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BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER İNSAN HAKLARI KOMİTESİ’NİN TEİTİOTA KARARININ ARDINDAN “İKLİM MÜLTECİLERİ”

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 223 - 248, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.778002

Öz

“İklim mültecisi” olduğunu öne süren, Kiribati Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı Ioane Teitiota’nın Yeni Zelanda’ya karşı yaptığı başvuru sonucunda, Medeni ve Siyasi Haklara İlişkin Uluslararası Sözleşme’nin (MSHİUS) uygulanmasını denetlemekle görevli olan Birleşmiş Milletler İnsan Hakları Komitesi (BMİHK) önemli bir karara imza atmıştır. 24 Ekim 2019’da alınan ve 7 Ocak 2020’de yayınlanan karar, “iklim mültecileri”, geri-göndermeme ilkesi, devletlerin yükümlülükleri ve uluslararası işbirliği gibi birçok konuyu yeniden gündeme getirmiştir. Mevcut çalışmada, tartışmalı olan “iklim mültecisi” kavramının uluslararası hukuktaki yeri ve konunun insan hakları boyutu, daha spesifik olarak geri-göndermeme ilkesi Komite’nin Teitiota kararı ışığında ele alınmaktadır.

Kaynakça

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  • Birol, B. (2020). İklim Mülteciliği Mümkün mü? Birleşmiş Milletler İnsan Hakları Komitesi’nin Ioane Teitiota Kararının Özet Çevirisi ve Değerlendirmesi. https://anayasagundemi.com/2020/01/24/forum-av-baris-birol-iklim-multeciligi-mumkun-mu-birlesmis-milletler-insan-haklari-komitesinin-ioane-teitiota-kararinin-ozet-cevirisi-ve-degerlendirmesi/, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2020).
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Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 223 - 248, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.778002

Öz

The United Nations Human Rights Committee (UNHRC), charged with monitoring of implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), issued an important ruling concerning the communication submitted by Ioane Teitiota against New Zealand, Teitiota a citizen of the Republic of Kiribati, who has claimed to be a “climate refugee”. The ruling which was taken on 24 October 2019 and issued on 7 January 2020 has brought many issues back to the agenda, such as “climate refugees”, the principle of non-refoulement, states’ obligation and international cooperation. In this study, the place of the controversial concept of “climate refugee” in international law, the human rights dimension of this subject, more specifically the principle of non-refoulement are discussed in the light of the Committee’s ruling in the Teitiota case.

