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TİCARİ DIŞA AÇIKLIK VE ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİ İÇİN BİR ZAMAN SERİSİ ANALİZİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 57 - 74, 01.01.2021

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Türkiye ekonomisinde ticari dışa açıklık ve enerji tüketimi arasındaki ilişkiyi ampirik olarak analiz etmektir. Çalışma 1975-2015 dönemine ilişkin zaman serisi verilerini kullanarak ekonomik büyüme, finansal gelişme, sermaye ve endüstrileşmeyi enerji tüketimi fonksiyonlarına dâhil etmektedir. Seriler arasındaki eş bütünleşmeyi araştırabilmek için ARDL sınır testi tercih edilmektedir. Seriler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkilerinin belirlenmesinde Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi uygulanmaktadır. Değişkenler arasında bir uzun dönem ilişkisi söz konusudur. Ampirik sonuçlar, her üç modelde ticari dışa açıklık ile enerji tüketimi arasında uzun dönemli pozitif bir ilişkisinin varlığını tespit etmektedir. Ampirik sonuçlar, aynı zamanda ticari dışa açıklığın enerji tüketimine neden olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, enerji politikaları ile ilgili önemli öneriler sunabilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Alkhathlan, K. ve Javid, M. (2013). Energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in Saudi Arabia: An aggregate and disaggregate analysis. Energy Policy, 62, 1525-1532.
  • Al-Mulali, U. ve Lee, J. (2013). Estimating the ımpact of the financial development on energy consumption: Evidence from the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) Countries. Energy, 60, 215-221.
  • Amri, F. (2019). Renewable and non-renewable categories of energy consumption and trade: Do the development degree and the ındustrialization degree matter?. Energy, 173, 374-383.
  • Azam, M., Khan, A. Q., Zafeiriou, E., Arabatzis, G. (2016). Socio-Economic determinants of energy consumption: An empirical survey for Greece. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 1556-1567.
  • British Petroleum (2019, 27 Ekim). Statistical Review of World Energy. Erişim adresi https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of- world-energy.html.
  • British Petroleum (2020, 11 Şubat). BP Energy Outlook. Erişim adresi https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business- sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy- outlook-2019.pdf.
  • Çütçü, İ. (2019). Sanayide kullanılan elektrik tüketimi ile dış ticaret dengesi arasındaki ilişki: Yapısal kırılmalı testlerle ekonometrik bir analiz. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 17-39.
  • Farhani, S., Shahbaz, M., Arouri, M., Teulon, F. (2014). The role of natural gas consumption and trade in Tunisia’s output. Energy Policy, 66, 677-684.
  • Farhani, S. ve Solarin, A.S. (2017). Financial development and energy demand in the United States: new evidence from combined cointegration and asymmetric causality tests. Energy, 134, 1029-1037.
  • Ghazouani, T., Boukhatem, J., Sam, C.Y. (2020). Causal interactions between trade openness, renewable electricity consumption, and economic growth in Asia- Pacific countries: Fresh evidence from a bootstrap ARDL approach.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133, 110094.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2011). A dynamic econometric study of ıncome, energy and exports in Turkey. Energy, 36, 3348-3354.
  • Hdom, H.A.D. ve Fuinhas, J.A. (2020). Energy production and trade openness: Assessing economic growth, CO2 emissions and the applicability of the cointegration analysis. Energy Strategy Reviews, 30, 1-13.
  • Ihenacho, E. (2018). The influence of urbanization, population age groups and trade on energy consumption in Nigeria: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment, 3(5), 38-44.
  • Keho, Y. (2016). What drives energy consumption in developing countries? The experience of selected African Countries. Energy Policy, 91, 233–246.
  • Khalid, A. (2017). Revisiting the role of financial development for energy-growth- trade nexus in BRICS economies. Energy, 128, 487-495.
  • Khouli, B. (2017). The short and long run causality relationship among economic growth, energy consumption and financial development: Evidence from South Mediterranean Countries (SMCs). Energy Economics, 68, 19-30.
  • Koengkan, M. (2018). The positive impact of trade openness on consumption of energy: Fresh evidence from Andean Community Countries. Energy, 158, 936- 943.
  • Kumar, R. R., Stauvermann, P. J., Loganathan, N., Kumar, R. (2015). Exploring the role of energy, trade and financial development in explaining economic growth in South Africa: A revisit. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1300- 1311.
