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Autophagy-dependent Bidirectional Regulation of EMT by NFκB in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 52 Sayı: 4, 747 - 753, 12.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1840711

Öz

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer worldwide. Autophagy and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are key processes in maintaining cellular homeostasis; their dysregulation can accelerate carcinogenesis. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) transcription factor regulates genes involved in proliferation, survival, and development. Although crosstalk between autophagy and EMT, and NFκB’s involvement in each process, have been reported, evidence for its regulation of both mechanisms together in NSCLC is limited.
Methods: We investigated the role of NFκB (p65 subunit) in EMT regulation under autophagy-induced and non-induced conditions in NSCLC cell lines. Previously generated NFκB-overexpressed and -suppressed NSCLC samples from our earlier work were used. Cells were subjected to autophagy-induced or non-induced conditions, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to assess expression levels of EMT-related genes: positive regulators (Snail, Slug, N-cadherin) and the epithelial marker E-cadherin.
Results: Under autophagy-induced conditions, NFκB overexpression significantly increased EMT-promoting genes and suppressed E-cadherin. In non-induced conditions, NFκB overexpression suppressed EMT-promoting genes and increased E-cadherin. NFκB suppression produced opposite effects, confirming its regulatory role. These results suggest a bidirectional influence of NFκB on EMT, dependent on autophagic status.
Conclusions: NFκB, previously shown by us to positively regulate autophagy, acts as an autophagy-associated EMT regulator in NSCLC. It promotes EMT under autophagy-induced conditions, potentially contributing to progression and metastasis in advanced disease, while under non-induced conditions it may help maintain epithelial characteristics. Targeting the NFκB/autophagy/EMT axis could support the development of personalized NSCLC therapies.

Etik Beyan

Not applicable. No animals/humans were used for studies that are base of this research.

