MÜLTECİLERİN KATILIMIYLA YÜRÜTÜLEN NİTEL ARAŞTIRMALARDA ETİK KONULAR

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 1155 - 1169, 29.09.2020

Filiz Kunuroglu

https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.560663

Cited By: 1

Öz

Son yıllarda dünyada ve ülkemizde mülteci gruplar üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda artış yaşanmaktadır ve bu araştırmaların büyük çoğunluğunda nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Ancak araştırmacılar ve öğrenciler için bu araştırma süreçlerinde ortaya etik problemlere ve çözüm önerilerine yönelik çok sınırlı sayıda kaynak bulunmaktadır. Bu makale, mülteci grupların katılımıyla yapılan nitel çalışmalarda ortaya çıkabilecek etik meseleleri tartışmakta ve alan yazından örneklerle çözüm önerileri sunmaktadır. Ele alınan konular bilgilendirilmiş onam, gizlilik, duygusal sonuçlar konusunda farkındalık, kültür, dil, cinsiyet ve maddi teşvik meseleleridir. İlgili alınyazındaki kaynakların sınırlı olması sebebiyle alanda çalışan araştırmacılara ve eğitimcilere kaynak sağlamak amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik, Araştırma Etiği, Nitel Araştırma, Mülteciler

Teşekkür

Öneri ve yorumlarıyla makale metninin gelişmesine katkıda bulunan Doç. Dr. Aysun Doğan ve Doç. Dr. Derya Güngör De Bruyn'a çok teşekkür ederim.

ETHICAL ISSUES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH WITH REFUGEE GROUPS

Öz

There has been an increase in the amount of studies conducted on refugee groups both in the world and in our country. Much of these studies are observed to have adopted qualitative research methods in their designs. However, the literature on the possible ethical issues that may arise in the process of these research and their possible solutions is rather limited. This paper explicates ethical dimensions and issues of qualitative research with refugee groups as well as discussing the potential solutions in the available literature. Main issues involves informed consent, confidentiality, awareness of emotional consequences, cultural differences, language, gender and incentives. It aims to contribute to literature as there is a scarce of information in the field of ethics in refugee studies for researchers and educationalist.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ethics, Research ethics, Qualitative Research, Refugees