  • Kurniawan, R., Managi, S. (2018). Coal consumption, urbanization, and trade openness linkage in Indonesia. Energy Policy, 121, 576-583.
  • Kyophilavong, P., Shahbaz, M., Anwar, S., Masood, S. (2015). The energy-growth nexus in Thailand: Does trade openness boost up energy consumption?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 46, 265-274.
  • Kwakwa, P. A. (2017). Electricity consumption in Egypt: A long-run analysis of its determinants. Opec Energy Review, 41(1), 3-22.
  • Le, T. (2016). Dynamics between energy, output, openness and financial development in Sub-Saharan African Countries. Applied Economics, 48(10), 914–933.
  • Le, H.P. (2020). The energy-growth nexus revisited: the role of financial development, institutions, government expenditure and trade openness. Heliyon, 6, 1-11.
  • Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M. (2004). Minimum LM unit root test with one structural break. Appalachian State University Working Papers, 04-17, 1-15.
  • Lean, H. ve Smyth, R. (2010). On the dynamics of aggregate output, electricity consumption and exports in Malaysia: Evidence from multivariate Granger causality tests. Applied Energy, 87, 1963-1971.
  • Nasreen, S. ve Anwar, S. (2014). Causal relationship between trade openness, economic growth and energy consumption: A panel data analysis of Asian Countries. Energy Policy, 69, 82-91.
  • Örgün, B. O., ve Pala, A. (2017). Enerji tüketimi, dışa açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: 28 Avrupa Birliği Ülkesi için panel Granger nedensellik analizi. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 54(623), 9-20.
  • Pesaran, H., Shin Y., Smith R. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Qamruzzaman, M. ve Jianguo, W. (2020). The asymmetric relationship between financial development, trade openness, foreign capital flows, and renewable energy consumption: Fresh evidence from panel NARDL investigation. Renewable Energy, 159, 827-842.
  • Rafindadi, A. A. ve Öztürk, İ. (2016). Effects of financial development, economic growth and trade on electricity consumption: Evidence from Post-Fukushima Japan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1073-1084.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2012). Energy consumption, output and trade in South America. Energy Economics, 34, 476-488.
  • Shahbaz, M., Khan, S., Tahir, M. I. (2013). The dynamic links between energy consumption, economic growth, financial development and trade in China: Fresh evidence from multivariate framework analysis. Energy Economics, 40, 8-21.
  • Shahbaz, M. Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., Leitao, N. C. (2013). Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, ınternational trade and co2 emissions in Indonesia. Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109-121.
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ling, C. H., Sbia, R. (2014). Causality between trade openness and energy consumption: What causes what in high, middle and low income countries. Energy Policy, 70, 126–143.
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Sbia, R., Afza, T. (2015). The effect of urbanization, affluence and trade openness on energy consumption: A Time series analysis in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, 683-693.
  • Siddique, H. M. A., Majeed, M. T. (2015). Energy consumption, economic growth, trade and financial development nexus in South Asia. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 9(2), 658-682.
  • Tiba, S. ve Frikha, M. (2018). Income, trade openness and energy interactions: evidence from simultaneous equation modeling. Energy, 147, 799-811.
  • Toda, H. ve Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-250.
  • United Nations (2018, 15 Eylül). Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/en/
  • Ünlü, H. ve Bozdağ, H. (2016). Yapısal kırılma durumunda imalat sanayi ihracatı ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye üzerine bir uygulama. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 2(1), 92-102.
  • Yılancı, V. (2009). Yapısal kırılmalar altında Türkiye için işsizlik histerisinin sınanması. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 10(2), 324-335.
  • Yıldırım, S. ve Yıldırım, Z. (2012). Reel efektif döviz kuru üzerinde kırılmalı birim kök testleri ile Türkiye için satın alma gücü paritesi hipotezinin geçerliliğinin sınanması. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(2), 221-238.
  • Worldbank (2018, 29 Ekim). Erişim adresi https://data.worldbank.org