Kaynakça

  • 1.Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancerstatistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidenceand mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2024;74(3):229–63.
  • 2.Siddique F, Shehata M, Ghazal M, Contractor S, El-Baz A. Lung Cancer Subtyping: A Short Review.Cancers (Basel). 2024;16(15):2643.
  • 3.Yamamoto H, Matsui T. Molecular Mechanisms ofMacroautophagy, Microautophagy, and Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy. J Nippon Med Sch.2024;91(1):2–9.
  • 4.Kadıçeşme ŞY, Kara F, Adalı Y, Önen Ö, Aydın U.Ratlarda Rottlerin’in Otofaji Üzerine Etkili DozDüzeyinin Araştırılması. Dicle Med J. 2021; 48(3):537-43.
  • 5.Kocak M, Ezazi Erdi S, Jorba G, et al. Targetingautophagy in disease: established and newstrategies. Autophagy. 2022;18(3):473–95.
  • 6.Cassidy LD, Young ARJ, Young CNJ, et al. Temporalinhibition of autophagy reveals segmental reversalof ageing with increased cancer risk. Nat Commun.2020;11(1).
  • 7.Tang H, Sebti S, Titone R, et al. Decreased BECN1mRNA Expression in Human Breast Cancer isAssociated with Estrogen Receptor-NegativeSubtypes and Poor Prognosis.EbioMedicine.2015;2(3):255–63.
  • 8.Kalluri R, Weinberg RA. The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest.2009;119(6):1420.
  • 9.Volk SW, Iqbal SA, Bayat A. Interactions of theExtracellular Matrix and Progenitor Cells inCutaneous Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (NewRochelle). 2013;2(6):261–72.
  • 10.Aban CE, Lombardi A, Neiman G, et al.Downregulation of E-cadherin in pluripotent stemcells triggers partial EMT. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1–11.
  • 11.Kazmi I, Alharbi KS, Al-abbasi FA, Almalki H. Roleof Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Markers inDifferent Stages of Endometriosis: Expression of theSnail, Slug, ZEB1, and Twist Genes. Crit Rev EukaryotGene Expr. 2021;31(2):89–95.
  • 12. Loh CY, Chai JY, Tang TF, et al. The e-cadherin and n-cadherin switch in epithelial-to-mesenchymaltransition: Signaling, therapeutic implications, andchallenges. Cells. 2019;8(10).
  • 13.Lu W, Chia C, Larby J, et al. Epithelial tomesenchymal transition (EMT) changes in patientswith non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EuropeanRespiratory Journal. 2023;62(suppl 67):PA2336.
  • 14. Mahmood MQ, Ward C, Muller HK, et al. Epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) and non-small celllung cancer (NSCLC): a mutual association withairway disease. Med Oncol. 2017;34(3):45.
  • 15.Nennig SE, Schank JR. The Role of NFkB in DrugAddiction: Beyond Inflammation. Alcohol Alcohol.2017;52(2):172-179.
  • 16. Jardin F. NFkB Pathway and Hodgkin Lymphoma.Biomedicines. 2022;10(9):2153.
  • 17.Vallabhapurapu S, Karin M. Regulation andfunction of NF-κB transcription factors in theimmune system. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009; 27:693–733.
  • 18.Dolcet X, Llobet D, Pallares J, Matias-Guiu X. NF-kB in development and progression of humancancer. Virchows Arch. 2005;446(5):475-82
  • 19.Wang Y, Xiong H, Liu D, et al. Autophagyinhibition specifically promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in RAS-mutated cancer cells. Autophagy. 2019; 15(5):886–99.
  • 20.Chen DP, Ning WR, Li XF, et al. Peritumoralmonocytes induce cancer cell autophagy to facilitatethe progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Autophagy. 2018; 14(8):1335–46.
  • 21.Huber MA, Azoitei N, Baumann B, et al. NF-κB isessential for epithelial-mesenchymal transition andmetastasis in a model of breast cancer progression. JClin Invest. 2004;114(4):569-81.
  • 22.Li X, He S, Ma B. Autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in cancer. Mol Cancer.2020;19(1):12.
  • 23.Alvur O. Elucidation of transcription factorNFKB-mediated autophagy regulation mechanismsin NON-small cell lung cancer (Thesis No: 639764).CoHE Thesis Center. 2020.
  • 24.Öz Arslan D, Korkmaz G, Gözüaçık D. Otofaji: BirHücresel Stres Yanıtı ve Ölüm Mekanizması.Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi,2011;4:184 - 194.
  • 25.Chaturvedi MM, Sung B, Yadav VR, Kannappan R,Aggarwal BB. NF-κB addiction and its role in cancer:One size does not fit all. Oncogene. 2011;30(14):1615-30.
  • 26.Gugnoni M, Sancisi V, Manzotti G, Gandolfi G,Ciarrocchi A. Autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition: an intricate interplay incancer. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7(12): e2520.

Küçük Hücre Dışı Akciğer Kanseri Hücrelerinde NFκB Tarafından EMT'nin Otofaji-bağımlı Çift Yönlü Düzenlenmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 52 Sayı: 4, 747 - 753, 12.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1840711

