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THE FOUNDATIONS OF MARX’S THEORY OF ALIENATION: MARX’S CRITIQUE OF HIS PREDECESSORS AND ALIENATED LABOUR

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 4, 1656 - 1679, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1182181

Öz

Marx’s conceptualization of alienation is influenced by his predecessors Hegel and Feuerbach. However, Marx neither accepts these conceptualizations as they are nor makes a synthesis of them. Instead, he builds his original theory of alienation on the criticism of his predecessors’ views on the subject. As a result, Marx’s theory of alienation becomes materialistic, historical and social. The historical and social conditions Marx was in pointed to the capitalist mode of production and the alienation of the working class caused by it as the causes of unfreedom. In the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, he focuses on the wage worker’s alienation stemming from the labour process.
The purpose of this article is to present Marx’s critique of his predecessors in grounding the concept of alienation and his original contribution. For this, first of all, Marx’s criticisms of Hegel’s and then Feuerbach’s alienation theories will be explained. In this context, three points of criticism will be identified for each of them. Then, Marx’s theory of alienated labour will be discussed and the four aspects of the alienation of the worker will be examined. Based on Marx’s definition of alienated labour as forced labour, it will be argued that what causes alienation to productive activity, which Marx attributes a principal role compared to other aspects, is not division of labour or unpleasant work—or working conditions—but rather forced labour, which is a characteristic of the modes of production based on private property. The question of whether the alienation is specific to capitalism, which arises with this determination, may be a precursor for future studies.

Kaynakça

  • Arthur, C. (1982, Spring). Objectification and alienation in Marx and Hegel. Radical Philosophy(30), 14-24.
  • Burbidge, J. W. (2007). Hegel's systematic contingency. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Cohen, G. A. (2001). If you're an egalitarian, how come you’re so rich? Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Engels, F. (1990). Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of classical German philosophy. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 26, pp. 353-398). New York: International Publishers.
  • Feuerbach, L. (1989). The essence of Christianity. New York: Prometheus Books.
  • Feuerbach, L. (2012). The fiery brook: Selected writings. London: Verso.
  • Hardimon, M. O. (1994). Hegel's social philosophy: The project of reconciliation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hegel, G. W. (1977). Phenomenology of Spirit. (A. V. Miller, Trans.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hegel, G. W. (2008). Outlines of the philosophy of right. Oxford University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1998). Groundwork of the metaphsics of morals. (M. Gregor, Trans.) Cambrdige: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lukács, G. (1975). The young Hegel. London: Merlin Press.
  • Marx, K. (1975a). Contribution to the critique of Hegel's philosophy of law: Introduction. In K. Marx, Engels, & Frederick, Collected Works (Vol. 3, pp. 175-187). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1975b). Economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 3, pp. 229-346). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1975c). Karl Marx to Ludwig Feuerbach, August 11, 1844. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 3, pp. 354-357). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1975d). Theses on Feuerbach. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Complete Works (Vol. 5, pp. 3-9). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1975e). On the Jewish question. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 3, pp. 146-174). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1986). Economic manuscripts of 1857-1861 (First Version of Capital) [Grundrisse]. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 28). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1987). Economic manuscripts of 1857-1861 (First Version of Capital) [Grundrisse]. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 29). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1989). Critique of the Gotha Programme. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 24, pp. 75-99). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1991). Economic manuscript of 1861-63. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 33). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1996). Capital vol. I. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 35). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1998). Capital vol. III. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 37). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (2000). Critical remarks on the article: 'The king of Prussia and social reform'. In K. Marx, & D. McLellan (Ed.), Selected Writings (pp. 134-137). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1975). The holy family. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 4, pp. 5-211). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1976). Manifesto of the Communist Party. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 6, pp. 477-519). New York: International Publishers.
  • Rae, G. (2011). Realizing freedom: Hegel, Sartre and the alienation of human being. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Redding, P. (2020). Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. (E. N. Zalta, Ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Winter 2020 Edition). Retrieved from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/hegel/
  • Smith, A. (1979). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (Vol. II). Indianapolis: LibertyClassics.
  • Solomon, R. C. (1985). In the spirit of Hegel. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • The Hebrew Bible. (2010). In M. D. Coogan (Ed.), The New Oxford Annotated Bible (5th ed., pp. 1-1376). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Wood, A. W. (2004). Karl Marx (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.

