Araştırma Makalesi
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TURİZMİN SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL VE ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİNİN TURİZMİN GELİŞİMİNDEKİ ROLÜ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 789 - 808, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.769725

Öz

Araştırmanın nihai amacı turizmin çevresel ve sosyo-kültürel etkilerinin turizmin gelişimine yönelik desteğe olan etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Bu etkinin temeli sosyal değişim teorisine (SDT) dayandırılmıştır. Araştırmanın hipotezlerinin test edilmesinde yapısal eşitlik modellemesinden yararlanılmıştır. Bu maksatla Smart PLS (V.3.2.7) program kullanılmıştır. Araştırma evrenini önemli bir turizm destinasyonu haline gelmiş olan Eskişehir ilindeki yerel halkın tamamı oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin toplanmasında örnekleme yöntemi olarak olasılığa dayalı olmayan örnekleme yöntemlerinden kolay örnekleme yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları doğrultusunda, turizmin negatif ve pozitif çevresel etkileriyle olumlu sosyal ve kültürel etkilerinin turizmin gelişimine yönelik etkileri olumlu ve anlamdır. Ek olarak turizmin olumsuz sosyal ve kültürel etkilerinin turizmin gelişimine yönelik destek üzerindeki etkisi negatif ve anlamlıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, F., Draz, M. U., Su, L., & Rauf, A. (2019). Taking the bad with the good: The nexus between tourism and environmental degradation in the lower middle-income Southeast Asian economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 233, 1240-1249.
  • Allen, L. R., Hafer, H. R., Long, P. T., & Perdue, R. R. (1993). Rural residents' attitudes toward recreation and tourism development. Journal Of Travel Research, 31(4), 27-33.
  • Al-Masroori, R. S. (2006). Destination competitiveness: interrelationships between destination planning and development strategies and stakeholders’ support in enhancing Oman’s tourism industry. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Griffith University, Australia.
  • Altunışık, R. Coşkun, R. Bayraktaroğlu, S. & Yıldırım, E. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: SPSS Uygulamalı Sakarya Yayıncılık, 9. Baskı.
  • Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları. (2011). Eskişehir turizm master planı 2011-2015. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi, s. 2.
  • Ap, J., & Crompton, J. L. (1998). Developing and testing a tourism impact scale. Journal of travel research, 37(2), 120-130.
  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal Of The Academy Of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
  • Baykan, Eda. (2007). Turizmin yerel kültür üzerindeki etkilerinin yöre halkı tarafından algılanması (Ürgüp yöresinde bir uygulama). Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Bertan, S. (2010). Pamukkale'deki yöre halkının turizmi desteklemesi ile turizmin sosyo-kültürel etkileri arasındaki ilişki. International Journal Of Economic & Administrative Studies, 2(4).
  • Besculides, A., Lee, M. E., & McCormick, P. J. (2002). Residents' perceptions of the cultural benefits of tourism. Annals of tourism research, 29(2), 303-319.
  • Boley, B. B. & Strzelecka, M. (2016). Towards a universal measure of support for tourism, Annals Of Tourism Research, C: 61, Ss. 238-241.
  • Brislin, R. W. (1976). Comparative research methodology: Cross-cultural studies. International journal of psychology, 11(3), 215-229.
  • Chen, J. S. (2000). An investigation of urban residents’ loyalty to tourism. Journal Of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 24(1), 5-19.
  • Choi, H. C., & Murray, I. (2010). Resident attitudes toward sustainable community tourism. Journal Of Sustainable Tourism, 18(4), 575-594.
  • Civelek, A. (2010). Turizmin sosyal yapıya ve sosyal değişmeye etkileri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 13(1-2), 331-350.
  • Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research, 164-182.
  • Cohen, J. (1992). Quantitative methods in psychology: A power primer. Psychological Bulletin , 112, 1155-1159.
  • Crick, M. (1989). Representations of international tourism in the social sciences: sun, sex, sights, savings, and servility. Annual Review Of Anthropology, 18(1), 307-344.