Kaynakça

  • Aleksandrova, M., Schraven, B. & Serraglio, D. (2020). A real game changer? The implications of the UN’s ruling on ‘climate refugees’. The Current Column, 24 February 2020. https://www.die-gdi.de/en/the-current-column/article/the-implications-of-the-uns-ruling-on-climate-refugees-1/ , (Erişim Tarihi:02.03.2020).
  • Amnesty International (2020). Crise climatique: Une décision historique pour les demandeurs d’asile. https://www.amnesty.fr/actualites/crise-climatique-demandeurs-d-asile, (Erişim Tarihi:19.03.2020).
  • Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies (AGNU) (2018), Pacte mondial pour des migrations sûres, ordonnées et régulières, A/RES/73/195. 19 décembre 2018.
  • Bakker, C. (2016). Climate change and right to life. Limits and potentialities of the human rights protection system. O. Quirico ve M. Boumghar (Ed.), Climate change and human rights. An international and comparative law perspective içinde (ss. 71-88). London/New York: Routledge.
  • Baldwin, W. A. (2020). Climate change refugees. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (2) içinde (ss. 275-279).
  • Behlert, B. (2020). A significant opening. On the HRC’s groundbreaking first ruling in the case of a ‘climate refugee’. Völkerrechtsblog. https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/a-significant-opening/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2020).
  • Bianku, L. (2017). Le non-refoulement comme principe du droit international et le rôle des tribunaux dans sa mise en œuvre, Cour européenne des droits de l’homme/Conseil de l’Europe. Dialogue entre Juges içinde (ss. 17-21). https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Dialogue_2017_FRA.pdf (Erişim Tarihi : 10.02.2020).
  • Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi (1992). (Sözleşme’nin Türkçe metni için https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/iklim/webmenu/webmenu12421_1.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2020).
  • Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) (2005). Ülke İçinde Yerinden Olma Konusunda Yol Gösterici İlkeler, çev. K. Altıparmak. Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi. http://www.ceidizleme.org/ekutuphaneresim/dosya/693_1.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi : 10.02.2020).
  • Birol, B. (2020). İklim Mülteciliği Mümkün mü? Birleşmiş Milletler İnsan Hakları Komitesi’nin Ioane Teitiota Kararının Özet Çevirisi ve Değerlendirmesi. https://anayasagundemi.com/2020/01/24/forum-av-baris-birol-iklim-multeciligi-mumkun-mu-birlesmis-milletler-insan-haklari-komitesinin-ioane-teitiota-kararinin-ozet-cevirisi-ve-degerlendirmesi/, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2020).
  • Boer, B. (2016), Climate Change and Human Rights in the Asia-Pacific. A Fragmented Approach. O. Quirico & M. Boumghar (Ed.). Climate Change and Human Rights. An International and Comparative Law Perspective içinde (ss. 236-255). London/New York: Routledge.
  • Campbell, J. R. & Bedford, R. D. (2016). Climate Change and Migration. Lessons from Oceania. A. Triandafyllidou (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies içinde (ss. 304-311). London/New York: Routledge.
  • Chimni, B. S. (2009). The Birth of a ‘Discipline’: From Refugee to Forced Migration Studies. Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 (1), 11-29.
  • Chimni, B. S. (2018), The Global Refugee Crisis: Towards a Just Response”, Global Trends. Analysis, https://www.sef-bonn.org/en/publications/global-trends-analysis/032018.html (Erişim Tarihi: 07.04.2020).
  • Comité des droits des l’homme des Nations Unies (CDHNU) (2018). Observation Générale N° 36, CCPR/C/GC/36, (Distr. Générale 3 septembre 2019). https://undocs.org/fr/CCPR/C/GC/36, (Erişim Tarihi : 03.04.2020).
  • Cournil, C. & Mayer, B (2014). Chapitre 2. Les lacunes juridiques, C. Cournil, & B. Mayer (Ed.), Les migrations environnementales: enjeux et gouvernance içinde. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po. (internet versiyonu).
  • Cournil, C. & Perruso, C. (2018). Réflexions sur “l’humanisation” des changements climatiques et la “climatisation” des droits de l’homme. Émergence et pertinence. Revue des Droits de l’Homme. https://journals.openedition.org/revdh/3930#bodyftn1, (Erişim Tarihi : 17.04.2020).
  • Courtoy, M. (2020). Comité des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies, constatations relatives à la communication no. 2728/2016, Ioane Teitiota c. Nouvelle-Zélande. 24 octobre 2019. https://uclouvain.be/fr/instituts-recherche/juri/cedie/actualites/comite-des-droits-de-l-homme-des-nations-unies-constatations-relatives-a-la-communication-n-2728-2016-ioane-teitiota-c-nouvelle-zelande-24-octobre-2019.html, (Erişim Tarihi:19.03.2020).
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  • Grandi, F. (L. Baker’s Interview with) (2020). World needs to prepare for ‘millions’ of climate displaced: U.N. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-davos-meeting-refugees/world-needs-to-prepare-for-millions-of-climate-displaced-u-n-idUSKBN1ZK1Q2, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2020).
  • Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) (2014). Changements climatiques 2014. Incidences, adaptation et vulnérabilité. Résumé à l’intention des décideurs. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar5_wgII_spm_fr-2.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi : 04.04.2020).
  • Human Rights Committee (HRC) (2020). CCPR/C/127/D/2728/2016. 24 October 2019 (Distr. 7 January 2020). https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2F127%2FD%2F2728%2F2016&Lang=en, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2020).
  • Imbert, L. (2020). Premiers éclaircissements sur la protection internationale des ‘migrants climatiques’. Note sous Comité des doits de l’homme des nations unies, constatations relatives à la communication N° 2728/2016, Ioane Teitiota c. Nouvelle-Zélande, 24 octobre 2019 (distr. génerale 7 janvier 2020), CCPR/C/127/D/2728/2016. La Revue des Droits de l’Homme, 1-24.
