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DEVLETE İNANMAK: GEÇ DÖNEM OSMANLI İNŞAAT FAALİYETLERİNDE ARZUHALLER VE DEVLET- TOPLUM İLİŞKİSİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 59, 115 - 157, 25.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.20519/divan.1609297

Öz

Osmanlı devlet arşivinde XIX. yüzyıla ait vakaların kaydında arzuhaller mühim bir yer tutar. Anlaşmazlıkları çözme, çeşitli konularda talepte bulunma ve temyiz maksadıyla kullanılan arzuhaller, bu dönemden önce de benzer saiklerle çeşitli makamlara sunulmuştur. Ancak XIX. yüzyılda bu pratikte bir farklılaşmanın mevcut olduğu iddia edilebilir. Bu yüzyılda Osmanlı merkezi hükümetinin toplumsal alana olan müdahelesinin derinleşmiş ve daha kapsamlı hale gelmiş olduğu ve bu müdaheleyi mümkün kılacak mevcut olandan farklı kurumsal teçhizatın ve meşruiyet söylemlerinin inşa edildiği ifade edilebilir. Arzuhal sahipleri, hükümetin toplumsal müdahele alanının genişlemesi ve bürokratik yapının yenilenmesi ve/veya inşa edilmesiyle bağlantılı olarak ortaya çıkan yeni türden meşruiyet söylemlerini ve kurumları maksatlarına ulaşmak amacıyla kullanmışlar, arzuhal pratiği de bu anlamda farklılaşmıştır. Bu çalışma, kuşkusuz erken modern dönem devlet formasyonuyla süreklilikleri de barındırıyor olan on dokuzuncu yüzyıla ait modern devlet inşası sürecini, devlet ve toplum ayrımını yeniden düşünmeye sevk eden yaklaşımlarla bağlantı kurarak ele almaktadır. Bu yaklaşıma istinaden, bu sürecin merkezi hükümetin yürüttüğü tek taraflı bir gelişme olmadığı, yeni şekillenen kurum ve söylemlerin toplumsal faillerce yeniden üretildiği ve gerektiğinde farklı çıkarlarca kullanıldığı iddia edilmektedir. Arzuhal pratiği de bu teşmil sürecinin vasıtalarından biri olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu dönemde devlet arşivinde arzuhallerin diğer yazışmalarla birlikte daha sistematik kaydının, modern bürokratik iktidarın şekillenişi ve buna bağlı gelişen kurumsal teçhizatın toplum tarafından daha yoğun kullanılması ile paralel gitmiş olduğu da söylenebilir. Bu çalışma, toplumsal mekânın üretimiyle sosyo-ekonomik ve politik olmak üzere çeşitli veçhelerle alaka kuran bir pratik olarak inşaat faaliyetleri kapsamında verilmiş arzuhalleri merkeze almaktadır. Bu arzuhallerin sahiplerinin modern devlet inşası süreciyle nasıl irtibat kurduğu ve arzuhallerin bu sürece bağlı şekillenen söylem ve kurumlara dahil olmakta nasıl aracılık ettiği incelenmektedir. Dolayısıyla, arzuhal pratiğinin Osmanlı’da XIX. yüzyıla ait modern devlet inşası sürecinde ne anlamda değişmiş olduğuna ve toplumsal faillerin bu inşa ve değişim sürecindeki etkinliğine dair bir araştırma teşebbüsü olmakla birlikte; çalışma, geç dönem Osmanlı’da inşaat faaliyetlerinin tarihsel ve sosyo-politik açılımlarını vurgulamayı maksat edinmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Arşiv Belgeleri
  • Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA)
  • BOA, Bâb-ı Asafî Amedî Defteri (A. AMD), 45-50.
  • BOA, Sadaret Meclis-i Vala Evrakı (A.MKT.MVL), 53-86
  • BOA, Bâb-ı Âlî Evrak Odası (BEO), 453-33907; 741-55518; 1086-81448; 2395 – 179605.
