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PARAMILITARISATION OF THE POLICE AND POLICING: EFFECTS OF POLICE VIOLENCE ON 2021 PROTESTS IN COLOMBIA

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 3, 1065 - 1094, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1097565

Öz

In April 2021, the health system reform and tax regulation announced in Colombia to alleviate the effects of the Covid-19 epidemic caused thousands of people to take to the streets. In the face of the protests, the government deployed the police and the national army units to maintain public order. However, the problem of targeting civilians by the security forces re-emerged during the protests and caused the demonstrations to grow to a larger scale. This study analyzes the emergence, increasing continuation and causes of the ongoing protest actions in Colombia. Accordingly, the study argues that the chronic extreme violence the security forces perpetrated in Colombia, primarily targeting civilians, triggered the emergence of these protests and caused more activists to join the government. The study discusses the consequences of the paramilitarisation of Colombian police for the protests and society. To this end, in this study, an analysis of the possible course of the ongoing protests and violent acts is presented, which will be placed in the historical context of the 2021 protests, based on the news in the Colombian media and the observations of international organizations. The study contributes to understanding the culture of social movements prevalent in Latin America, the current Colombian politics, and the literature on political violence.

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POLİS TEŞKİLATI VE ROLÜNÜN PARAMİLİTARİZASYONU: KOLOMBİYA’DA POLİS ŞİDDETİNİN 2021 PROTESTOLARINA ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 3, 1065 - 1094, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1097565

Öz

Nisan 2021’de, Kolombiya’da, Covid-19 salgınının etkilerini hafifletmek amacıyla açıklanan sağlık sistemi reformu ve vergi düzenlemesi binlerce kişinin protestolara başlamasına neden olmuştur. Protestolar karşısında, hükümet, önce polis daha sonra ulusal ordu birliklerini kamusal düzeni sağlamak üzere görevlendirmiştir. Ancak, sivil vatandaşların güvenlik güçleri tarafından hedef alınması sorunu protestolar sırasında da gözlemlenmiş ve gösterilerin daha da büyümesine neden olmuştur. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma, Kolombiya’da süregiden protesto eylemlerinin ortaya çıkışını, artarak devam etmesini ve bunların nedenlerini incelemektedir. Buna göre, çalışmada, Kolombiya’da güvenlik güçlerinin, en başta sivilleri hedef alan kronikleşmiş aşırı şiddet eylemlerinin, hem söz konusu protestoların ortaya çıkmasını tetiklediğini hem de daha çok eylemcinin hükümet karşıtı protestolara katılmalarına neden olduğunu savunulmaktadır. Çalışmada, Kolombiya’da polis teşkilatının paramiliterleşmesinin protestolar ve toplum nezdindeki sonuçları tartışılmaktadır. 2021 Protestoları, bu çalışmada, Kolombiya medyasında yer alan haberlere ve uluslararası örgütlerin gözlemlerine dayanan kaynaklar üzerinden tarihsel bağlamına konumlandırılmakta ve devam eden protesto ve şiddet eylemlerinin muhtemel seyrine dair bir analiz ortaya konulmaktadır. Bu şekilde, Latin Amerika’da yaygın olan toplumsal hareketler kültürünün, mevcut Kolombiya siyasetinin anlaşılmasına ve aynı zamanda siyasal şiddet literatürüne bu şekilde katkı sunulmaktadır.