  • International Law Association (ILA) (2018), Sydney Declaration of Principles on the protection of persons displaced in the context of sea level rise. Resolution 6/2018 (Annex) August 2018. https://www.ila-hq.org/images/ILA/Resolutions/ILAResolution_6_2018_SeaLevelRise_SydneyDeclaration.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2020). International Law Commission. https://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/8_9.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2020).
  • International Organization for Migration (IOM). Key migration terms. https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms, (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2020).
  • IOM (2011). Glossary on migration. International migration law series No. 25, 2nd ed., 2011, https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.04.2020).
  • IOM (2014). IML Information Note on the Principle of Non-refoulement. https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/IML-Information-Note-on-the-Principle-of-non-refoulement.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 07.04.2020).
  • IOM (2017). World Migration Report 2018. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/country/docs/china/r5_world_migration_report_2018_en.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 08.04.2020).
  • Kayğusuz Akbay, M. (2018). Çevresel Göçler ve Bölgesel Örgütler: Avrupa Birliği ve Avrupa Konseyi Örnekleri. in B. Bacak, Ö. Topkaya, A. Kıray, & M. Ç. Tuna (Ed.), IX. Uluslararası sivil toplum kuruluşları kongresi. Göç ve toplum, 15-17 Kasım 2018, Çanakkale, Bildiri tam metin e-kitabı (içinde ss. 310-319).
  • Kayğusuz Akbay, M. (2020). Birleşmiş Milletler Şartı’nda belirtilen amaçlar ile çevre arasındaki i̇lişkiler. Social Sciences Research Journal/Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 152-171.
  • Kniveton, D., Schmidt-Verkerk, K., Smith, C. & Black, R. (2008). Climate change and migration: Improving methodologies to estimate flows. Geneva:International Organization for Migration.
  • Ktistakis, Y. (updated by E. Giakoumopoulou) (2013). Protecting migrants under the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Social Charter. Paris: Council of Europe Publishing, (Updated September 2016).
  • Laczko, F. & Piguet, E. (2014). Regional perspectives on migration, the environment and climate change. E. Piguet ve F. Laczko (Ed.), People on the move in a changing climate. The regional impact of environmental change on migration, içinde (ss. 1-20). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Mahecic, A. (2020). La décision du Comité des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique est un signal fort, selon le HCR. https://www.unhcr.org/fr/news/briefing/2020/1/5e2b0deaa/decision-comite-droits-lhomme-nations-unies-changement-climatique-signal.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2020).
  • Mayer, B. & Cournil, C. (2016). Climate change, migration and human rights. Towards group-specific protection?. O. Quirico ve M. Boumghar (Ed.), Climate change and human rights. an international and comparative law perspective içinde (ss. 173-188). London/New York: Routledge.
  • Mayer, B. & F. Crépeau (2015). Changement climatique et droits de l’homme des migrants. C. Cournil vd. (Ed.), Mobilité humaine et environnement içinde (ss. 31-48). Editions Quæ.
  • McAdam, J. (2017). Seven reasons the UN Refugee Convention should not include ‘climate refugees’. The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/seven-reasons-the-un-refugee-convention-should-not-include-climate-refugees-20170606-gwl8b4.html (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2020).
  • McAdam, J. (2020a). Climate refugees cannot be forced back home. The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/climate-refugees-cannot-be-forced-back-home-20200119-p53sp4.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.03.2020).
  • McAdam, J. (2020b). Protecting people displaced by the impacts of climate change: The UN Human Rights Committee and the principle of non-refoulement. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/4B8E9EBB4FE37ABEB74608742FEAD946/S0002930020000317a.pdf/protecting_people_displaced_by_the_impacts_of_climate_change_the_un_human_rights_committee_and_the_principle_of_nonrefoulement.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Medeni ve Siyasi Haklara İlişkin Uluslararası Sözleşme (1966).
  • Miller, D. S. (2017) Climate refugees and the human cost of global climate change. Environmental Justice, 10 (4), 89-92.
  • Morgese, G. (2017). Environmental migrants and the EU immigration and asylum law: Is there any chance for protection?. G. C. Bruno, F. M. Palombino ve V. Rossi (Ed.), Migration and the environment. some reflections on current legal issues and possible ways forward içinde (47-73). Rome:CNR edizioni.
  • Mültecilerin Hukuki Durumuna Dair Sözleşme (1951). (Sözleşmenin Türkçe çevirisi için bkz. http://www.danistay.gov.tr/upload/multecilerin_hukuki_durumuna_dair_sozlesme.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2020).
  • Nicholson, F. & Kumin, J. (2017). A guide to international refugee protection and building state asylum systems. Handbook for parliamentarians N° 27. IPU and UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/3d4aba564.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.04.2020).
  • OHCHR (2018). Addressing human rights protection gaps in the context of migration and displacement of persons across international borders resulting from the adverse effect of climate change and supporting the adaptation and mitigation plans of developing countries to bridge the protection gaps. Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, A/HCR/38/21. https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/38/21 (Erişim Tarihi: 04.05.2020).