  • BOA, Dahiliye Mektubî Kalemi (DH.MKT), 59-31; 1381-7; 1403-25; 1405-97; 1414-97; 1722-56; 1850-62; 1900-23; 1900-25; 1971-23; 2471-8.
  • BOA, Hariciye Nezareti Tahrirat (HR.TH), 110-8; 222-84.
  • BOA, Hariciye Paris Sefareti (HR.SFR.4), 435-45.
  • BOA, İrade Dahiliye (İ.DH), 744-60818.
  • BOA, İrade Hususi (İ.HUS), 27-97; 73-37.
  • BOA, İrade Şehremaneti (İ.ŞE), 5-17.
  • BOA, İrade Meclis-i Mahsus (İ.MMS), 9-175; 23-592; 59-2797.
  • BOA, Maarif Nezareti Mektubi Kalemi (MF.MKT), 87 – 114.
  • BOA, Maliye Nezareti Emlak-ı Emiriyye Müdüriyeti (ML.EEM), 53-40; 73-30; 80-46; 80-47.
  • BOA, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi Evrakı (TS.MA.e), 288 – 1; 290 – 4; 290 – 5; 290 – 6; 290 – 7; 290 – 8.
  • BOA, Şura-ı Devlet (ŞD), 220-26; 221-6; 684-25; 757-6.
  • BOA, Yıldız Hususi Maruzat (Y.A.HUS), 248-12; 253-139; 302-96.
  • BOA, Yıldız Esas Evrakı (Y.EE), 110-18.
  • BOA, Yıldız Askeri Maruzat (Y.PRK.ASK), 69-5
  • BOA, Yıldız Arzuhal Jurnal (Y.PRK.AZJ), 13-44.
  • BOA, Yıldız Hazine-i Hassa (Y.PRK.HH), 10; 8-32
  • BOA, Yıldız Komisyonlar Maruzatı (Y.PRK.KOM), 3-73.
  • BOA, Yıldız Şehremaneti Maruzatı (Y.PRK.ŞH), 2-7; 3-30; 10-64.
  • BOA, Yıldız Mütenevvi Maruzat (Y.MTV), 18-20; 1-50; 21-143; 25-30; 54-38; 80-36; 88-208.
  • Telif Eserler ve İncelemeler
  • Abrams, Philip. “Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State (1977).” Journal of Historical Sociology 1, sy. 1 (1988): 58-89.
  • Akarlı, E. Deniz. “The Problems of External Pressures, Power Struggles, and Budgetary Deficits in Ottoman Politics under Abdülhamid II (1876-1909): Origins and Solutions.” Doktora Tezi, Princeton University, 1976.
  • Akyürek, Göksun. Bilgiyi Yeniden İnşa Etmek: Tanzimat Dönemi'nde Mimarlık, Bilgi ve İktidar. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2011.
  • Aytekin, Erden A. “Peasant Protest in the Late Ottoman Empire: Moral Economy, Revolt, and the Tanzimat Reforms.” International Review of Social History 57, sy. 2 (2012): 191-227.
  • Ben-Bassat, Yuvel. Petitioning the Sultan. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013.
  • Baldwin, James E. “Petitioning the Sultan in Ottoman Egypt.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 75, sy. 3 (2012), 499-524.
  • Batman, Mustafa. “Tax Revolts in the Late Ottoman Empire: Conflict, Negotiation, Pacification 1876-1908.” Doktora Tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, 2022.
  • Birdal, Murat. The Ottoman Public Debt Administration and its Role in the Peripheralization of the Ottoman Empire. Los Angeles: University of Southern California, 2006.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. “From the King’s House to the Reason of State: A Model of the Genesis of the Bureaucratic Field.” Constellations 11, sy. 1, (2004), 16-36.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. On the State: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1989-1992, ed. Patrick Champagne, Remi Lenoir, Franck Poupeau ve Marie-Christine Riviere. Cambdrige: Polity Press, 2014.
