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ROMA HUKUKUNDA GLADYATÖRLERİN VE PROFESYONEL ATLETLERİN HUKUKÎ STATÜLERİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 187 - 222, 30.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1030320

Öz

Romalıların gladyatörlerle ilgili olarak genellikle ikircikli bir yaklaşımlarının olduğu görülmektedir. Roma toplumunda gladyatörlere bir yandan hayranlık duyulmakta diğer yandan ise gladyatörler toplumdan dışlanmakta ve hukuken çeşitli kısıtlamalara tâbi tutulmakta ve şerefsiz (infamis) ilân edilmekteydiler. Özgür ve Roma vatandaşı olup gönüllü olarak bir sözleşme (auctoramentum) ile para karşılığında gladyatörlük yapmak isteyen bir kimse şerefsiz ilân edilerek çeşitli kısıtlamalara tâbi olmanın yanı sıra köle benzeri bir statüde olmaya katlanmak zorunda kalırdı. Antik çağda profesyonel atletlerin durumlarına yönelik olarak ise hukukî metinlerde birbiriyle çelişen ifadelerin yer aldığı görülmektedir. Bu çelişkiler nedeniyle günümüzde gösterdikleri faaliyetlerin birbirine benzediği tartışmalı olsa da daha çok vurgulanmaya başlayan bu iki gruptan profesyonel atletlerin durumlarının gladyatörlerle benzerlik gösterip göstermediği hakkında soru işaretleri oluşması muhtemeldir. Çalışmamızda gladyatörler ile profesyonel atletlerin hukukî statülerinin ele alınıp karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gladyatörler ve profesyonel atletlerin toplumsal ve hukukî konumları bakımdan aralarında çeşitli benzerlikler bulunsa bile, konuya ilişkin metinler incelendiğinde, gladyatörlerin aksine profesyonel atletlerin kural olarak şerefsizlikle (infamia) damgalanmadıkları tespit edilebilmektedir. Profesyonel atletlerin hukukî durumuna yönelik farklı metinler arasındaki çelişkili ifadelere rağmen bu iki grubun hukukî statüleri arasında benzerlikten çok farklılıkların bulunduğu söylenebilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Adkins L. & Adkins R. A. (2004). Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. New York: Facts on File.
  • Aktunç, H. (1998). Türkçenin Büyük Argo Sözlüğü (Tanıklarıyla). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Aldrete, G. S. (2014). Material Evidence for Roman Spectacle and Sport. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 438-450). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Anderson, J. (2007). The Legality of Boxing: A Punch Drunk Love? Oxon: Birkbeck Law Press.
  • Arena, V. (2015). Informal Norms, Values And Social Control In The Roman Participatory Context. D. Hammer (Der.), A Companion to Greek Democracy and Roman Republic içinde (ss. 217-238). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Barton, C. A. (1993). The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Behrends, O., Knütel, R., Kupisch B. & Seiler, H. H. (1995). Corpus Iuris Civilis, Text und Übersertzung, auf der Grundlage der von Theodor Mommsen und Paul Krüger besorgten Textausgaben, Bd. II (1-10). Heidelberg: C.F. Müller juristischer Verlag.
  • Bertolin, R. (2010). Review of “Sport in the Cultures of the Ancient World. New Perspectives. Sport in the Global Society, London/New York: Routledge, 2009” https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010.07.23 (Erişim Tarihi: 30.11.2021).
  • Carter, M. J. (2014). Romanization through Spectacle in the Greek East. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 619-632). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Cornell, T. J. (2002). On War and Games in the Ancient World. R. K. Barney ve diğerleri (Der.), Sixth International Symposium for Olympic Research içinde (ss.29-40). London, Ontario: University of Western Ontario.
  • Craig, S. (2002). Sports and Games of the Ancients. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Crowther, N. B. (1983). Greek Games in Republican Rome. L'antiquité classique, 52, 268-273.
  • Crowther, N. B. (2007). Sport in Ancient Times. Westport: Praeger.
  • Curry, A. (2008). The Gladiator Diet. Archaeology, 61 (6), 28-30.
