Sözcüksel Çerçeveleme ve İdeolojik Önyargı: Deutsche Welle’in Türkiye’nin İsveç’in NATO Üyeliğindeki Duruşuna İlişkin Haberlerinin Eleştirel Bir Söylem Analizi

Öz

Bu makale, Türkiye'nin İsveç'in NATO üyeliğine karşı çıkmasının Alman medya kuruluşu Deutsche Welle'de nasıl çerçevelendiğini, içerik analizi ve van Dijk tarafından kavramsallaştırılan mikro düzey bir strateji olan sözcükselleştirmeye odaklanan Eleştirel Söylem Analizi (CDA) kullanarak analiz etmektedir. 2022 ile 2023 yılları arasında yayınlanan on İngilizce haber makalesinin niteliksel içerik analizi yoluyla, bu çalışma Türkiye ve Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'ı otoriter, engelleyici ve fırsatçı olarak tasvir eden olumsuz çağrışımlı bir dilin tutarlı bir örüntüsünü tespit etmektedir. ‘Tehdit etmek’, ‘oyalamak’, ‘u-dönüşü yapmak’ ve ‘sözde terrorist’ gibi sözcük seçimleri, Türkiye'nin güvenlik endişelerinin ve diplomatik faaliyetlerinin meşruiyetini azaltan bir söyleme katkıda bulunmaktadır. Haberlerde tarafsız veya hafif olumlu ifadelere zaman zaman yer verilse de eleştirel tonun daha baskın ve yaygın olduğu görülmektedir. Bu bulgular, Batı medyasının anlatılarında, Batı dışı muhalefeti sorun haline getiren ve baskın jeopolitik perspektifleri pekiştiren daha geniş bir eğilimi yansıtmaktadır. Çalışma, siyasi anlatıları şekillendirmede dilin rolünü vurgulamakta ve uluslararası habercilikte ideolojik önyargıları ortaya çıkarmada ESA'nın önemini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sözcükselleştirme
• Deutsche Welle
• Batı medyası
• Türkiye
• NATO

Lexical Framing and Ideological Bias: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Deutsche Welle’s Coverage of Türkiye’s Stance in Sweden’s NATO Membership

Öz

This article analyses how Türkiye’s opposition to Sweden’s NATO membership is framed in the German media outlet -Deutsche Welle- employing content analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) with a focus on lexicalization—a micro-level strategy conceptualized by van Dijk. Through qualitative analysis of ten English-language news articles published between 2022 and 2023, the study identifies a consistent pattern of negatively connoted language depicting Türkiye and President Erdoğan as authoritarian, obstructionist, and opportunistic. Lexical choices such as ‘threaten’, “stall”, ‘u-turn’, and “so-called terrorist” contribute to a discourse that delegitimizes Türkiye’s security concerns and diplomatic agency. Although occasional neutral or mildly positive phrases appear, they do not substantially alter the dominant critical tone. These findings reflect a broader trend in Western media narratives that problematize non-Western dissent and reinforce dominant geopolitical perspectives. The study underscores the role of language in shaping political narratives and affirms the utility of CDA in revealing ideological bias in international news coverage.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Lexicalization
• Deutsche Welle
• Western media
• Türkiye
• NATO

Kaynakça

1. Altıntop, M., & Bak, G. (2023). Teun Adrian Van Dijk’in eleştirel söylem analizi anlayışı ve haber analiz modeli. In Y. L. Mert (Ed.), Sosyal, beşeri ve idari bilimler temel alanında akademik çalışmalar - I (pp. 95-110). Artikel Akademi.
2. Al-Saaidi, S., Pandian, A., & Al-Shaibani, G. (2016). The semantic macrostructures and lexicalizations in Osama bin Laden’s speech of incitement. Academic Research International, 7(3), 288–300.
3. Bayram, F. (2010). Ideology and political discourse: A critical discourse analysis of Erdogan’s political speech. ARECLS, 7(1), 18.
4. Bilgin, O., & Sarıköse, M. (2025). Batı medyasının Türkiye karşıtı söylemi ve “Türkiye’de yaşanmaz, gidin kendinizi kurtarın!” Propagandası. Recent Period Turkish Studies 47, 29-49. doi: 10.26650/YTA2025-1657838
5. Cheikh, B., & Mehdi, F. (2023). A critical discourse analysis of Algerian European relations during the energy crisis of 2022: Al-Watan and Al-Khabar as samples Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Ibn Khaldoun University.
6. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
7. Çobanoğulları, F. (2021). Alman gazete haberlerinin Almanca derslerinde kullanılmak üzere eleştirel söylem çözümlemesi bağlamında incelenmesi Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
8. Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