  • Deery, M., Jago, L., & Fredline, L. (2012). Rethinking social impacts of tourism research: A new research agenda. Tourism Management, 33(1), 64-73.
  • Doğan, Z. (1989). Forms of adjustment sociocultural ımpacts of tourism, Annals Of Tourism Research. Vol 16, Pp. 216-236.
  • Durak, A. (2008). Turizmin çevreye etkileri Nevşehir ili konaklama işletmeleri yöneticilerinin çevre duyarlılığı ile ilgili bir araştırma. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
  • Duran, E. (2011). Turizm, kültür ve kimlik ilişkisi; turizmde toplumsal ve kültürel kimliğin sürdürülebilirliği. Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Yıl:10 Sayı:19 Bahar 2011 s.291-313.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal Of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • Fox, M. (1977). The social impact of tourism: a challenge to researchers and planners. A new kind of sugar: Tourism in the Pacific, 27-48.
  • Getz, D. (1992). Tourism planning and destination life cycle. Annals Of Tourism Research, 19(4), 752-770.
  • Gursoy, D. Jurowski, C. ve Uysal, M. (2002). “Resident Attitudes: A Structural Modeling Approach”, Annals Of Tourism Research, 29(1), 79-105.
  • Gursoy, D., & Rutherford, D. G. (2004). Host attitudes toward tourism: An improved structural model. Annals of tourism Research, 31(3), 495-516.
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). a primer on partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).
  • Hair, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLSSEM or CB-SEM: Updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107–123.
  • Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19 (2), 139-152.
  • Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24.
  • Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), 2nd edition Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Haley, A. J., Snaith, T., & Miller, G. (2005). The social impacts of tourism a case study of Bath, UK. Annals of tourism research, 32(3), 647-668.
  • Harrill, R. (2004). Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development: a literature review with implications for tourism planning. Journal Of Planning Literature, 18(3), 251-266.
  • Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using pls path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1), 2-20.
  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal Of The Academy Of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
  • Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal Of Sociology, C: 63, No: 6, Ss. 597-606.
  • https://www.nufusu.com/ (Erişim tarihi: 21.11.2019).
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Inskeep, E. (1991). Tourism planning: an integrated and sustainable development approach. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  • Johnson, J., Snepenger, D., & Akis, S. (1994). Residents’ perceptions of tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 21, 629–642.
  • Jurowski, C., Uysal, M., & Williams, R. D. (1997). A theoretical analysis of host community resident reactions to tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 36(2), 3–11.
  • Kılıç, İ., & Seçilmiş, C. (2018). Turistik destinasyonlarda yerel halk ve turist gözünden taşıma kapasitesinin değerlendirilmesi: Eskişehir örneği. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 15(3), 506-522.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Ko, D. W. & Stewart, W. P. (2002). A structural equation model of residents’ attitudes for tourism development, Tourism Management, C: 23, No: 5, Ss. 521-530.
  • Látková, P. & Vogt, C. A. (2012). Residents’ attitudes toward existing and future tourism development in rural communities, Journal Of Travel Research, C: 51, No: 1, Ss. 50-67.
  • Leslie, D. (2007). The missing component in the ‘greening’of tourism: the environmental performance of the self-catering accommodation sector. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(2), 310-322.
  • Mathieson, A., & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism, economic, physical and social impacts. Longman.
  • Mccombes, L., Vanclay, F., & Evers, Y. (2015). Putting social impact assessment to the test as a method for implementing responsible tourism practice. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 55, 156-168.
  • Mcgehee, N. G. ve Andereck, K. L. (2004). “Factors Predicting Rural Residents’ Support Of Tourism” Journal Of Travel Research, 43(2), 131-140.
  • Mcıntosh, A. J. & R. C. Prentice (1999). Affirming authenticity: Consuming cultural heritage, Annals Of Tourism Research, Vol. 26, No. 3, Pp. 589-612.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
  • Perdue, R. R. Long, P. T. & Allen, L. (1990). Resident support for tourism development, Annals Of Tourism Research, C: 17, No: 4, ss. 586-599.
  • Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T., & Allen, L. (1987). Rural resident tourism perceptions and attitudes. Annals of Tourism Research, 14(3), 420-429.
  • Pérez, E. A., & Nadal, J. R. (2005). Host community perceptions a cluster analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 925-941.
  • Robinson, D., Newman, S. P., & Stead, S. M. (2019). Community perceptions link environmental decline to reduced support for tourism development in small island states: a case study in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Marine Policy, 108, 103671.
  • Sirakaya, E., Teye, V., & Sönmez, S. (2002). Understanding residents’ support for tourism development in the central region of Ghana. Journal of travel research, 41(1), 57-67.
  • Stylidis, D. Biran, A. Sit, J. & Szivas, E. M. (2014). Residents' support for tourism development: the role of residents' place image and perceived tourism impacts, Tourism Management, C: 45, ss. 260-274.
  • Tosun, C. (2002). Host perceptions of impacts: A comparative tourism study. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), ss. 231–245.
  • Tsartas, P. (1992). Socıoeconomıc ımpacts of tourısm on two greek ısles, Annals Of Tourism Research, Vol. 19, pp. 516-533.
  • Tuna, M. (2007). Turizm, çevre ve toplum (Marmaris örneği). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, II. Baskı.
  • Türker, N. Selçuk, Ş. & Özyıldırım, A. (2016). Turizmin yerel halkın yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisi: Safranbolu örneği. Karabük Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, C: 6, No: 1, ss. 1-13.
  • Valeriu Vanaa, M. & Malaescua, S. (2016). “Cultural Thematic Tourism Itineraries: Mediators Of Success”, 3rd Global Conference On Business, Economics, Management And Tourism, Italy.
  • Wall, G., & Mathieson, A. (2006). Tourism: change, impacts, and opportunities. Pearson Education.
  • Wiley, John; Webster's new international dictionary the Oxford Companion to the english language, 1992.
  • Yoon, Y. Gursoy, D. & Chen, J. S. (2001). Validating a tourism development theory with structural equation modeling. Tourism Management, C: 22, No: 4, ss. 363-372.

THE ROLE OF SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 789 - 808, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.769725

Öz

The ultimate objective of this research is to examine the impact of the environmental and socio-cultural impacts of tourism on the support for the development of tourism. This effect was based on the Social Exchange Theory (SET). Structural equality modelling was used in testing the hypotheses of the research. For this purpose, the Smart PLS (V.3.2.7) program was used. The research universe is all the local people living in Eskişehir province, which has become an important tourism destination in Turkey. Convenience sampling method, which is one of the non-probability sampling methods, was used as the sampling method for the data collection in the study. In line with the findings of the research, the negative and positive environmental effects and positive social and cultural effects of tourism were found to be positive and significant for the development of tourism. Besides, the impact of the negative social and cultural effects of tourism on the support for the development of tourism was also found to be negative and significant.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, F., Draz, M. U., Su, L., & Rauf, A. (2019). Taking the bad with the good: The nexus between tourism and environmental degradation in the lower middle-income Southeast Asian economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 233, 1240-1249.
  • Allen, L. R., Hafer, H. R., Long, P. T., & Perdue, R. R. (1993). Rural residents' attitudes toward recreation and tourism development. Journal Of Travel Research, 31(4), 27-33.
  • Al-Masroori, R. S. (2006). Destination competitiveness: interrelationships between destination planning and development strategies and stakeholders’ support in enhancing Oman’s tourism industry. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Griffith University, Australia.
  • Altunışık, R. Coşkun, R. Bayraktaroğlu, S. & Yıldırım, E. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: SPSS Uygulamalı Sakarya Yayıncılık, 9. Baskı.
  • Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları. (2011). Eskişehir turizm master planı 2011-2015. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi, s. 2.
  • Ap, J., & Crompton, J. L. (1998). Developing and testing a tourism impact scale. Journal of travel research, 37(2), 120-130.