  • Dunkle, R. (2008). Gladiators: Violence and Spectacle in Ancient Rome. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Dunkle, R. (2014). Overview of Roman Spectacle. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 381-394). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Edwards, C. (1997). Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome. Judith P. Hallet ve Marilyn B. Skinner (Der.), Roman Sexualities içinde (ss. 66-95). New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Edwards, C. (2007). Death in Ancient Rome. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Fagan, G. G. (2014). Gladiatorial Combat as Alluring Spectacle. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 465-477). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Fagan, G. G. (2015). Gladiators, combatants at games. Oxford Classical Dictionary. (https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2845) (Erişim tarihi: 30.11.2021).
  • Friedländer, L. (1920). Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms in der Zeit von August bis zum Ausgang der Antonine. Bd. II, 9. Aufl. Leipzig: Verlag von S. Hirzel.
  • Friedländer, L. (1921). Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms in der Zeit von August bis zum Ausgang der Antonine. Bd. IV, 9. und 10. Aufl. Leipzig: Verlag von S. Hirzel.
  • Futrell, A. (2006). The Roman Games: A Sourcebook. Malden MA: Blackwell.
  • Gaius Institutiones, Borçlar Kısmı (1953). (T. Rado, Çev.), İstanbul: Doğan Kardeş Yayınları.
  • Gaius Institutiones, Institutionen des Gaius (2004). (U. Manthe, Çev.), Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  • Gardiner, E. N. (1930). Athletics of the Ancient World. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Gardner, J. F. (1993). Being a Roman Citizen. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Girard, P.F. (1908). Geschichte und System des römischen Rechts. 1. Teil: Geschichte-, Personen-, Familien- und Sachenrecht. (R. von Mayr, Çev.). Berlin: Verlag von Franz Vahlen.
  • Golden, M. (2004). Sport in the Ancient World from A to Z. London: Routledge.
  • Golden, M. (2008). Greek Sport and Social Status. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Greenidge, A.H.J. (1894). Infamia, Its Place in Roman Public and Private Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Hallett, C. H. (2005). The Roman Nude, Heroic Portrait Statuary 200 BC-300 AD. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Harris, H. A. (1972). Sport in Greece and Rome. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Heumann, H. G. & Seckel, E. (1926). Heumann’s Handlexikon zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts. Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer.
  • Hopkins, K. (1983). Death and Renewal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • İplikçioğlu, B. (1997). Eskibatı Tarihi I, Giriş, Kaynaklar, Bibliyografya. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Jakab, É. (2012). Geld und Sport, Rezeption griechiscer Topoi in der römischen Jurisprudenz. Revue Internationale de Droits de l’Antiquité (RIDA), 59, 93-125.
  • Kaser, M. (1971). Das römische Privatrecht, das altrömische, das vorklassische und klassische Recht, erster Abschnitt. (2. Auflage). München: Verlag C.H. Beck.
  • Kyle, D. G. (1998). Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Kyle, D. G. (2015). Sport & Spectacle in the Ancient World (Second Edition). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Lebek, W.D. (1990). Standeswürde und Berufsverbot unter Tiberius: Das SC der Tabula Larinas. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 81, 37-96.
  • Lee, H. M. (2014). Greek Sports in Rome. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 533-542). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Leppin, H. (2011). Between Marginality and Celebrity: Entertainers and Entertainments in Roman Society. M. Peachin (Der.), The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World içinde (ss. 660-678).
  • Lösch, S., Moghaddam, N., Grossschmidt, K., Risser, D. U., & Kanz, F. (2014). Stable Isotope and Trace Element Studies on Gladiators and Contemporary Romans from Ephesus (Turkey, 2nd and 3rd Ct. AD) - Implications for Differences in Diet. PLoS ONE, 9 (10), 1-17, e110489. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110489 (Erişim Tarihi: 30.11.2021).
  • Mann, C. (2103). Die Gladiatoren. München: C.H. Beck.
  • Mann, C. (2014a). Greek Sport and Roman Identity. T. F. Scanlon (Der.), Sport in the Greek and Roman Worlds, Vol. 2: Greek athletic Identitites and Roman Sports and Spectacle içinde (ss. 151-179). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Mann, C. (2014b). People on the Fringes of the Greek Sport. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 276-286). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Newby, Z. (2005). Greek Athletics in the Roman World, Victory and Virtue. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Newby, Z. (2015). Roman Art and Spectacle. B. E. Borg (Der.), A Companion to Roman Art içinde (ss. 552-568). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Nişanyan, S. (2007). Sözlerin Soyağacı, Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimolojik Sözlüğü. Genişletilmiş gözden geçirilmiş 3. Basım. İstanbul: Adam Yayınları.
