Korku Edebiyatında Bir Devrim: Frankenstein ve The Vampyre

Öz

Korku yüzyıllardır yazarların edebi eserlerinde işlediği öne çıkan temalardan biri olmuştur. Zamanla bu korku temaları toplumların kaygı ve ihtiyaçları temel alınarak değiştirilmiş ve geliştirilmiştir. Özellikle 19. Yüzyıl, insan korkuları ve kaygılarının yansıtıcısı olan korkunun evrimi açısından bir dönüm noktası olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda sıra dışı özellikler kazanan yaratıklar korku edebiyatında çığır açmıştır. Döneme damgasını vuran en önemli olaylardan biri Lord Byron tarafından başlatılan korku hikâyesi yarışmasıdır. İngiliz Edebiyatının iki önemli eseri olan Mary Shelley’nin Frankestein (or The Modern Prometheus) ve John William Polidori’nin The Vampyre romanları bu yarışmada ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma adı geçen kitapların analizini konu edinecektir.  Bir taraftan gotik unsurları, önemli sembolleri, karakterleri ve bu karakterlerin romandaki rollerini ortaya koyarken diğer taraftan karakterler ve rakipleri arasındaki ilişkileri karşılaştıracaktır.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Victoria Gotik Edebiyatı,Mary Shelley,John William Polidori,Frankenstein,The Vampyre

A Revolution in Horror Literature: Frankenstein and The Vampyre

Abstract

Horror has always been an outstanding team that authors use in their literary works for centuries. Over time, these horror teams have been changed and developed based on societies’ fears and needs. Especially 19^th century is considered to be a turning point for the evolution of horror as a reflector of human’s fears and preoccupations.  Meanwhile monsters which acquire extraordinary features have made a breakthrough in horror fiction. One of the most important events which leave its mark on the era is the ghost story competition started by Lord Byron. Two important pieces of English Literature, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (Or The Modern Prometheus) and John William Polidori’s The Vampyre emerged in this challenge. This study will discuss the analysis of the books mentioned. It will present gothic factors, major symbols, characters and their roles in the novels, on the one hand; it will compare the relationships between the protagonists and the antagonists on the other.

Kaynakça

1. Abrams, Meyer Howard ed. (1987), The Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Fifth Edition.
2. Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, The Cry of the Children, Retrieved from: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43725/the-cry-of-the-children (Access date: 23.09.2019).
3. Buzwell, Greg (2014.05.15), Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and the Villa Diodati Retrieved from: https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/mary-shelley-frankenstein-and-the-villa-diodati (Access date: 05.05.2019).
4. Cartwright, Mark (2013.04.20), Prometheus, Retrieved from: https://www.ancient.eu/Prometheus/ (Access date: 02.05.2019).
5. Clayton Paul, Judith Rowbotham (2009), “How the Mid-Victorians Worked, Ate and Died”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6, pp. 1235-1253, doi:10.3390/ijerph6031235.Gonzalez de Leon, Maria (2014.11.28), The Modern Vampire Is Inspired by This
6. Brilliant and Fairly Unknown Work. Retrieved from: http://www.faena.com/aleph/articles/the-modern-vampire-is-inspired-by-this-brilliantand-fairly-unknown-work/ (Access date: 08.05.2019).
7. Jackson, Kevin (2016.05.17), The haunted summer of 1816, Retrieved from: https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/arts-and-books/sumer-1816-frankenstein-shelley-byron-villa-diodati (Access date: 01.05.2019)
8. Mellor, Anne (2006), The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley. Making a“monster”: an introduction to Frankenstein, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9-25.

9. Mitchell, Sally (2009), Daily Life in Victorian England, London: Greenwood Press, Second Edition.
10. Moers, Ellen (1974), Female Gothic: The Monster’s Mother, pp. 3-5.
11. Polidori, John William (1819), The Vampyre, Freeditorial Publishing House.
12. Radford, Benjamin (2014.10.23), Vampire: Facts, Fiction and Folklore, Retrieved from: https://www.livescience.com/24374-vampires-real-history.html (Access date: 26.09.2019)
13. Rosetti, William Michael (1911), The Diary of Dr. John William Polidori: 1816: relating to Byron, Shelley, etc., London: Immortal Literature Series.
14. Shelley, Mary (2012), Frankenstein, Ankara: Engin Original Gold Classics.