ÇALIŞMA YAŞAMI KALİTESİ, İŞYERİNDE SAPKIN DAVRANIŞ VE İŞTEN AYRILMA EĞİLİMİ İLİŞKİSİ

Öz

This study aimed to investigate the relationship among Quality of Work Life (QWL), Workplace Deviance (WD) and Turnover Intention (TI) and to indicate the effect of sub-dimensions of QWL on sub-dimensions of WD. This paper covers the effect of the research of a subject which has not been handled in the literature. In this context, QWL which was designed by Demir (2009) via the studies of Walton (1975), Gilbert (1989) and Sirgy etc. (2001) at the scale of WD which was designed by Demir (2010) by using the study of Hollinger & Clark (1982b), Robinson & Bennett (1995) and Lawrence & Robinson (2007) at the scale of TI designed and adapted to Turkish by Avcı (2008) through the study of Wayne etc. (1997). It’s applied to the 794 employees in the cargo sector in Turkey, Istanbul. Survey data was analyzed with SPSS software. Analysis of the survey data significantly confirmed that TI is negatively associated with QWL, while WD is positively associated with TI. On the other hand, QWL is negatively associated with WD. Besides, it is determined that WD together with QWL predicted approximately 59% of the total variance of TI. As a consequence it’s investigated that some of the sub-dimensions of QWL is the current predictor for sub-dimensions of WD

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Quality of Work Life, Workplace Deviance, Turnover Intention

ÇALIŞMA YAŞAMI KALİTESİ, İŞYERİNDE SAPKIN DAVRANIŞ VE İŞTEN AYRILMA EĞİLİMİ İLİŞKİSİ

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Çalışma Yaşamı Kalitesi (ÇYK), İşyerinde Sapkın Davranış (İSD) ve İşten Ayrılma Eğilimi (İAE) arasındaki ilişkiyi irdelemek ve ÇYK alt boyutlarının, İSD alt boyutlarının kontrolü üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Öncelikle konuyla ilgili literatür taraması gerçekleştirilmiş ve bu üç kavramın birbirleriyle ilişkisinin fazla incelenmediği görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda Walton (1975), Gilbert (1989) ve Sirgy vd. (2001) çalışmalarından yararlanılarak Demir (2009) tarafından geliştirilen “Çalışma Yaşamı Kalitesi Ölçeği”, Hollinger ve Clark (1982b), Robinson ve Bennett (1995) ve Lawrence ve Robinson (2007) çalışmalarından yararlanılarak, Demir (2010) tarafından geliştirilen “İşyerinde Sapkın Davranış Ölçeği” ve Wayne vd. (1997) tarafından geliştirilmiş ve Avcı (2008) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanmış “İşten Ayrılma Eğilimi Ölçeği”, anket yöntemi kullanılarak İstanbul’da kargo sektöründe çalışan 794 işgörene uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler SPSS programı aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda İAE’nin ÇYK’yle arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişki görülürken, İSD ile arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişki saptanmıştır. ÇYK ile İSD arasındaki ilişki ise negatif yönlüdür. Ayrıca İSD, ÇYK ile birlikte İAE üzerindeki toplam varyansın yaklaşık %59’unu yordadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Son olarak ÇYK’nin bazı alt boyutlarının (iş tasarımı, teşvik programları ve ergonomi) İSD’ın alt boyutları (kişisel, politik, üretim ve mülkiyet) için geçerli yordayıcılar oldukları tespit edilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çalışma Yaşamı Kalitesi, İşyerinde Sapkın Davranış, İşten Ayrılma Eğilimi

Kaynakça

1. Abrams, D., Ando, K. & Hinkle, S. (1998). Psychological Attachment to the Group: Cross-Cultural Differences in Organizational
2. Identification and Subjective Norms as Predictors of Workers’ Turnover Intentions, Personnel Social Psychology Bullettin, 24, 1027-1039.
3. Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
4. Alexander, J. A., Lichtenstein, R., Oh, H. J., & Ullman, E. (1998). A Causal Model of Voluntary Turnover among Nursing
5. Personnel in Long-Term Psychiatric Settings, Research in Nursing & Health, 21(5), 415–427. Almalki, M. J., FitzGerald, G. & Clark, M. (2012). The Relationship between Quality of Work Life and Turnover Intention of
6. Primary Health Care Nurses in Saudi Arabia, BMC Health Sevices Research, 12, 314-325. Al-Qutop, M. A. Y. & Harrim, H. (2011). Quality of Worklife Human Well-Being Linkage: Integrated Conceptual Framework,
7. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(8), 193-205. Ambrose, M. L., Seabright, M. A. & Schminke, M. (2002). Sabotage in the Workplace: The Role of Organizational Injustice,
8. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 947-965. Analoui, F. (1995). Workplace Sabotage: Its Styles, Motives and Management, Journal of Management Development, 14(7), 48