  • Bourideu, Pierre. “Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field,” çev. Loïc Wacquant ve Samar Farage. Sociological Theory 12 (1999): 1-18.
  • Chalcraft, John T. “Engaging the State: Peasants and Petitions in Egypt on the Eve of Colonial Rule.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 37, sy. 3 (2005): 303-325.
  • Cora, Yaşar Tolga. “Osmanlı Taşrasındaki Ermeniler Üzerine Olan Tarihyazımında Sınıf Analizinin Eksikliği.” Praksis 39 (2015): 23-44.
  • Cover, Robert M. “Violence and the Word,” The Yale Law Journal 8 (1986): 1601-1629.
  • Demirhan, Ahmet. Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiyatın Seyri, Şarkiyatçılığın Menzili İstanbul: Dergah Yayınları, 2022.
  • Deringil, Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire 1876-1909. London and New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1999.
  • Dinçer, Sinan. “The Armenian Massacre in Istanbul (1896).” The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 10, sy. 4 (2013), 20-45.
  • Ertem, Özge. “Eating the Last Seed: Famine, Empire, Survival and Order in Ottoman Anatolia in the Late 19th Century.” Doktora Tezi, European University Institute, 2012.
  • Faroqhi, Surayia. “Guildsmen Complain to the Sultan: Artisans’ Disputes and the Ottoman Administration in the 18th Century.” Legitimizing the Order, ed. Maurus Reinkowski ve Hakan Karateke, 177-193. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
  • Faroqhi, Surayia. “Political Activity among Ottoman Taxpayers and The Problem of Sultanic Legitimation (1570-1650).” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 35, sy. 1 (1992): 1-39.
  • Foucault, Michel. “Governmentality,” The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon ve Peter Miller, 87-104. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
  • Foucault, Michel. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Foucault, Michel. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
  • Gül, Y. D. Esma. Osmanlı İç Borçlanma Sisteminde Modernleşme 1839-1881. İstanbul: VakıfBank Yayınları, 2023.
  • Guha, Ranajit. Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
  • Hallaq, Wael. Restating Orientalism: A Critique of Modern Knowledge. New York: Columbia University Press, 2020.
  • İslamoğlu, Huricihan. Ottoman History as World History. Istanbul: The Isis Press, 2007.
  • Kara, İsmail. “Modernleşme Dönemi Türkiyesi'nde "Ulum, Fünun" ve "Sanat" Kavramlarının Algılanışı Üzerine Birkaç Not.” Kutadgubilig: Felsefe Bilim Araştırmaları 2 (2002): 249-278.
  • Karpat, Kemal. “The Balkan National States and Nationalism: Image and Reality.” Islamic Studies 36, sy. 2 (1997): 329-359.
  • Karpat, Kemal. The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Loughlin, Martin. Foundations of Public Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Macdonald, Keith. The Sociology of the Professions. New York: SAGE Publications, 1995.
  • Makdisi, Ussama: “Ottoman Orientalism.” The American Historical Review 107, sy. 3 (2002): 768-796.
  • Migdal, Joel. State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute One Another. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  • Miller, Henry. “Introduction: The Transformation of Petitioning in the Long Nineteenth century (1780–1914).” Social Science History 43, sy. 3 (2019): 409-429.
  • Miller, Ruth A. Legislating Authority: Sin and Crime in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. New York: Routledge, 2015.
  • Mirkova, Anna. “‘Population Politics’ at the end of Empire: Migration and Sovereignty in Ottoman Eastern Rumelia, 1877–1886.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 4 (2013): 955-985.
  • Mitchell, Timothy. “Society, Economy, and the State Effect.” State/Culture: State-Formation after the Cultural Turn. ed. George Steinmetz, 76-90. New York: Cornell University Press, 1999.
  • Mitchell, Timothy. “The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and their Critics.” American Political Science Review 85, sy. 1 (1991): 77-96.