THE LINK BETWEEN TRADE OPENNESS AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS FOR TURKISH ECONOMY

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 57 - 74, 01.01.2021

Öz

The main aim of this study is to empirically analyze the link between trade openness and energy consumption in Turkish economy. The study integrates economic growth, financial development, capital and industrialization into the energy consumption functions by using the time series data from 1975 to 2015. The ARDL bounds test is preferred to investigate the cointegration between the series. The TodaYamamoto causality test is applied to determine the causal linkages between the series. There exists a long-run relationship between the variables. The empirical results determine the presence of a long-run positive relationship between trade openness and energy consumption in all three models. The empirical results also determine that trade openness causes energy consumption. The empirical findings will present important suggestions related to energy policies

Kaynakça

  • Alkhathlan, K. ve Javid, M. (2013). Energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in Saudi Arabia: An aggregate and disaggregate analysis. Energy Policy, 62, 1525-1532.
  • Al-Mulali, U. ve Lee, J. (2013). Estimating the ımpact of the financial development on energy consumption: Evidence from the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) Countries. Energy, 60, 215-221.
  • Amri, F. (2019). Renewable and non-renewable categories of energy consumption and trade: Do the development degree and the ındustrialization degree matter?. Energy, 173, 374-383.
  • Azam, M., Khan, A. Q., Zafeiriou, E., Arabatzis, G. (2016). Socio-Economic determinants of energy consumption: An empirical survey for Greece. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 1556-1567.
  • British Petroleum (2019, 27 Ekim). Statistical Review of World Energy. Erişim adresi https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of- world-energy.html.
  • British Petroleum (2020, 11 Şubat). BP Energy Outlook. Erişim adresi https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business- sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy- outlook-2019.pdf.
  • Çütçü, İ. (2019). Sanayide kullanılan elektrik tüketimi ile dış ticaret dengesi arasındaki ilişki: Yapısal kırılmalı testlerle ekonometrik bir analiz. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 17-39.
  • Farhani, S., Shahbaz, M., Arouri, M., Teulon, F. (2014). The role of natural gas consumption and trade in Tunisia’s output. Energy Policy, 66, 677-684.
  • Farhani, S. ve Solarin, A.S. (2017). Financial development and energy demand in the United States: new evidence from combined cointegration and asymmetric causality tests. Energy, 134, 1029-1037.
  • Ghazouani, T., Boukhatem, J., Sam, C.Y. (2020). Causal interactions between trade openness, renewable electricity consumption, and economic growth in Asia- Pacific countries: Fresh evidence from a bootstrap ARDL approach.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133, 110094.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2011). A dynamic econometric study of ıncome, energy and exports in Turkey. Energy, 36, 3348-3354.
  • Hdom, H.A.D. ve Fuinhas, J.A. (2020). Energy production and trade openness: Assessing economic growth, CO2 emissions and the applicability of the cointegration analysis. Energy Strategy Reviews, 30, 1-13.
  • Ihenacho, E. (2018). The influence of urbanization, population age groups and trade on energy consumption in Nigeria: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment, 3(5), 38-44.
  • Keho, Y. (2016). What drives energy consumption in developing countries? The experience of selected African Countries. Energy Policy, 91, 233–246.
  • Khalid, A. (2017). Revisiting the role of financial development for energy-growth- trade nexus in BRICS economies. Energy, 128, 487-495.
  • Khouli, B. (2017). The short and long run causality relationship among economic growth, energy consumption and financial development: Evidence from South Mediterranean Countries (SMCs). Energy Economics, 68, 19-30.
  • Koengkan, M. (2018). The positive impact of trade openness on consumption of energy: Fresh evidence from Andean Community Countries. Energy, 158, 936- 943.
  • Kumar, R. R., Stauvermann, P. J., Loganathan, N., Kumar, R. (2015). Exploring the role of energy, trade and financial development in explaining economic growth in South Africa: A revisit. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1300- 1311.
  • Kurniawan, R., Managi, S. (2018). Coal consumption, urbanization, and trade openness linkage in Indonesia. Energy Policy, 121, 576-583.
