R. J., Cannon-Bowers, Salas, E. ve Milanovich D. M. (1999). Planning, shared mental models, and coordinated performance: An empirical link is established. Human Factors, 41 (1): 61–71.
  • Topaloğlu, M. ve Aydın, İ. (2005). Örgütlerde etkin takım yapılarının oluşturulması sürecinde etkili liderliğin rolünün Ankara’da faaliyet gösteren 4 ve 5 yıldızlı otel işletmeleri çalışanları tarafından algılanması üzerine bir uygulama. Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2: 93-112.
  • Van Bommel, M., Van Prooijen, J., Elffers, H. ve Van Lange, P. A. M. (2012). Be Aware to Care: Public Self-awareness Leads to A Reversal of the Bystander Effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48 (4): 926-930.
  • Van Heugten, K. (2010). Bullying of social workers: Outcomes of a grounded study into impacts and interventions. British Journal of Social Work, 40 (2): 638-655.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Y. ve Erdoğan, S. (2004). SPSS uygulamalı bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Zehir, C. ve Özşahin, M. (2008). Takım yönetimi ve takım etkinliğini belirleyen faktörler: Savunma sanayinde ar-ge yapan takımlar üzerinde bir saha araştırması. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 9 (2): 266-279.
  • Zou, T. X. P. ve Ko, E. I. (2012). Teamwork development across the curriculum for chemical engineering students in Hong Kong: Processes, outcomes and lessons learned. Education for Chemical Engineers, 7 (3): 105-117.

The Role of Bystander Effect on Teamwork Dysfunctioning

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3, 455 - 467, 22.01.2015
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusbed.08059

Öz

Abstract

In this study, it is aimed to cover a conceptual background of the bystander effect which is limited in Turkish literature and to investigate whether the bystander effect plays a role on the dysfunctioning of teams in organizations. To realize the purpose of the study, a research is conducted on the food-beverage industry employee in Kayseri. According to results of the analysis, it is determined that (i) bystander effect is significantly and negatively correlated with all dimensions of the teamwork dysfunctioning, (ii) from these dimensions, the turst dimension is the one mostly affectd by bystander effect and (iii) the inattention to results dimension appeared to be the most prominent one among the other four dimensions of teamwork dysfunctioning. In this context, some suggestions, required to be taken into account by the managers and related decision makers, have been made.

Keywords: Bystander Effect, Teamwork, Food-Beverage Organizations.