  • Mitchell, Timothy. “The Stage of Modernity.” Questions of Modernity, ed. Timothy Mitchell, 1-34. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.
  • Nalbantoglu, Gülsüm B. “The Professionalization of the Ottoman-Turkish Architect.” Doktora Tezi, University of California, 1989.
  • Özbek, Nadir. İmparatorluğun Bedeli Osmanlı’da Vergi. Siyaset ve Toplumsal Adalet (1839-1908). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2015.
  • Reinkowski, Maurus. “The State’s Security and the Subjects’ Prosperity: Notions of Order in Ottoman Bureaucratic Correspondence (19th Century).” Legitimizing the Order, ed. Maurus Reinkowski ve Hakan Karateke, 195-212. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
  • Rubin, Avi. Ottoman Nizamiye Courts: Law and Modernity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011.
  • Sayer, Derek ve Corrigan, Philip. The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution. Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985.
  • Saygın, Duygu. “XIX. Yüzyılda Büyükada’nın (Ada-yı Kebir) Sosyal ve Ekonomik Durumu.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2014.
  • Scott, James C. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New York: Yale University Press, 1990.
  • Scott, James C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.
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  • Wharton, Alyson. The Architects of Ottoman Constantinople: The Balyan Family and the History of Ottoman Architecture. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
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  • Zainab Bahrani, Zeynep Çelik and Edhem Eldem, ed., Scramble for the Past: A Story of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire 1753-1914. İstanbul: Salt, 2011.

BELIEVING IN THE STATE: PETITIONS AND STATE-SOCIETY RELATIONS IN LATE OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURAL ACTIVITIES

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 59, 115 - 157, 25.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.20519/divan.1609297

Öz

In the Ottoman state archives, petitions have an important place in the record of cases from the nineteenth century. Used for resolving disputes, making requests on various issues and appeals, petitions were submitted to various authorities for similar reasons before this period. However, it can be claimed that there was a differentiation in this practice in the nineteenth century. The Ottoman central government's intervention in the social sphere deepened and became more comprehensive in this century, and different kind of institutional apparatus and discourses of legitimacy were constructed to enable this intervention. The petitioners used this nascent legitimacy discourses and institutions that emerged in connection with the expansion of the government's sphere of social intervention to achieve their goals, therefore the practice of petitioning was differentiated in this sense. This study examines the process of modern state-building in the nineteenth century, which undoubtedly has continuities with the state formation of the early modern period, in relation to approaches that call for a rethinking of the distinction between state and society. Based on this approach, it is argued that this process was not a unilateral development carried out by the central government, but that the newly shaped institutions and discourses were reproduced by social agents and used by different interests when necessary. The practice of petitions is also considered as one of the instruments of this process of making and remaking. It can also be argued that the more systematic recording of petitions in the state archive during this period, along with other correspondence, went hand in hand with the shaping of modern bureaucratic power and the more intensive use of nascent institutions by society. This study focuses on the petitions submitted within the scope of construction activities as a practice that relates to the production of social space in various aspects, including socio-economic and political ones, and focuses on how the owners of these petitions contacted with the modern state-building process. Accordingly, it explores how these petitions mediate their inclusion in the discourses and institutions shaped by this process. As an attempt to investigate how the practice of petitioning transformed in the process of modern state building in the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century and the role of social actors in this process of building, the study also aims to emphasize the historical and socio-political scope of the construction activities in the late Ottoman Empire.

Kaynakça

  • Arşiv Belgeleri
  • Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA)
  • BOA, Bâb-ı Asafî Amedî Defteri (A. AMD), 45-50.
  • BOA, Sadaret Meclis-i Vala Evrakı (A.MKT.MVL), 53-86
  • BOA, Bâb-ı Âlî Evrak Odası (BEO), 453-33907; 741-55518; 1086-81448; 2395 – 179605.
  • BOA, Dahiliye Mektubî Kalemi (DH.MKT), 59-31; 1381-7; 1403-25; 1405-97; 1414-97; 1722-56; 1850-62; 1900-23; 1900-25; 1971-23; 2471-8.