Öz

Giriş: Küçük hücreli dışı akciğer kanseri (KHDAK), dünya genelinde en yaygın akciğer kanseri tipidir. Otofaji ve epitel-mezenkimal geçiş (EMT), hücresel homeostazın korunmasında kritik süreçlerdir; bu süreçlerin bozulması, karsinogenezi hızlandırabilir. Nükleer faktör kappa B (NFκB) transkripsiyon faktörü, proliferasyon, hayatta kalma ve gelişimle ilişkili genleri düzenler. Otofaji ile EMT arasındaki etkileşim ve NFκB’nin her iki süreçteki rolü bildirilmiş olsa da NFκB’nin bu iki mekanizmayı birlikte düzenleyip düzenlemediğine dair KHDAK özelinde sınırlı kanıt vardır.
Yöntemler: NFκB (p65 alt birimi)’nin, otofaji indüklenmiş ve indüklenmemiş koşullar altında EMT düzenlenmesindeki rolü KHDAK hücre serilerinde araştırıldı. Daha önceki çalışmamızda oluşturulan NFκB aşırı eksprese edilmiş ve baskılanmış KHDAK örnekleri kullanıldı. Hücreler otofaji indüklenmiş veya indüklenmemiş koşullara tabi tutuldu ve EMT ile ilişkili genlerin (pozitif düzenleyiciler: Snail, Slug, N-kaderin ve epitel belirteci E-kaderin) ekspresyon seviyeleri kantitatif gerçek zamanlı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (qRT-PCR) ile analiz edildi.
Bulgular: Otofaji indüklenmiş koşullarda NFκB aşırı ekspresyonu, EMT’yi teşvik eden genlerde belirgin artışa ve E-kaderin düzeyinde azalmaya yol açtı. Otofaji indüklenmemiş koşullarda ise NFκB aşırı ekspresyonu EMT’yi teşvik eden genleri baskıladı ve E-kaderin düzeyini artırdı. NFκB baskılanması ise ters yönde etkiler gösterdi. Bu sonuçlar, NFκB’nin EMT üzerinde otofaji durumuna bağlı çift yönlü bir etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir.
Sonuçlar: Önceki çalışmamızda otofajiyi pozitif düzenlediğini gösterdiğimiz NFκB, KHDAK’ta otofaji ile ilişkili bir EMT düzenleyicisi olarak rol oynamaktadır. Otofaji-indüklü koşullarda EMT’yi teşvik ederek ileri evre hastalıkta tümör progresyonu ve metastaza katkıda bulunabilirken, otofaji indüklenmemiş koşullarda epitel özelliklerin korunmasına yardımcı olabilir. NFκB/otofaji/EMT ekseninin hedeflenmesi, KHDAK’ta kişiselleştirilmiş tedavi yaklaşımlarının geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayabilir.

Kaynakça

  • 1.Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancerstatistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidenceand mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2024;74(3):229–63.
  • 2.Siddique F, Shehata M, Ghazal M, Contractor S, El-Baz A. Lung Cancer Subtyping: A Short Review.Cancers (Basel). 2024;16(15):2643.
  • 3.Yamamoto H, Matsui T. Molecular Mechanisms ofMacroautophagy, Microautophagy, and Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy. J Nippon Med Sch.2024;91(1):2–9.
  • 4.Kadıçeşme ŞY, Kara F, Adalı Y, Önen Ö, Aydın U.Ratlarda Rottlerin’in Otofaji Üzerine Etkili DozDüzeyinin Araştırılması. Dicle Med J. 2021; 48(3):537-43.
  • 5.Kocak M, Ezazi Erdi S, Jorba G, et al. Targetingautophagy in disease: established and newstrategies. Autophagy. 2022;18(3):473–95.
  • 6.Cassidy LD, Young ARJ, Young CNJ, et al. Temporalinhibition of autophagy reveals segmental reversalof ageing with increased cancer risk. Nat Commun.2020;11(1).
  • 7.Tang H, Sebti S, Titone R, et al. Decreased BECN1mRNA Expression in Human Breast Cancer isAssociated with Estrogen Receptor-NegativeSubtypes and Poor Prognosis.EbioMedicine.2015;2(3):255–63.
  • 8.Kalluri R, Weinberg RA. The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest.2009;119(6):1420.
  • 9.Volk SW, Iqbal SA, Bayat A. Interactions of theExtracellular Matrix and Progenitor Cells inCutaneous Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (NewRochelle). 2013;2(6):261–72.
  • 10.Aban CE, Lombardi A, Neiman G, et al.Downregulation of E-cadherin in pluripotent stemcells triggers partial EMT. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1–11.
  • 11.Kazmi I, Alharbi KS, Al-abbasi FA, Almalki H. Roleof Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Markers inDifferent Stages of Endometriosis: Expression of theSnail, Slug, ZEB1, and Twist Genes. Crit Rev EukaryotGene Expr. 2021;31(2):89–95.
  • 12. Loh CY, Chai JY, Tang TF, et al. The e-cadherin and n-cadherin switch in epithelial-to-mesenchymaltransition: Signaling, therapeutic implications, andchallenges. Cells. 2019;8(10).
  • 13.Lu W, Chia C, Larby J, et al. Epithelial tomesenchymal transition (EMT) changes in patientswith non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EuropeanRespiratory Journal. 2023;62(suppl 67):PA2336.
  • 14. Mahmood MQ, Ward C, Muller HK, et al. Epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) and non-small celllung cancer (NSCLC): a mutual association withairway disease. Med Oncol. 2017;34(3):45.
  • 15.Nennig SE, Schank JR. The Role of NFkB in DrugAddiction: Beyond Inflammation. Alcohol Alcohol.2017;52(2):172-179.
  • 16. Jardin F. NFkB Pathway and Hodgkin Lymphoma.Biomedicines. 2022;10(9):2153.
  • 17.Vallabhapurapu S, Karin M. Regulation andfunction of NF-κB transcription factors in theimmune system. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009; 27:693–733.
  • 18.Dolcet X, Llobet D, Pallares J, Matias-Guiu X. NF-kB in development and progression of humancancer. Virchows Arch. 2005;446(5):475-82
  • 19.Wang Y, Xiong H, Liu D, et al. Autophagyinhibition specifically promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in RAS-mutated cancer cells. Autophagy. 2019; 15(5):886–99.
  • 20.Chen DP, Ning WR, Li XF, et al. Peritumoralmonocytes induce cancer cell autophagy to facilitatethe progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Autophagy. 2018; 14(8):1335–46.
  • 21.Huber MA, Azoitei N, Baumann B, et al. NF-κB isessential for epithelial-mesenchymal transition andmetastasis in a model of breast cancer progression. JClin Invest. 2004;114(4):569-81.
  • 22.Li X, He S, Ma B. Autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in cancer. Mol Cancer.2020;19(1):12.
  • 23.Alvur O. Elucidation of transcription factorNFKB-mediated autophagy regulation mechanismsin NON-small cell lung cancer (Thesis No: 639764).CoHE Thesis Center. 2020.
  • 24.Öz Arslan D, Korkmaz G, Gözüaçık D. Otofaji: BirHücresel Stres Yanıtı ve Ölüm Mekanizması.Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi,2011;4:184 - 194.
  • 25.Chaturvedi MM, Sung B, Yadav VR, Kannappan R,Aggarwal BB. NF-κB addiction and its role in cancer:One size does not fit all. Oncogene. 2011;30(14):1615-30.
  • 26.Gugnoni M, Sancisi V, Manzotti G, Gandolfi G,Ciarrocchi A. Autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition: an intricate interplay incancer. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7(12): e2520.
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi, Tıp Eğitimi, Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Özge Alvur