9. Dezhkameh, A., Layegh, N., & Hadidi, Y. (2021). A critical discourse analysis of Covid-19 in Iranian and American newspapers. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 21(3).
10. Dibas, S., Rabab’ah, G., & Haider, A. S. (2023). Ideological dichotomy in the Arab newspapers coverage: The case of the 2017 Riyadh summit. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law-Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique, 36(3), 1239–1257.
11. Dragomir, M. (2018). Control the money, control the media: How government uses funding to keep media in line. Journalism, 19(8), 1131–1148.
12. Fairclough, N. (1995). Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold.
13. Fajar, M., & Sulistyowati, H. (2020). Revealing power and solidarity reflected in the use of lexicalization in hybrid political discourse: A case study in President Obama’s speech at the University of Indonesia. JEELL (Journal of English Education, Linguistics and Literature), 7(1), 45–59.
14. Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the news. London: Routledge.
15. Gunter, B., (2002). The Quantitative research process. In K. B. Jensen (Ed.), A Hanbook of media and communication research qualitative and quantitative methodologies (pp. 209-234). London: Routledge.
16. Haglund, D. G. (2025). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved on 20.06.2025 from https://www.britannica.com/topic/North-Atlantic-Treaty-Organization
17. Indriana, I., & Muttaqin, W. M. (2019). Critical discourse analysis on Donald Trump’s strategy against his addressee to win the US election. IJOTL-TL: Indonesian Journal of Language Teaching and Linguistics, 4(1), 27–38.
18. LeMonde. (2023). Turkey drops veto, agrees to back Swedish NATO bid. Retrieved on 20.06.2025 from https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/10/turkey-drops-veto-agrees-to-back-swedish-nato-bid_6048721_4.html.
19. Li, H. (2025). China’s national science system at a crossroads? Discursive representation of ‘academic publications’ in People’s Daily (2000–2023). Higher Education, 1-16.
20. Mayr, A. (2008). Language and power: An introduction to institutional discourse. London: Continuum International Publishing Group
21. Mullet, D. R. (2018). A general critical discourse analysis framework for educational research. Journal of Advanced Academics, 29(2), 116–142. doi: 10.1177/1932202X18758260
22. Munir, M., & Ahmed, H. N. (2024). Constructing ideology through hate: A discourse analysis of Pakistani politics. Annals of Human and Social Sciences, 5(1), 660–674.
23. Munoriyarwa, A. (2020). A critical discourse analysis of the Sunday Mail’s and the Telegraph’s representation of Zimbabwe’s 2008 electoral violence. African Journalism Studies, 41(2), 1–16.
24. Naeem, W., Hussain, M., & Shah, R. H. (2022). Ideology in political discourses: A critical discourse analysis of Pakistan democratic movement leaders’ speeches in 2020. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(10), 4475–4487.
25. NATO. (2024). Setting the record straight. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/115204.htm
26. NATO. (2024b). Enlargement and Article 10. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49212.htm.
27. Reuters. (2024). Russia says it will take military-technical steps in response to Sweden's NATO accession. Retrieved on 20.06.2025 from https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-it-will-take-military-technical-steps-response-swedens-nato-2024-02-28/
28. Odebunmi, A. (2016). Chapter one, language, context and society: theoretical anchorage. Language, context and society: A Festschrift for Wale Adegbite Kehinde, 1-31.
29. Pitsoe, V. J., & Letseka, M. (2013). Foucault’s discourse and power: Implications for instructionist classroom management.
30. Prasad, B. D. (2008). Content analysis. Research methods for social work, 5(le20).
31. Richardson, J. E. (2007). Analyzing Newspapers: An Approach from Critical Discourse Analysis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
32. Rubing, G., & Sandaran, S. C. (2023). A critical discourse analysis of news discourse on The Times. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(1), 968–984.
33. Saadoun, M. A. K. (2023). A Critical Discourse Analysis of Xenophobia in Selected English Speeches. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. College of Education for Human Sciences Department of English A Critical Discourse Analysis of Xenophobia in Selected English Speeches A Paper Submitted to the Department of English, College of Education for Human sciences, University of Babylon).
34. Simon, A., & Burstein, P. (1985). Basic research methods in social science (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
35. Shakoury, K., & Makarova, V. (2021). Critical discourse analysis of micro and macro structures in talks by two Iranian presidents at the United Nations General Assembly: A socio-cognitive perspective. Iranian Journal of Applied Language Studies, 13(1), 109–130.
36. van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A Multidisciplinary approach. London: Sage.
37. Van Dijk, T. A. (2000). Ideology and discourse: A multidisciplinary introduction. Pompeu Fabra University Press.
38. Van Dijk, T. A. (2006). Ideology and discourse analysis. Journal of Political Ideologies, 11(2), 115–140.
39. Van Dijk, T. A. (2013). News as discourse (Rev. ed.). Routledge. (Original work published 1988)
40. Wang, Q. (2023). Narrative battle: A critical discourse analysis of China and the US's news coverage on COVID-19 origin-tracing.
41. Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (Eds.). (2009). Methods of critical discourse analysis (2nd ed.). London: Sage.