  • BOA, Hariciye Nezareti Tahrirat (HR.TH), 110-8; 222-84.
  • BOA, Hariciye Paris Sefareti (HR.SFR.4), 435-45.
  • BOA, İrade Dahiliye (İ.DH), 744-60818.
  • BOA, İrade Hususi (İ.HUS), 27-97; 73-37.
  • BOA, İrade Şehremaneti (İ.ŞE), 5-17.
  • BOA, İrade Meclis-i Mahsus (İ.MMS), 9-175; 23-592; 59-2797.
  • BOA, Maarif Nezareti Mektubi Kalemi (MF.MKT), 87 – 114.
  • BOA, Maliye Nezareti Emlak-ı Emiriyye Müdüriyeti (ML.EEM), 53-40; 73-30; 80-46; 80-47.
  • BOA, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi Evrakı (TS.MA.e), 288 – 1; 290 – 4; 290 – 5; 290 – 6; 290 – 7; 290 – 8.
  • BOA, Şura-ı Devlet (ŞD), 220-26; 221-6; 684-25; 757-6.
  • BOA, Yıldız Hususi Maruzat (Y.A.HUS), 248-12; 253-139; 302-96.
  • BOA, Yıldız Esas Evrakı (Y.EE), 110-18.
  • BOA, Yıldız Askeri Maruzat (Y.PRK.ASK), 69-5
  • BOA, Yıldız Arzuhal Jurnal (Y.PRK.AZJ), 13-44.
  • BOA, Yıldız Hazine-i Hassa (Y.PRK.HH), 10; 8-32
  • BOA, Yıldız Komisyonlar Maruzatı (Y.PRK.KOM), 3-73.
  • BOA, Yıldız Şehremaneti Maruzatı (Y.PRK.ŞH), 2-7; 3-30; 10-64.
  • BOA, Yıldız Mütenevvi Maruzat (Y.MTV), 18-20; 1-50; 21-143; 25-30; 54-38; 80-36; 88-208.
  • Telif Eserler ve İncelemeler
  • Abrams, Philip. “Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State (1977).” Journal of Historical Sociology 1, sy. 1 (1988): 58-89.
  • Akarlı, E. Deniz. “The Problems of External Pressures, Power Struggles, and Budgetary Deficits in Ottoman Politics under Abdülhamid II (1876-1909): Origins and Solutions.” Doktora Tezi, Princeton University, 1976.
  • Akyürek, Göksun. Bilgiyi Yeniden İnşa Etmek: Tanzimat Dönemi'nde Mimarlık, Bilgi ve İktidar. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2011.
  • Aytekin, Erden A. “Peasant Protest in the Late Ottoman Empire: Moral Economy, Revolt, and the Tanzimat Reforms.” International Review of Social History 57, sy. 2 (2012): 191-227.
  • Ben-Bassat, Yuvel. Petitioning the Sultan. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013.
  • Baldwin, James E. “Petitioning the Sultan in Ottoman Egypt.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 75, sy. 3 (2012), 499-524.
  • Batman, Mustafa. “Tax Revolts in the Late Ottoman Empire: Conflict, Negotiation, Pacification 1876-1908.” Doktora Tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, 2022.
  • Birdal, Murat. The Ottoman Public Debt Administration and its Role in the Peripheralization of the Ottoman Empire. Los Angeles: University of Southern California, 2006.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. “From the King’s House to the Reason of State: A Model of the Genesis of the Bureaucratic Field.” Constellations 11, sy. 1, (2004), 16-36.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. On the State: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1989-1992, ed. Patrick Champagne, Remi Lenoir, Franck Poupeau ve Marie-Christine Riviere. Cambdrige: Polity Press, 2014.
  • Bourideu, Pierre. “Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field,” çev. Loïc Wacquant ve Samar Farage. Sociological Theory 12 (1999): 1-18.