  • Otto, C. E., Schilling, B. & Sintenis, C. F. F. (1839). Das Corpus Juris Civilis in’s Deutsche Übersetzt von einem Vereine Rechtsgelehrter. Bd. I, 2. Aufl. Leipzig: Verlag von Carl Focke.
  • Paik, W. (2010). Review of “Greek Sport and Social Status” by Mark Golden. The Review of Politics, 72 (3), 563-566.
  • Pennitz, M. (1995). Zur Postulationsfähigkeit der Athleten im klassischen römischen Recht. Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, romanistische Abteilung, 112, 91-108.
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THE LEGAL STATUS OF GLADIATORS AND PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES IN ROMAN LAW

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 187 - 222, 30.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1030320

Öz

The Romans had ambivalent attitudes to gladiators. On the one hand the Roman society admired and glorified the gladiators, but on the other hand the gladiators were excluded from the society, were subject to various legal restrictions and branded with infamy (infamia). A freeborn Roman citizen who bound himself with a contract (auctoramentum) to fight in the arena as a gladiator in return for money had to endure a slave-like status. When it comes to the status of the professional athletes in antiquity, it can be observed that there are some contradictions in the legal texts concerning their status. Due to these contradictions it may be questioned whether there are any similarities between the status of these two groups of people. The aim of this essay is to approach and compare the legal status of the gladiators and the professional athletes. Although there are some similitaries between the social and legal status of the gladiators and the professional athlethes, it can be said that unlike the gladiators the professional athletes aren’t branded with infamy. Despite the contradictions in the legal texts concerning the legal status of the professional athletes it can be claimed that there are more differences than similiarties between the legal status of these two groups of people.

Kaynakça

  • Adkins L. & Adkins R. A. (2004). Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. New York: Facts on File.
  • Aktunç, H. (1998). Türkçenin Büyük Argo Sözlüğü (Tanıklarıyla). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Aldrete, G. S. (2014). Material Evidence for Roman Spectacle and Sport. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 438-450). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Anderson, J. (2007). The Legality of Boxing: A Punch Drunk Love? Oxon: Birkbeck Law Press.
  • Arena, V. (2015). Informal Norms, Values And Social Control In The Roman Participatory Context. D. Hammer (Der.), A Companion to Greek Democracy and Roman Republic içinde (ss. 217-238). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Barton, C. A. (1993). The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Behrends, O., Knütel, R., Kupisch B. & Seiler, H. H. (1995). Corpus Iuris Civilis, Text und Übersertzung, auf der Grundlage der von Theodor Mommsen und Paul Krüger besorgten Textausgaben, Bd. II (1-10). Heidelberg: C.F. Müller juristischer Verlag.
  • Bertolin, R. (2010). Review of “Sport in the Cultures of the Ancient World. New Perspectives. Sport in the Global Society, London/New York: Routledge, 2009” https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010.07.23 (Erişim Tarihi: 30.11.2021).
  • Carter, M. J. (2014). Romanization through Spectacle in the Greek East. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 619-632). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Cornell, T. J. (2002). On War and Games in the Ancient World. R. K. Barney ve diğerleri (Der.), Sixth International Symposium for Olympic Research içinde (ss.29-40). London, Ontario: University of Western Ontario.
  • Craig, S. (2002). Sports and Games of the Ancients. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Crowther, N. B. (1983). Greek Games in Republican Rome. L'antiquité classique, 52, 268-273.
  • Crowther, N. B. (2007). Sport in Ancient Times. Westport: Praeger.
  • Curry, A. (2008). The Gladiator Diet. Archaeology, 61 (6), 28-30.
  • Dunkle, R. (2008). Gladiators: Violence and Spectacle in Ancient Rome. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Dunkle, R. (2014). Overview of Roman Spectacle. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 381-394). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Edwards, C. (1997). Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome. Judith P. Hallet ve Marilyn B. Skinner (Der.), Roman Sexualities içinde (ss. 66-95). New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Edwards, C. (2007). Death in Ancient Rome. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Fagan, G. G. (2014). Gladiatorial Combat as Alluring Spectacle. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 465-477). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Fagan, G. G. (2015). Gladiators, combatants at games. Oxford Classical Dictionary. (https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2845) (Erişim tarihi: 30.11.2021).