MARX’IN YABANCILAŞMA KURAMININ TEMELLERİ: MARX’IN ÖNCELLERİNE ELEŞTİRİSİ VE YABANCILAŞMIŞ EMEK

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 4, 1656 - 1679, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1182181

Öz

Marx’ın yabancılaşma kavramsallaştırması, kendinden önce gelen Hegel ve Feuerbach’tan etkilenir. Ancak Marx ne bu kavramsallaştırmaları olduğu gibi kabul eder ne de onların bir sentezini yapar. Bunun yerine, kendi özgün yabancılaşma kuramını öncellerinin görüşlerinin eleştirileri üzerine inşa eder. Böylece Marx’ta yabancılaşma kuramı materyalist, tarihsel ve toplumsal bir içerik kazanır. İçinde bulunduğu tarihsel ve toplumsal koşullar, özgür olmama halinin nedeni olarak Marx’ın karşısına kapitalist üretim tarzı ve onun sebep olduğu işçi sınıfının yabancılaşmasını çıkartır. 1844 El Yazmaları’nda ücretli işçinin emek sürecinden kaynaklanan yabancılaşmasına odaklanır.
Bu makalenin amacı, yabancılaşma kavramının temellendirilmesinde Marx’ın öncellerine eleştirisini ve kendi özgün katkısını ortaya koymaktır. Bunun için ilk önce Marx’ın Hegel’in, sonra da Feuerbach’ın yabancılaşma kuramlarına yönelik eleştirilerine odaklanılacaktır. Bu bağlamda öncellerin her birine yönelik üç eleştiri noktası tespit edilecektir. Ardından Marx’ın yabancılaşmış emek kuramı ele alınacak ve ücretli işçinin yabancılaşmasının dört veçhesi (dört ilişki) incelenecektir. Ayrıca Marx’ın yabancılaşmış emeği zorla çalışma olarak tanımlamasından hareketle, diğer veçhelere kıyasla temel bir önem atfettiği üretici etkinliğe yabancılaşmaya neden olan unsurun sıklıkla iddia edildiği gibi esasında iş bölümü ve hoş olmayan çalışma ya da çalışma koşulları değil, emeğin, özel mülkiyete dayalı üretim tarzlarında kazandığı zorla çalışma karakteri olduğu öne sürülecektir. Bu tespit ile birlikte ortaya çıkan, yabancılaşmanın kapitalizme özgü olup olmadığı sorusu gelecekteki çalışmalar için ön açıcı olabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Arthur, C. (1982, Spring). Objectification and alienation in Marx and Hegel. Radical Philosophy(30), 14-24.
  • Burbidge, J. W. (2007). Hegel's systematic contingency. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Cohen, G. A. (2001). If you're an egalitarian, how come you’re so rich? Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Engels, F. (1990). Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of classical German philosophy. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 26, pp. 353-398). New York: International Publishers.
  • Feuerbach, L. (1989). The essence of Christianity. New York: Prometheus Books.
  • Feuerbach, L. (2012). The fiery brook: Selected writings. London: Verso.
  • Hardimon, M. O. (1994). Hegel's social philosophy: The project of reconciliation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hegel, G. W. (1977). Phenomenology of Spirit. (A. V. Miller, Trans.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hegel, G. W. (2008). Outlines of the philosophy of right. Oxford University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1998). Groundwork of the metaphsics of morals. (M. Gregor, Trans.) Cambrdige: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lukács, G. (1975). The young Hegel. London: Merlin Press.
  • Marx, K. (1975a). Contribution to the critique of Hegel's philosophy of law: Introduction. In K. Marx, Engels, & Frederick, Collected Works (Vol. 3, pp. 175-187). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1975b). Economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 3, pp. 229-346). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1975c). Karl Marx to Ludwig Feuerbach, August 11, 1844. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 3, pp. 354-357). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1975d). Theses on Feuerbach. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Complete Works (Vol. 5, pp. 3-9). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1975e). On the Jewish question. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 3, pp. 146-174). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1986). Economic manuscripts of 1857-1861 (First Version of Capital) [Grundrisse]. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 28). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1987). Economic manuscripts of 1857-1861 (First Version of Capital) [Grundrisse]. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 29). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1989). Critique of the Gotha Programme. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 24, pp. 75-99). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1991). Economic manuscript of 1861-63. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 33). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1996). Capital vol. I. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 35). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (1998). Capital vol. III. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 37). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K. (2000). Critical remarks on the article: 'The king of Prussia and social reform'. In K. Marx, & D. McLellan (Ed.), Selected Writings (pp. 134-137). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1975). The holy family. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 4, pp. 5-211). New York: International Publishers.
  • Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1976). Manifesto of the Communist Party. In K. Marx, & F. Engels, Collected Works (Vol. 6, pp. 477-519). New York: International Publishers.
  • Rae, G. (2011). Realizing freedom: Hegel, Sartre and the alienation of human being. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Redding, P. (2020). Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. (E. N. Zalta, Ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Winter 2020 Edition). Retrieved from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/hegel/
  • Smith, A. (1979). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (Vol. II). Indianapolis: LibertyClassics.
  • Solomon, R. C. (1985). In the spirit of Hegel. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • The Hebrew Bible. (2010). In M. D. Coogan (Ed.), The New Oxford Annotated Bible (5th ed., pp. 1-1376). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Wood, A. W. (2004). Karl Marx (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Görkem Giray 0000-0001-9465-6630

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Giray, G. (2022). THE FOUNDATIONS OF MARX’S THEORY OF ALIENATION: MARX’S CRITIQUE OF HIS PREDECESSORS AND ALIENATED LABOUR. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(4), 1656-1679. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1182181