  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal Of The Academy Of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
  • Baykan, Eda. (2007). Turizmin yerel kültür üzerindeki etkilerinin yöre halkı tarafından algılanması (Ürgüp yöresinde bir uygulama). Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Bertan, S. (2010). Pamukkale'deki yöre halkının turizmi desteklemesi ile turizmin sosyo-kültürel etkileri arasındaki ilişki. International Journal Of Economic & Administrative Studies, 2(4).
  • Besculides, A., Lee, M. E., & McCormick, P. J. (2002). Residents' perceptions of the cultural benefits of tourism. Annals of tourism research, 29(2), 303-319.
  • Boley, B. B. & Strzelecka, M. (2016). Towards a universal measure of support for tourism, Annals Of Tourism Research, C: 61, Ss. 238-241.
  • Brislin, R. W. (1976). Comparative research methodology: Cross-cultural studies. International journal of psychology, 11(3), 215-229.
  • Chen, J. S. (2000). An investigation of urban residents’ loyalty to tourism. Journal Of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 24(1), 5-19.
  • Choi, H. C., & Murray, I. (2010). Resident attitudes toward sustainable community tourism. Journal Of Sustainable Tourism, 18(4), 575-594.
  • Civelek, A. (2010). Turizmin sosyal yapıya ve sosyal değişmeye etkileri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 13(1-2), 331-350.
  • Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research, 164-182.
  • Cohen, J. (1992). Quantitative methods in psychology: A power primer. Psychological Bulletin , 112, 1155-1159.
  • Crick, M. (1989). Representations of international tourism in the social sciences: sun, sex, sights, savings, and servility. Annual Review Of Anthropology, 18(1), 307-344.
  • Deery, M., Jago, L., & Fredline, L. (2012). Rethinking social impacts of tourism research: A new research agenda. Tourism Management, 33(1), 64-73.
  • Doğan, Z. (1989). Forms of adjustment sociocultural ımpacts of tourism, Annals Of Tourism Research. Vol 16, Pp. 216-236.
  • Durak, A. (2008). Turizmin çevreye etkileri Nevşehir ili konaklama işletmeleri yöneticilerinin çevre duyarlılığı ile ilgili bir araştırma. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
  • Duran, E. (2011). Turizm, kültür ve kimlik ilişkisi; turizmde toplumsal ve kültürel kimliğin sürdürülebilirliği. Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Yıl:10 Sayı:19 Bahar 2011 s.291-313.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal Of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • Fox, M. (1977). The social impact of tourism: a challenge to researchers and planners. A new kind of sugar: Tourism in the Pacific, 27-48.
  • Getz, D. (1992). Tourism planning and destination life cycle. Annals Of Tourism Research, 19(4), 752-770.
  • Gursoy, D. Jurowski, C. ve Uysal, M. (2002). “Resident Attitudes: A Structural Modeling Approach”, Annals Of Tourism Research, 29(1), 79-105.
  • Gursoy, D., & Rutherford, D. G. (2004). Host attitudes toward tourism: An improved structural model. Annals of tourism Research, 31(3), 495-516.
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). a primer on partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).
  • Hair, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLSSEM or CB-SEM: Updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107–123.
  • Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19 (2), 139-152.
  • Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24.
  • Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), 2nd edition Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Haley, A. J., Snaith, T., & Miller, G. (2005). The social impacts of tourism a case study of Bath, UK. Annals of tourism research, 32(3), 647-668.
  • Harrill, R. (2004). Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development: a literature review with implications for tourism planning. Journal Of Planning Literature, 18(3), 251-266.
  • Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using pls path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1), 2-20.
  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal Of The Academy Of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
  • Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal Of Sociology, C: 63, No: 6, Ss. 597-606.
  • https://www.nufusu.com/ (Erişim tarihi: 21.11.2019).
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Inskeep, E. (1991). Tourism planning: an integrated and sustainable development approach. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  • Johnson, J., Snepenger, D., & Akis, S. (1994). Residents’ perceptions of tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 21, 629–642.
  • Jurowski, C., Uysal, M., & Williams, R. D. (1997). A theoretical analysis of host community resident reactions to tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 36(2), 3–11.