Hakan Akça

Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 12 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 52 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Alvur, Ö., & Akça, H. (2025). Autophagy-dependent Bidirectional Regulation of EMT by NFκB in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Dicle Medical Journal, 52(4), 747-753. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1840711
AMA Alvur Ö, Akça H. Autophagy-dependent Bidirectional Regulation of EMT by NFκB in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. diclemedj. Aralık 2025;52(4):747-753. doi:10.5798/dicletip.1840711
Chicago Alvur, Özge, ve Hakan Akça. “Autophagy-dependent Bidirectional Regulation of EMT by NFκB in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells”. Dicle Medical Journal 52, sy. 4 (Aralık 2025): 747-53. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1840711.
EndNote Alvur Ö, Akça H (01 Aralık 2025) Autophagy-dependent Bidirectional Regulation of EMT by NFκB in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Dicle Medical Journal 52 4 747–753.
IEEE Ö. Alvur ve H. Akça, “Autophagy-dependent Bidirectional Regulation of EMT by NFκB in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells”, diclemedj, c. 52, sy. 4, ss. 747–753, 2025, doi: 10.5798/dicletip.1840711.
ISNAD Alvur, Özge - Akça, Hakan. “Autophagy-dependent Bidirectional Regulation of EMT by NFκB in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells”. Dicle Medical Journal 52/4 (Aralık2025), 747-753. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1840711.
JAMA Alvur Ö, Akça H. Autophagy-dependent Bidirectional Regulation of EMT by NFκB in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. diclemedj. 2025;52:747–753.
MLA Alvur, Özge ve Hakan Akça. “Autophagy-dependent Bidirectional Regulation of EMT by NFκB in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells”. Dicle Medical Journal, c. 52, sy. 4, 2025, ss. 747-53, doi:10.5798/dicletip.1840711.
Vancouver Alvur Ö, Akça H. Autophagy-dependent Bidirectional Regulation of EMT by NFκB in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. diclemedj. 2025;52(4):747-53.