Kaynakça

  • Abbate, C. S., Ruggieri, S. ve Boca, S. (2013). The effect of prosocial priming in the presence of bystanders. The Journal of Social Psychology, 153 (5): 619-622.
  • Alicke, M. D. ve Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-enhancement and self protection: What they are and what they do. European Review of Social Psychology, 20 (1): 1-48.
  • Bateman, B., Wilson, F. C. ve Bingham, D. (2002). Team effectivenes-development of an audit questionnaire. Journal of Management Development, 21 (3): 215-226.
  • Bertland, A. (2009). Virtue ethics in business and the capabilities approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 84: 25-32.
  • Chen, G., Tjosvold, D. ve Liu, C. (2006). Cooperative goals, leader people and productivity values: Their contribution to top management teams in China. Journal of Management Studies, 43 (5): 1177-1200.
  • Darley, J. M., ve Latane, B. (1968). Bystander interventation in emergencies: diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8 (4): 377-383.
  • D’cruz, P. ve Noronha, E. (2011). The limits to workplace friendship managerialist HRM and bystander behaviour in the context of workplace bullying. Employee Relations, 33 (3): 269-288.
  • Dechurch, L. A. ve Magnus, J. R. (2010). The cognitive underpinnings of effective teamwork: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95 (1): 32-53.
  • Fredricks, S., Ramsey, M. ve Hornett, A. (2010). Kinship and bystander effect: The role of others in ethical decisions. Journal of Religion and Business Ethics, 2 (1): 1-22.
  • Garcia, S. M., Weaver, K., Moskowitz, G. B. ve Darley, J. M. (2002). Crowdedminds: The implicit bystander effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 (4): 843-853.
  • Gard, G., Lindstörm, K. ve Dallner, M. (2003). Towards a learning organization: The introduction of a client-centered team-based organization in administrative surveying work. Applied Ergonomics, 34 (2): 97-105.
  • Gerstein, M. S. ve Shaw, R. B. (2006, Autumn). “The case against organizational bystanders”, Princeton Management Consulting Group (e-journal), 2006 (1-12): http://princetonmc.com/wp-content/uploads/Organizational Bystanders-7-06.pdf, (26.11.2013).
  • Grantham, T. C. (2011). New directions for gifted black males suffering from bystander effects: A call for upstanders. Reoper Review, 33 (4): 263-272.
  • Hamburger, M. E., Basile, K. C. ve Vivolo, A. M. (2011). Measuring bullying victimization, perpetration, and bystander experiences: A compendium of assessment tools. Atlanta: GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
  • Hoegl, M. ve Gemuenden, H. G. (2001). Teamwork quality and the success of innovative projects: A theoretical concept and empirical evidence. Organizational Science, 12 (4): 435-449.
  • Hu, M. M., Horng, J. ve Sun, Y. C. (2009). Hospitality teams: Knowledge sharing and service innovation performance. Tourism Management, 30 (1): 41-50.
  • Hudson, J. M. ve Bruckman, A. S. (2004). The bystander effect: A lens for understanding patterns of participation. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13 (2): 165-195.
  • Janson, G. R., Carney, J. V. ve Hazler, R. J. (2009). Bystanders’ reactions to witnessing repetitive abuse experiences. Journal of Counceling and Development, 87 (3): 319-326.
  • Karamustafa, K., Güllü, K., Acar, N. ve Ulama, Ş. (2010). Konaklama işletmelerinde pazar odaklılık uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Karasar, N. (1995). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Sim Matbaası.
  • Kingston, S. (2008). Bullying as a social process: Factors influencing bystander behaviour. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Brock University, Faculty of Child and Youth Studies, Ontairo.
  • Kozlowski, S. W. J. ve Ligen, D. R. (2006). Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7 (3): 77-124.
  • Kozlowski, S. W. J., Hully, S. M., Nason, E. R., Smith, E. M., Ligen, D. R. ve Pulakos, E. D. (1999). Developing adaptive teams: A theory of compilation and performance across levels and time. D. R. Ligen ve E. D. Pulakos, (Der.) The changing nature of work performance: Implications for staffing, personnel actions, and development: İçinde 240–292. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Lencioni, P. M. (2002). The five dysfunctions of a team: A leadership fable. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Lepine, J. A., Piccolo, R. F., Jackson, C. L., Mathieu, J. E. ve Saul, J. R. (2008). A meta-analysis of teamwork processes: Tests of a multidimensional model and relationships with team effectiveness criteria. Personnel Psychology, 61 (2): 273-307.
  • Marks, M. A., Mathieu, J. E. ve Zaccaro, S. J. (2001). A temporally based framework and taxonomy of team processes. Academy of Management Review, 26 (3): 356–376.
  • Mathieu, J. E., Heffner, T. S., Goodwin, G. F., Salas, E. ve Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2000). The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 (2): 273–283.
  • Meuse, K. P. (2009). Driving team effectiveness. Stanford University: The Korn/Ferry Institute.
  • Moe, N. B., Dingsoyr, T. ve Dyba, T. (2010). A teamwork model for understanding an agile team: A case study of a scrum project. Information and Software Technology, 52 (5): 480-491.
  • Namie, G. ve Lutgen-Sandvik, P. E. (2010). Active and passive accomplices: The communal character of workplace bullying. International Journal of Communication, 4: 343-373.
  • Oh, I. ve Hazler, R. J. (2009). Contributions of personal and situational factors to bystanders' reactions to school bullying. School Psychology International, 30 (3): 291-310.
  • Özdevecioğlu, M., Kaya, Y. ve Dedeoğlu, T. (2014). Kişilik özelliklerinin izleyici etksi (bystander effect) üzerindeki etkisinde kontrol odağının rolü. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 42 (Temmuz-Aralık): 25-40.
  • Özgener, Ş. (2003). Quality function deployment: A teamwork approach. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 14 (9): 969-979.
  • Özler, D. E. ve Koparan, D. (2006). Takım performansına etki eden takım çalışmasına ilişkin faktörlerin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Akademik Bakış, 8: 1-29.
  • Paull, M., Omarı, M. ve Standen, P. (2012). When is a bystander not a bystander? A typology of the roles of bystanders in workplace bullying. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 50 (3): 351-366.
  • Perçin, N. Ş. ve Erbaş, E. (2014). Turizm işletmelerinde izleyici etkisi. Ş. A. Tükeltürk, N. Ş. Perçin, ve B. Güzel, (Der.) Turizm işletmelerinde çalışan ilişkileri yönetimi: İçinde 239- 264 Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Pizam, A. ve Shani, A. (2009). The nature of hospitality industry: Present and future managers’ perspectives. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20 (1): 134-150.
  • Salmivalli, C., Lappalainen, M. ve Lagerspetz, K. (1998). Stability and change of behavior in connection with bullying in schools: A two-year follow-up. Aggressive Behavior, 24 (3): 205-218.
  • Salmivalli, C. ve Voeten, M. (2004). Connections between attitudes, group norms, and behaviour in bullying situations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28 (3): 246-258.
  • Scully, M. ve Rowe, M. (2009). Bystander training within organizations. Journal of the International Ombudsman Association, 2 (1): 1-9.
  • Sims, R. L. ve Sun, P. (2011). Witnessing workplace bullying and the Chinese manufacturing employee. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27 (1): 9-26.
  • Stout, R. J., Cannon-Bowers, Salas, E. ve Milanovich D. M. (1999). Planning, shared mental models, and coordinated performance: An empirical link is established. Human Factors, 41 (1): 61–71.
  • Topaloğlu, M. ve Aydın, İ. (2005). Örgütlerde etkin takım yapılarının oluşturulması sürecinde etkili liderliğin rolünün Ankara’da faaliyet gösteren 4 ve 5 yıldızlı otel işletmeleri çalışanları tarafından algılanması üzerine bir uygulama. Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2: 93-112.
  • Van Bommel, M., Van Prooijen, J., Elffers, H. ve Van Lange, P. A. M. (2012). Be Aware to Care: Public Self-awareness Leads to A Reversal of the Bystander Effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48 (4): 926-930.
  • Van Heugten, K. (2010). Bullying of social workers: Outcomes of a grounded study into impacts and interventions. British Journal of Social Work, 40 (2): 638-655.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Y. ve Erdoğan, S. (2004). SPSS uygulamalı bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Zehir, C. ve Özşahin, M. (2008). Takım yönetimi ve takım etkinliğini belirleyen faktörler: Savunma sanayinde ar-ge yapan takımlar üzerinde bir saha araştırması. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 9 (2): 266-279.
  • Zou, T. X. P. ve Ko, E. I. (2012). Teamwork development across the curriculum for chemical engineering students in Hong Kong: Processes, outcomes and lessons learned. Education for Chemical Engineers, 7 (3): 105-117.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Emre Erbaş

Nilüfer Şahin Perçin

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Ocak 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Ağustos 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Erbaş, E., & Şahin Perçin, N. (2015). Takım Çalışmasının İşlevsizleşmesinde İzleyici Etkisinin Rolü. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16(3), 455-467. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusbed.08059