  • Kyophilavong, P., Shahbaz, M., Anwar, S., Masood, S. (2015). The energy-growth nexus in Thailand: Does trade openness boost up energy consumption?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 46, 265-274.
  • Kwakwa, P. A. (2017). Electricity consumption in Egypt: A long-run analysis of its determinants. Opec Energy Review, 41(1), 3-22.
  • Le, T. (2016). Dynamics between energy, output, openness and financial development in Sub-Saharan African Countries. Applied Economics, 48(10), 914–933.
  • Le, H.P. (2020). The energy-growth nexus revisited: the role of financial development, institutions, government expenditure and trade openness. Heliyon, 6, 1-11.
  • Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M. (2004). Minimum LM unit root test with one structural break. Appalachian State University Working Papers, 04-17, 1-15.
  • Lean, H. ve Smyth, R. (2010). On the dynamics of aggregate output, electricity consumption and exports in Malaysia: Evidence from multivariate Granger causality tests. Applied Energy, 87, 1963-1971.
  • Nasreen, S. ve Anwar, S. (2014). Causal relationship between trade openness, economic growth and energy consumption: A panel data analysis of Asian Countries. Energy Policy, 69, 82-91.
  • Örgün, B. O., ve Pala, A. (2017). Enerji tüketimi, dışa açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: 28 Avrupa Birliği Ülkesi için panel Granger nedensellik analizi. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 54(623), 9-20.
  • Pesaran, H., Shin Y., Smith R. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Qamruzzaman, M. ve Jianguo, W. (2020). The asymmetric relationship between financial development, trade openness, foreign capital flows, and renewable energy consumption: Fresh evidence from panel NARDL investigation. Renewable Energy, 159, 827-842.
  • Rafindadi, A. A. ve Öztürk, İ. (2016). Effects of financial development, economic growth and trade on electricity consumption: Evidence from Post-Fukushima Japan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1073-1084.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2012). Energy consumption, output and trade in South America. Energy Economics, 34, 476-488.
  • Shahbaz, M., Khan, S., Tahir, M. I. (2013). The dynamic links between energy consumption, economic growth, financial development and trade in China: Fresh evidence from multivariate framework analysis. Energy Economics, 40, 8-21.
  • Shahbaz, M. Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., Leitao, N. C. (2013). Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, ınternational trade and co2 emissions in Indonesia. Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109-121.
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ling, C. H., Sbia, R. (2014). Causality between trade openness and energy consumption: What causes what in high, middle and low income countries. Energy Policy, 70, 126–143.
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Sbia, R., Afza, T. (2015). The effect of urbanization, affluence and trade openness on energy consumption: A Time series analysis in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, 683-693.
  • Siddique, H. M. A., Majeed, M. T. (2015). Energy consumption, economic growth, trade and financial development nexus in South Asia. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 9(2), 658-682.
  • Tiba, S. ve Frikha, M. (2018). Income, trade openness and energy interactions: evidence from simultaneous equation modeling. Energy, 147, 799-811.
  • Toda, H. ve Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-250.
  • United Nations (2018, 15 Eylül). Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/en/
  • Ünlü, H. ve Bozdağ, H. (2016). Yapısal kırılma durumunda imalat sanayi ihracatı ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye üzerine bir uygulama. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 2(1), 92-102.
  • Yılancı, V. (2009). Yapısal kırılmalar altında Türkiye için işsizlik histerisinin sınanması. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 10(2), 324-335.
  • Yıldırım, S. ve Yıldırım, Z. (2012). Reel efektif döviz kuru üzerinde kırılmalı birim kök testleri ile Türkiye için satın alma gücü paritesi hipotezinin geçerliliğinin sınanması. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(2), 221-238.
  • Worldbank (2018, 29 Ekim). Erişim adresi https://data.worldbank.org
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Murat Çetin Bu kişi benim

Uğur Çınar Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çetin, M., & Çınar, U. (2021). TİCARİ DIŞA AÇIKLIK VE ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİ İÇİN BİR ZAMAN SERİSİ ANALİZİ. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 22(1), 57-74.