  • Chalcraft, John T. “Engaging the State: Peasants and Petitions in Egypt on the Eve of Colonial Rule.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 37, sy. 3 (2005): 303-325.
  • Cora, Yaşar Tolga. “Osmanlı Taşrasındaki Ermeniler Üzerine Olan Tarihyazımında Sınıf Analizinin Eksikliği.” Praksis 39 (2015): 23-44.
  • Cover, Robert M. “Violence and the Word,” The Yale Law Journal 8 (1986): 1601-1629.
  • Demirhan, Ahmet. Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiyatın Seyri, Şarkiyatçılığın Menzili İstanbul: Dergah Yayınları, 2022.
  • Deringil, Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire 1876-1909. London and New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1999.
  • Dinçer, Sinan. “The Armenian Massacre in Istanbul (1896).” The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 10, sy. 4 (2013), 20-45.
  • Ertem, Özge. “Eating the Last Seed: Famine, Empire, Survival and Order in Ottoman Anatolia in the Late 19th Century.” Doktora Tezi, European University Institute, 2012.
  • Faroqhi, Surayia. “Guildsmen Complain to the Sultan: Artisans’ Disputes and the Ottoman Administration in the 18th Century.” Legitimizing the Order, ed. Maurus Reinkowski ve Hakan Karateke, 177-193. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
  • Faroqhi, Surayia. “Political Activity among Ottoman Taxpayers and The Problem of Sultanic Legitimation (1570-1650).” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 35, sy. 1 (1992): 1-39.
  • Foucault, Michel. “Governmentality,” The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon ve Peter Miller, 87-104. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
  • Foucault, Michel. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Foucault, Michel. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
  • Gül, Y. D. Esma. Osmanlı İç Borçlanma Sisteminde Modernleşme 1839-1881. İstanbul: VakıfBank Yayınları, 2023.
  • Guha, Ranajit. Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
  • Hallaq, Wael. Restating Orientalism: A Critique of Modern Knowledge. New York: Columbia University Press, 2020.
  • İslamoğlu, Huricihan. Ottoman History as World History. Istanbul: The Isis Press, 2007.
  • Kara, İsmail. “Modernleşme Dönemi Türkiyesi'nde "Ulum, Fünun" ve "Sanat" Kavramlarının Algılanışı Üzerine Birkaç Not.” Kutadgubilig: Felsefe Bilim Araştırmaları 2 (2002): 249-278.
  • Karpat, Kemal. “The Balkan National States and Nationalism: Image and Reality.” Islamic Studies 36, sy. 2 (1997): 329-359.
  • Karpat, Kemal. The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Loughlin, Martin. Foundations of Public Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Macdonald, Keith. The Sociology of the Professions. New York: SAGE Publications, 1995.
  • Makdisi, Ussama: “Ottoman Orientalism.” The American Historical Review 107, sy. 3 (2002): 768-796.
  • Migdal, Joel. State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute One Another. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  • Miller, Henry. “Introduction: The Transformation of Petitioning in the Long Nineteenth century (1780–1914).” Social Science History 43, sy. 3 (2019): 409-429.
  • Miller, Ruth A. Legislating Authority: Sin and Crime in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. New York: Routledge, 2015.
  • Mirkova, Anna. “‘Population Politics’ at the end of Empire: Migration and Sovereignty in Ottoman Eastern Rumelia, 1877–1886.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 4 (2013): 955-985.
  • Mitchell, Timothy. “Society, Economy, and the State Effect.” State/Culture: State-Formation after the Cultural Turn. ed. George Steinmetz, 76-90. New York: Cornell University Press, 1999.
  • Mitchell, Timothy. “The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and their Critics.” American Political Science Review 85, sy. 1 (1991): 77-96.
  • Mitchell, Timothy. “The Stage of Modernity.” Questions of Modernity, ed. Timothy Mitchell, 1-34. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.
  • Nalbantoglu, Gülsüm B. “The Professionalization of the Ottoman-Turkish Architect.” Doktora Tezi, University of California, 1989.