  • Friedländer, L. (1920). Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms in der Zeit von August bis zum Ausgang der Antonine. Bd. II, 9. Aufl. Leipzig: Verlag von S. Hirzel.
  • Friedländer, L. (1921). Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms in der Zeit von August bis zum Ausgang der Antonine. Bd. IV, 9. und 10. Aufl. Leipzig: Verlag von S. Hirzel.
  • Futrell, A. (2006). The Roman Games: A Sourcebook. Malden MA: Blackwell.
  • Gaius Institutiones, Borçlar Kısmı (1953). (T. Rado, Çev.), İstanbul: Doğan Kardeş Yayınları.
  • Gaius Institutiones, Institutionen des Gaius (2004). (U. Manthe, Çev.), Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  • Gardiner, E. N. (1930). Athletics of the Ancient World. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Gardner, J. F. (1993). Being a Roman Citizen. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Girard, P.F. (1908). Geschichte und System des römischen Rechts. 1. Teil: Geschichte-, Personen-, Familien- und Sachenrecht. (R. von Mayr, Çev.). Berlin: Verlag von Franz Vahlen.
  • Golden, M. (2004). Sport in the Ancient World from A to Z. London: Routledge.
  • Golden, M. (2008). Greek Sport and Social Status. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Greenidge, A.H.J. (1894). Infamia, Its Place in Roman Public and Private Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Hallett, C. H. (2005). The Roman Nude, Heroic Portrait Statuary 200 BC-300 AD. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Harris, H. A. (1972). Sport in Greece and Rome. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Heumann, H. G. & Seckel, E. (1926). Heumann’s Handlexikon zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts. Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer.
  • Hopkins, K. (1983). Death and Renewal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • İplikçioğlu, B. (1997). Eskibatı Tarihi I, Giriş, Kaynaklar, Bibliyografya. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Jakab, É. (2012). Geld und Sport, Rezeption griechiscer Topoi in der römischen Jurisprudenz. Revue Internationale de Droits de l’Antiquité (RIDA), 59, 93-125.
  • Kaser, M. (1971). Das römische Privatrecht, das altrömische, das vorklassische und klassische Recht, erster Abschnitt. (2. Auflage). München: Verlag C.H. Beck.
  • Kyle, D. G. (1998). Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Kyle, D. G. (2015). Sport & Spectacle in the Ancient World (Second Edition). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Lebek, W.D. (1990). Standeswürde und Berufsverbot unter Tiberius: Das SC der Tabula Larinas. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 81, 37-96.
  • Lee, H. M. (2014). Greek Sports in Rome. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 533-542). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Leppin, H. (2011). Between Marginality and Celebrity: Entertainers and Entertainments in Roman Society. M. Peachin (Der.), The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World içinde (ss. 660-678).
  • Lösch, S., Moghaddam, N., Grossschmidt, K., Risser, D. U., & Kanz, F. (2014). Stable Isotope and Trace Element Studies on Gladiators and Contemporary Romans from Ephesus (Turkey, 2nd and 3rd Ct. AD) - Implications for Differences in Diet. PLoS ONE, 9 (10), 1-17, e110489. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110489 (Erişim Tarihi: 30.11.2021).
  • Mann, C. (2103). Die Gladiatoren. München: C.H. Beck.
  • Mann, C. (2014a). Greek Sport and Roman Identity. T. F. Scanlon (Der.), Sport in the Greek and Roman Worlds, Vol. 2: Greek athletic Identitites and Roman Sports and Spectacle içinde (ss. 151-179). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Mann, C. (2014b). People on the Fringes of the Greek Sport. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 276-286). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Newby, Z. (2005). Greek Athletics in the Roman World, Victory and Virtue. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Newby, Z. (2015). Roman Art and Spectacle. B. E. Borg (Der.), A Companion to Roman Art içinde (ss. 552-568). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Nişanyan, S. (2007). Sözlerin Soyağacı, Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimolojik Sözlüğü. Genişletilmiş gözden geçirilmiş 3. Basım. İstanbul: Adam Yayınları.
  • Otto, C. E., Schilling, B. & Sintenis, C. F. F. (1839). Das Corpus Juris Civilis in’s Deutsche Übersetzt von einem Vereine Rechtsgelehrter. Bd. I, 2. Aufl. Leipzig: Verlag von Carl Focke.