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  • Mansley, D. R. (2014). Collective Violence, Democracy and Protest Policing. New York: Routledge.
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  • Murray, J. (2006). Policing Terrorism: A Threat to Community Policing or Just a Shift in Priorities?. Police Practice and Research, 6 (4), 347-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614260500293986
  • Müller, M. (2012). Public Security in the Negotiated State: Policing in Latin America and Beyond. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Myers-Montgomery, J. (2016). Militarized Police and Unpermitted Protest: Implementing Policy That Civilizes the Police. Cultural Studies: Critical Methodologies, 16 (3), 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708616634774.
  • Noriega, C. (2020). Colombians Take on Their Militarized Police. The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/world/police-colombia-acab/, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2021).
  • Ortiz, I., Burke. S., Berrada, M. & Cortés, H. S. (2022). World Protests: A Study of Key Protest Issues in the 21st Century. Palgrave Macmillan [eBook]. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88513-7.
  • Pardo, D. (2020). Policía en Colombia: por qué es militar y no civil (y qué tiene que ver con las demandas de las recientes protestas). https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-54112641, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2022).
  • Passavant, P. (2021). Policing Protest: The Post-Democratic State and the Figure of Black Insurrection. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Perry, G., Jonathan-Zamir, T. & Weisburd, D. (2017). The Effect of Paramilitary Protest Policing on Protestors’ Trust in the Police: The Case of the “Occupy Israel” Movement. Law & Society Review, 51 (3), 602-634. https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12279.
  • Petras, J. F. & Veltmeyer, H. (2019). Neoliberalism and Social Movements in Latin America: Mobilizing the Resistance. B. Berberoğlu (Der.), The Palgrave Handbook of Social Movements, Revolution, and Social Transformation içinde (ss. 177-211). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Prado, M. M., Trebilcock, M. & Hartford, P. (2012). Police Reform in Violent Democracies in Latin America. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 4, 252-285. doi:10.1017/S1876404512000164.
  • Pulzo (2021). HRW condena uso del arma pesada del Esmad: “Es algo que no hemos visto nunca en América”. https://www.pulzo.com/nacion/paro-nacional-hrw-condena-uso-arma-venom-esmad-PP1049829, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2022).
  • Raadschelders, J. C. N. & Vigoda-Gadot, E. (2015). Global Dimensions of Public Administration and Governance: A Comparative Voyage. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Ramírez, E. P. & Cobos, E. G. (2018). Political Representation and Social Movements in Colombia (2002-2016). A. Albala (Der.), Civil Society and Political Representation in Latin America (2010-2015): Towards a Divorce Between Social Movements and Political Parties? içinde (ss. 73-94). Cham: Springer.
  • RCN Radio (2021). Expresidente César Gaviria pide reformar la Policía Nacional. https://www.rcnradio.com/politica/expresidente-cesar-gaviria-pide-reformar-la-policia-nacional, (Erişim Tarihi: 31.03.2022).
  • Reuters (2021). Colombia denuncia infiltración de protestas por grupos violentos, sigue incertidumbre sobre cifra de muertos. https://www.reuters.com/article/colombia-protestas-idLTAKBN2CK1M5, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2022).
  • Reynolds-Stenson, H. (2017). Protesting the police: Police brutality claims as a predictor of police repression of protest. Social Movement Studies, 17(1), 48-63. https://doi.org/10.108 0/14742837.2017.1381592.
  • Seigel, M. (2018). Violence Work: Policing and Power. Race & Class. 59 (4), 15-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396817752617.
  • Semana (2021a). El drama que dejó bombardeo militar en Guaviare por muerte de menores. https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/el-drama-de-un-bombardeo/202154/, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2022).
  • Semana (2021b). Comité Nacional del Paro: ¿quiénes son los organizadores del paro nacional? https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/comite-nacional-del-paro-quienes-son-los-organizadores-del-paro-nacional/202104/, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2022).
  • Semana (2022). El caso de Alison en Popayán: se suicidó tras presunto abuso sexual del Esmad. https://www.semana.com/semana-tv/vicky-en-semana/articulo/el-caso-de-alison-en-popayan-se-suicido-tras-presunto-abuso-sexual-del-esmad/202126/, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2022).
  • Simckes, M., Hajat, A., Revere D., Rowhani-Rahbar, A. & Willits, D. (2019). A Conceptualization of Militarization in Domestic Policing. Police Quarterly, 2019, 22 (4), 511-538. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611119862070.
  • Soifer, H.D. 2015. State Building in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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  • Ungar, M. & Arias, E. D. (2012). Reassessing community-oriented policing in Latin America. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy, 22 (1), 1-13. DOI: 10.1080/10439463.2011.597856.
  • Vitale, A. S. (2007). The Command and Control and Miami Models at the 2004 Republican National Convention: New Forms of Policing Protests. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 12 (4), 403-415.
  • Wacquant, L. (2001). The Penalisation of Poverty and the Rise of Neoliberalism. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, Special issue on Criminal Justice and Social Policy, 9 (4), 401–412.
  • Wacquant, L. (2008). The Militarization of Urban Marginality: Lessons from the Brazilian Metropolis. International Political Sociology, 2, 56–74.
  • Wacquant, L. (2009). Punishing the Poor: The New Government of Social Insecurity. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Walby, S. (2009). Globalization and Inequalities: Complexity and Contested Modernities. London: Sage Publications.
  • Weiss, T. (2011). The blurring border between the police and the military: A debate without foundations. Cooperation and Conflict, 46 (3), 396-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836711416961
  • White, C. (2017). An ‘absolute right to do anything’: Protest policing in NSW's last decade of a full-time riot squad. Alternative Law Journal. 42 (2), 112-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/1037969X17710628.
  • WOLA (2011). Labor Action Plan: Just Paper or Real Changes? https://www.wola.org/analysis/labor-action-plan-just-paper-or-real-changes/, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.01.2022).
  • WOLA (2012). Striking Afro-Colombian Port Workers Attacked By Anti-Riot Police. https://www.wola.org/analysis/striking-afro-colombian-port-workers-attacked-by-anti-riot-police/, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.01.2022).
  • WOLA (2016). U.S. Civil Society Expresses Outrage by Response to Peaceful Protest in Colombia. https://www.wola.org/analysis/us-civil-society-expresses-outrage-by-response-to-peaceful-protest-in-colombia/, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.01.2022).
  • WOLA (2017). May Update: Violence Against Defenders Continues. https://www.wola.org/analysis/may-update-violence-defenders-continues/, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.01.2022).
  • WOOD, L. J. (2014). Crisis and Control: Militarization of Protest Policing. Toronto: Pluto Press and Between the Lines.
Toplam 128 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Onur Ağkaya 0000-0003-3044-5978

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Ağkaya, O. (2022). POLİS TEŞKİLATI VE ROLÜNÜN PARAMİLİTARİZASYONU: KOLOMBİYA’DA POLİS ŞİDDETİNİN 2021 PROTESTOLARINA ETKİLERİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(3), 1065-1094. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1097565