  • Özbek, Nadir. İmparatorluğun Bedeli Osmanlı’da Vergi. Siyaset ve Toplumsal Adalet (1839-1908). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2015.
  • Reinkowski, Maurus. “The State’s Security and the Subjects’ Prosperity: Notions of Order in Ottoman Bureaucratic Correspondence (19th Century).” Legitimizing the Order, ed. Maurus Reinkowski ve Hakan Karateke, 195-212. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
  • Rubin, Avi. Ottoman Nizamiye Courts: Law and Modernity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011.
  • Sayer, Derek ve Corrigan, Philip. The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution. Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985.
  • Saygın, Duygu. “XIX. Yüzyılda Büyükada’nın (Ada-yı Kebir) Sosyal ve Ekonomik Durumu.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2014.
  • Scott, James C. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New York: Yale University Press, 1990.
  • Scott, James C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.
  • Scott, James C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New York: Yale University Press, 1985.
  • Şener, Abdüllatif. Tanzimat Dönemi Osmanlı Vergi Sistemi. İstanbul: İşaret Yayınları, 1990.
  • Şenyurt, Oya. “Çırağan Sarayında Bir Yolsuzluk Hikayesi.” Arredamento Mimarlık 169 (2004/5): 66-72.
  • Şenyurt, Oya. Osmanlı Mimarlık Örgütlenmesinde Değişim ve Dönüşüm. İstanbul: Doğu Kütüphanesi, 2011.
  • Şiviloğlu, Murat. The Emergence of Public Opinion: State and Society in the Late Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
  • Thompson, Edward P. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage Books, 1963.
  • Tuğ, Başak. Politics of Honor in Ottoman Anatolia: Sexual Violence and Socio-legal Surveillance in the Eighteenth Century. Leiden: Brill, 2017.
  • Uras, Büke. Balyanlar: Osmanlı Mimarlığı ve Balyan Arşivi. İstanbul: Kültür Varlıkları Dairesi Başkanlığı, 2022.
  • Van Voss, L. H., ed. Petitions in Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Wallerstein, I. The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914. Univ of California Press, 2011.
  • Weitz, Eric D. “From the Vienna to the Paris System: International Politics and the Entangled Histories of Human Rights, Forced Deportations, and Civilizing Missions.” The American Historical Review 113, sy. 5 (2008), 1313-1343.
  • Wharton, Alyson. The Architects of Ottoman Constantinople: The Balyan Family and the History of Ottoman Architecture. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Würgler, Andreas. “Voices from among the “Silent Masses”: Humble Petitions and Social Conflicts in Early Modern Central Europe.” International Review of Social History 9, (2001): 11-34.
  • Yalçınkaya, M. Alper. Learned Patriots: Debating Science, State, and Society in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.
  • Yılmaz, İlkay. Serseri, Anarşist ve Fesadın Peşinde, II. Abdülhamid Döneminde Güvenlik Politikaları Ekseninde Pasaport, Mürür Tezkeresi ve Otel Kayıtları. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2014.
  • Zainab Bahrani, Zeynep Çelik and Edhem Eldem, ed., Scramble for the Past: A Story of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire 1753-1914. İstanbul: Salt, 2011.
Toplam 89 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mimarlık Tarihi, Osmanlı Toplumu, Yakınçağ Osmanlı Tarihi
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

İhsan Sefa Özer 0000-0001-9137-9615

V. Gül Cephanecigil 0000-0002-9208-3506

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 17 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 59

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Özer, İhsan Sefa, ve V. Gül Cephanecigil. “DEVLETE İNANMAK: GEÇ DÖNEM OSMANLI İNŞAAT FAALİYETLERİNDE ARZUHALLER VE DEVLET- TOPLUM İLİŞKİSİ”. Divan: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi 30, sy. 59 (Temmuz 2025): 115-57. https://doi.org/10.20519/divan.1609297.