  • Paik, W. (2010). Review of “Greek Sport and Social Status” by Mark Golden. The Review of Politics, 72 (3), 563-566.
  • Pennitz, M. (1995). Zur Postulationsfähigkeit der Athleten im klassischen römischen Recht. Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, romanistische Abteilung, 112, 91-108.
  • Petronius (tahm. M.S. 60/2003). Satyricon (F. G. Özaktürk, Çev.). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Pleket, H. W. (1974). Zur Soziologie des antiken Sports. Mededelingen van het Nederlands Instituut te Rome, 36, 57-87 (http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/knir/#page=71&accessor=toc1&source=36&view=pdfPane) (Erişim Tarihi: 30.11.2021).
  • Pleket, H. W. (2003) Review of “Sport in the Ancient World from A to Z” by Mark Golden. Nikephoros, 16, 277-279.
  • Pleket, H. W. (2009). Review of “Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World” by D. G. Kyle. Mnemosyne, 62 (2), 344-346.
  • Pleket, H. W. (2010). Games, Prizes, Athletes and Ideology: some aspects of the history of sport in the Greco-Roman World. Jason König (Der.), Greek Athletics içinde (ss.145-174). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Plinius, Gaius Secundus (tahm. M.S. 77/1961). Naturalis Historia (H. Rackham, Çev.), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (LOEB).
  • Poliakoff, M. B. (2014). Review of “A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity, Blackwell companions to the ancient world. Literature and culture, Malden, MA; Oxford; Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014” [P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle tarafından yayına hazırlanan A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity başlıklı kitabın değerlendirmesi]. https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2014/2014.11.38 (Erişim Tarihi: 30.11.2021).
  • Potter, D. S. (2012). The Victor’s Crown: A History of Ancient Sport from Homer to Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Reid, H. L. (2006). Was the Roman Gladiator an Athlete? Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 33 (1), 37-49, DOI: 10.1080/00948705.2006.9714689, (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2006.9714689) (Erişim Tarihi: 30.11.2021).
  • Remijsen, S. (2015). The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sayın, B. Y. (2020). Roma’da Köle ve Hukuku. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık.
  • Scott, S.P. (2001). The Civil Law, Including The Twelve Tables, The Institutes of Gaius, The Rules of Ulpian, The Opinions of Paulus, The Enactments of Justininan and The Constitutions of Leo, vol. III. New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange.
  • Söğütlü, Ö. (2020). Roma Özel Hukuku. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Tacitus, P.C. (tahm. 104-109/1962). Historiae (C.H. Moore, Çev.), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (LOEB).
  • Tahan Orhan, D. (2019). Roma Hukukunda Sportif Faaliyetlerden Kaynaklanan Hukukî Sorumluluk ve Türk Hukukuna Yansımaları. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık.
  • Tahiroğlu, B. & Erdoğmuş, B. (2001). Roma Hukuku Meseleleri. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Tekin, O. (2008). Eski Yunan ve Roma Tarihine Giriş. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Torlore Martirosova, Z. (2014). Writing Arenas: Roman Authors and Their Games. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 412-421). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
  • Türkoğlu Özdemir, G. (2008). Roma Hukukunda Infamia (Şerefsizlik). Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Umur, Z. (1983). Roma Hukuku Lügatı. İstanbul: Fakülteler Matbaası.
  • Umur, Z. (1984). Roma Hukuku, Tarihî Giriş- Kaynaklar-Umumî Mefhumlar-Hakların Himayesi. İstanbul: Filiz Kitabevi.
  • Wacke, A. (1978). Athleten als Darlehensnehmer nach römischem Recht. Studia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris (SDHI), 44, 439-452.
  • Watson, A. (1998). The Digest of Justinian, vol. I. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Wessner, P. (Der.). (1931). Scholia in Iuvenalem Vetustiora. Lipsiae: B. G. Teubner.
  • Wiedemann, T. (1995). Emperors and Gladiators. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Zaleski, J. (2014). Religion and Roman Spectacle. P. Christesen ve D. G. Kyle (Der.), A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity içinde (ss. 590-602). Malden MA: WILEY Blackwell.
Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ali Selkor Atak 0000-0001-9965-3244

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Atak, A. S. (2022). ROMA HUKUKUNDA GLADYATÖRLERİN VE PROFESYONEL ATLETLERİN HUKUKÎ STATÜLERİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(1), 187-222. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1030320