  • Kılıç, İ., & Seçilmiş, C. (2018). Turistik destinasyonlarda yerel halk ve turist gözünden taşıma kapasitesinin değerlendirilmesi: Eskişehir örneği. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 15(3), 506-522.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Ko, D. W. & Stewart, W. P. (2002). A structural equation model of residents’ attitudes for tourism development, Tourism Management, C: 23, No: 5, Ss. 521-530.
  • Látková, P. & Vogt, C. A. (2012). Residents’ attitudes toward existing and future tourism development in rural communities, Journal Of Travel Research, C: 51, No: 1, Ss. 50-67.
  • Leslie, D. (2007). The missing component in the ‘greening’of tourism: the environmental performance of the self-catering accommodation sector. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(2), 310-322.
  • Mathieson, A., & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism, economic, physical and social impacts. Longman.
  • Mccombes, L., Vanclay, F., & Evers, Y. (2015). Putting social impact assessment to the test as a method for implementing responsible tourism practice. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 55, 156-168.
  • Mcgehee, N. G. ve Andereck, K. L. (2004). “Factors Predicting Rural Residents’ Support Of Tourism” Journal Of Travel Research, 43(2), 131-140.
  • Mcıntosh, A. J. & R. C. Prentice (1999). Affirming authenticity: Consuming cultural heritage, Annals Of Tourism Research, Vol. 26, No. 3, Pp. 589-612.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
  • Perdue, R. R. Long, P. T. & Allen, L. (1990). Resident support for tourism development, Annals Of Tourism Research, C: 17, No: 4, ss. 586-599.
  • Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T., & Allen, L. (1987). Rural resident tourism perceptions and attitudes. Annals of Tourism Research, 14(3), 420-429.
  • Pérez, E. A., & Nadal, J. R. (2005). Host community perceptions a cluster analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 925-941.
  • Robinson, D., Newman, S. P., & Stead, S. M. (2019). Community perceptions link environmental decline to reduced support for tourism development in small island states: a case study in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Marine Policy, 108, 103671.
  • Sirakaya, E., Teye, V., & Sönmez, S. (2002). Understanding residents’ support for tourism development in the central region of Ghana. Journal of travel research, 41(1), 57-67.
  • Stylidis, D. Biran, A. Sit, J. & Szivas, E. M. (2014). Residents' support for tourism development: the role of residents' place image and perceived tourism impacts, Tourism Management, C: 45, ss. 260-274.
  • Tosun, C. (2002). Host perceptions of impacts: A comparative tourism study. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), ss. 231–245.
  • Tsartas, P. (1992). Socıoeconomıc ımpacts of tourısm on two greek ısles, Annals Of Tourism Research, Vol. 19, pp. 516-533.
  • Tuna, M. (2007). Turizm, çevre ve toplum (Marmaris örneği). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, II. Baskı.
  • Türker, N. Selçuk, Ş. & Özyıldırım, A. (2016). Turizmin yerel halkın yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisi: Safranbolu örneği. Karabük Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, C: 6, No: 1, ss. 1-13.
  • Valeriu Vanaa, M. & Malaescua, S. (2016). “Cultural Thematic Tourism Itineraries: Mediators Of Success”, 3rd Global Conference On Business, Economics, Management And Tourism, Italy.
  • Wall, G., & Mathieson, A. (2006). Tourism: change, impacts, and opportunities. Pearson Education.
  • Wiley, John; Webster's new international dictionary the Oxford Companion to the english language, 1992.
  • Yoon, Y. Gursoy, D. & Chen, J. S. (2001). Validating a tourism development theory with structural equation modeling. Tourism Management, C: 22, No: 4, ss. 363-372.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İlker Kılıç 0000-0003-0617-2260

Elif Şenel 0000-0002-0374-6962

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kılıç, İ., & Şenel, E. (2021). TURİZMİN SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL VE ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİNİN TURİZMİN GELİŞİMİNDEKİ ROLÜ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(2), 789-808. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.769725