Kaynakça

• Berg, L. B. (2001). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston: Allyn ve Bacon.
• Birman, D. (2005). Ethical issues in research with immigrants and refugees. J. E. Trimble ve C. B. Fisher (Der.)., The handbook of ethical research with ethnocultural populations and communities içinde (ss.155-178). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
• Brannigan, M. (2000). Cultural diversity and the case against ethical relativism. Health Care Analysis, 8(3), 321-327. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:100945221
• Cooper, Phillip J. (1998). Law and ethics: Legal Accountability and ethical accountability. Cooper ve ark (Der)., Public administration for the twenty first century içinde (ss.75-93). New York: Harcourt Brace.
• Czymoniewicz-Klippel, M. T., Brijnath, B., ve Crockett, B. (2010). Ethics and the promotion of inclusiveness within qualitative research: Case examples from Asia and the Pacific. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(5), 332-341.
• Denzin, N. Lincoln. (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications Inc.
• Dyregrov, K., Dyregrov, A., ve Raundalen, M. (2000). Refugee families' experience of research participation. Journal of traumatic stress, 13(3), 413-426. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007777006605
• Ellis, B. H., Kia-Keating, M., Yusuf, S. A., Lincoln, A., ve Nur, A. (2007). Ethical research in refugee communities and the use of community participatory methods. Transcultural psychiatry, 44(3), 459-481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461507081642
• Goodkind, J. R., ve Deacon, Z. (2004). Methodological issues in conducting research with refugee women: Principles for recognizing and re‐centering the multiply marginalized. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(6), 721-739. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20029
• Goodman, L. A., Liang, B., Helms, J. E., Latta, R. E., Sparks, E., ve Weintraub, S. R. (2004). Training counseling psychologists as social justice agents: Feminist and multicultural principles in action. The counseling psychologist, 32(6), 793-836. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000004268802
• Guillemin, M., ve Gillam, L. (2004). Ethics, Reflexivity, and “Ethically Important Moments” in Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 10(2), 261–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800403262360
• Hammersley, M., ve Traianou, A. (2012). Ethics in qualitative research: Controversies and contexts. London: Sage.
• Head, E. (2009). The ethics and implications of paying participants in qualitative research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 12(4), 335-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570802246724.
• Hill, M. (2005). Ethical considerations in researching children’s experiences. In Researching children’s experience, S. Greene and D. Hogen Eds, London: Sage. 61-86.
• Hopkins, P. (2008). Ethical issues in research with unaccompanied asylum-seeking children. Children's Geographies, 6(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733280701791884
• Howard-Jones, N. (1982). Human experimentation in historical and ethical perspectives. Social Science ve Medicine, 16(15), 1429-1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(82)90139-3
• Inghilleri, M. (2004). Asylum Applications: Why the Role of Interpreters is Confusing and Unfair. Report to the British Home Office. Goldsmiths College, University of London.
• Jacobsen, K., ve Landau, L. B. (2003). The dual imperative in refugee research: some methodological and ethical considerations in social science research on forced migration. Disasters, 27(3), 185-206. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00228
• Jarvie, I. C. (1969). The problem of ethical integrity in participant observation. Current Anthropology, 10(5), 505-508.
• Kelman, H. C. (1967). The human use of human subjects: The problem of deception in social psychological experiments. Psychological Bulletin 67, 1-11.
• Leaning, J. (2001). Ethics of research in refugee populations. The Lancet, 357 (9266), 1432-1433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04572-4
• Levin, P. D., ve Sprung, C. L. (2003). Cultural differences at the end of life. Critical Care Medicine, 31(5), S354-S357
• Mackenzie, C., McDowell, C., ve Pittaway, E. (2007). Beyond ‘do no harm’: The challenge of constructing ethical relationships in refugee research. Journal of Refugee Studies, 20(2), 299-319. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem008
• Malkki, L. (1995). Purity and exile. Violence, memory and national cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Marín, G. (1993). Defining culturally appropriate community interventions: Hispanics as a case study. Journal of Community Psychology, 21(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199304)21:2<149::AID-JCOP2290210207>3.0.CO;2-Y
• Martin, S. F. (2004). Refugee women. Boston: Lexington books.
• Mauthner, M., Birch, M., Jessop, J., ve Miller, T. (2012). Ethics in qualitative research. 2nd Edition. London: Sage.
• Morrow, V. (2009). The ethics of social research with children and families in Young Lives: practical experiences.’ Working paper No 53
• Mültecilerin Hukuki Statüsüne İlişkin 1951 Cenevre Sözleşmesi. (Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2019). http://www.multeci.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1951-Cenevre-Sozlesmesi-1.pdf
• Mültecilerin Hukuk Statüsüne İlişkin 1967 Protokolü. (Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2019). http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/files/M%C3%9CLTEC%C4%B0LER%C4%B0N%20HUKUK%20STAT%C3%9CS%C3%9CNE%20%C4%B0L%C4%B0%C5%9EK%C4%B0N%201967%20PROTOKOL%C3%9C(1).pdf
• Padgett, D. K. (1998). Qualitative methods in social work research: Challenges and Rewards. London: Sage Publications.
• Reinharz, S., ve Davidman, L. (1992). Feminist methods in social research. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Strawn, C. (1994). Beyond the buzz word: Empowerment in community outreach and education. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 30(2), 159-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886394302002
• Tapp, J. L., Kelman, H. C., Wrightsman, L. S., Triandis, H. C., ve Coelho, G. V. (1974). Continuing Concerns in Cross-Cultural Ethics: A Report. International Journal of Psychology, 9(3), 231–249.doi:10.1080/00207597408247108
• Taylor, S. J., ve Bogdan, R. (1984). Introduction to qualitative research methods: The search for meaning (2nd ed). New York: John Wiley.
• UN General Assembly (2016). In safety and dignity: addressing large movements of refugees and migrants, Report of the Secretary-General.
• UNHCR (2017). https://www.unhcr.org/tr/. (Erişim tarihi: 17.03.2019).
• Van Liempt, I., ve Bilger, V. (2018). Methodological and Ethical Dilemmas in Research Among Smuggled Migrants. Zapats- Barrero R., Yalaz E.. (Der). Qualitative Research in European Migration Studies içinde (ss. 269-285). Springer, Cham.
• Vargas, C. M. (1998). Ethical challenges in refugee research: Troublesome questions, difficult answers. Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees, 17(3).
• Weiss, R. S.(1994). Learning from strangers: The art and method of qualitative interview studies. New York: Free Press.
• Yu, E. S. H., ve Liu, W. T. (1986). Methodological problems and policy implications in Vietnamese refugee research. International Migration Review, 20(2), 483– 501. doi:10.1177/019791838602000218