  • OHCHR (2020). Historic UN human rights case opens door to climate change asylum claims. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25482&LangID=E (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2020).
  • OHCHR. Applying a human rights-based approach to climate change negotiations, policies and measures. http://hrbaportal.org/wp-content/files/InfoNoteHRBA1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2020).
  • ONU Info (2020). La décision d’un Comité d’experts de l’ONU sur le changement climatique est un signal fort, selon le HCR. https://news.un.org/fr/story/2020/01/1060501 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.01.2020).
  • Oppenheimer, M. vd. (2019). Sea level rise and implications for low-lying islands, coasts and communities. H.-O. Pörtner vd. (Ed.), IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate içinde. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-4-sea-level-rise-and-implications-for-low-lying-islands-coasts-and-communities/ (Erişim Tarihi:02.04.2020).
  • Philo, G., Briant, E. & Donald, P. (2013). Bad news for refugees. London: Pluto Press.
  • Piguet, E. (2013). From ‘primitive migration’ to ‘climate refugees’: The curious fate of the natural environment in migration studies. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 148-162.
  • Reeh, G. (2020). Climate change in the Human Rights Committee. https://www.ejiltalk.org/climate-change-in-the-human-rights-committee/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2020).
  • Sendut, J. H. (2020). Climate change as a trigger of non-refoulement obligations under international human rights law. https://www.ejiltalk.org/climate-change-as-a-trigger-of-non-refoulement-obligations-under-international-human-rights-law/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2020).
  • Sinclair-Blakemore, A. (2020). Teitiota v. New Zealand: A step forward in the protection of climate refugees under international human rights law?. https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/teitiota-v-new-zealand-a-step-forward-in-the-protection-of-climate-refugees-under-international-human-rights-law/ (Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2020).
  • Türk, V. & Garlick, M. (2019). Addressing displacement in the context of disasters and the adverse effects of climate change: Elements and opportunities in the global compact on refugees. International Journal of Refugee Law, 31 (2/3), 389-399.
  • United Nations (UN) (2018). Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Global Compact on Refugees, A/73/12 (Part II). https://www.unhcr.org/gcr/GCR_English.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2020)
  • United Nations- Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP) (2015). Climate change and migration in Pacific. Links, attitudes, and future scenarios in Nauru, Tuvalu, and Kiribati. https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Pacific_Climate_Change_Migration_Survey_Fact_Sheet.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2020).
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2017a). Key concepts on climate change and disaster displacement. https://www.unhcr.org/protection/environment/5943aea97/key-concepts-climate-change-disaster-displacement.html (Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2020).
  • UNHCR (2017b). Legal considerations on refugee protection for people fleeing conflict and famine affected countries. https://www.refworld.org/docid/5906e0824.html (Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2020).
  • UNHCR (2018). Global trends. Forced displacement in 2017. https://www.unhcr.org/5b27be547.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2020).
  • UNHCR (2019). Key Messages and Commitments on Climate Change and Disaster Displacement. COP 25- Madrid, Spain. 2 to 13 December 2019. https://www.unhcr.org/uk/protection/environment/5e01e3857/key-messages-for-cop25.html?query=climate (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2020).
  • Vecchioni, S. P. (2020). Climate refugees: Reflections on a category that seeks recognition. https://rli.blogs.sas.ac.uk/2020/03/12/climate-refugees-reflections-on-a-category-that-seeks-recognition/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2020).
  • Wouters, C. (K.) (2013). International Refugee and Human Rights Law: Partners in Ensuring International Protection and Asylum. S. Sheeran ve S. N. Rodley (Ed.), Routledge handbook of international human rights law içinde (ss. 231-244). Oxon/ New York: Routledge.
  • Zecca, M. V. (2017). The protection of ‘environmental refugees’ in regional contexts. G. C. Bruno, F. M. Palombino ve V. Rossi (Ed.), Migration and the environment. Some reflections on current legal issues and possible ways forward (ss. 101-121). Rome: CNR edizioni.
  • Zetter, R. (2011). Research report: Protecting environmentally displaced people. developing the capacity of legal and normative frameworks. University of Oxford. https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/files-1/rr-protecting-environmentally-displaced-people-2011.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:02.04.2020).
  • Zetter, R. & Morrisey, J. (2014). The environment-mobility nexus: Reconceptualizing the links between environmental stress, (im)mobility, and power. E. Fiddian-Qamiyeh, G. Loescher, K. Long ve N. Sigona (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of refugee and forced migration studies içinde (ss. 342-353). Oxford University Press.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehtap Kayğusuz Akbay 0000-0002-2072-671X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kayğusuz Akbay, M. (2021). BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER İNSAN HAKLARI KOMİTESİ’NİN TEİTİOTA KARARININ ARDINDAN “İKLİM MÜLTECİLERİ”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(1), 223-248. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.778002