9. Avcı, N. (2008). Konaklama İşletmelerinde Örgütsel Öğrenme, İş Tutumları ve Örgütsel Sapma Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi,
10. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Turizm İşletmeciliği Anabilim Dalı. Aziz, R. A., Fuziah, M. N., Husaini, H., Maarof, A., Radzi, S. M. & Ismail, I. (2011). Quality of Work Life of Librarians in
11. Government Academic Libraries in the Klang Valley, Malaysia, The International Information&Library Review, 43, 149-158. Bagtasos, M. R. (2011). Quality of Work Life: A Review of Literature, DLSU Business & Economics Review, 20(2), 1-8.
12. Baron, R. A. & Neuman, J. H. (1996). Workplace Violence and Workplace Aggression: Evidence on Their Relative Frequency and Potential Causes, Aggressive Behavior, 22, 161-173.
13. Batt, R. & Valcour, P. M. (2003). Human Resource Practices as Predictors of Work-Family Outcomes and Employee Turnover,
14. Industrial Relations, 42(2), 189-220. Beh, L. & Rose, R.C. (2007). Linking QWL and Job Performance: Implications for Organizations, Performance Improvement, 46(6), 30-35.
15. Bennett, R. J. & Robinson, S. L. (2003). The Past, Present, and Future of Workplace Deviance Research, (Ed. J. S. Greenberg),
16. Organizational Behavior: The State of the Science, USA: Lawrance Erlbaum Associate, 247-282. Blau, G. (1989). Testing the Generalizability of a Career Commitment Measure and Its Impact on Employee Turnover, Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, 53-57.
17. Bluedorn, A. C. (1982). A Unified Model of Turnover from Organizations, Human Relations, 35, 135-153.
18. Boonrod, W. (2009). Quality of Working Life: Perceptions of Professional Nurses at Phramongkutklao Hospital, J Med Assoc Thai, 92(1), 7-15.
19. Brooks, B. A. & Anderson, M. A. (2005). Defining Quality of Nursing Work Life, Nursing Economic$, 23(6), 319-326.
20. Chang, W. J. A., Wang, Y. S. & Huang, T. C. (2013). Work Desing – Related Antecedents of Turnover Intention: A Multilevel
21. Approach, Human Research Management, 52(1), 1-26. Cortina, L. M. & Magley, V. J. (2003). Raising Voice, Risking Retaliation: Events Following Interpersonal Mistreatment in the Workplace, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8(4), 247-265.
22. Çelik, D. A. & Öz, E. U. (2011). The Effects of Emotional Dissonance and Quality of Work Life Perceptions on Absenteeism and Turnover Intentions among Turkish Call Center Employees, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2515-2519.
23. Dargahi, H. & Seragi, J. N. (2007). An Approach Model for Employees’ Improving Quality of Work Life (IQWL), Iranian
24. Journal of Public Health, 36(4), 81-86. Demir, M. (2009). Konaklama İşletmelerinde Duygusal Zekâ, Örgütsel Sapma, Çalışma Yaşamı Kalitesi ve İşten Ayrılma Eğilimi
25. Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Turizm İşletmeciliği Anabilim Dalı. Demir, M. (2010). Örgütsel Sapma Davranışının Kontrolünde Duygusal Zekânın Rolü: Konaklama İşletmelerinde Bir Araştırma,
26. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 26(1). 196-207. Demir, M. & Tütüncü, Ö. (2010). Ağırlama İşletmelerinde Örgütsel Sapma ile İşten Ayrılma Eğilimi Arasındaki İlişki, Anatolia:
27. Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi,21(1), 64-74. Demir, M. (2011). İşgörenlerin Çalışma Yaşamı Kalitesi Algılamalarının İşte Kalma Niyeti ve İşe Devamsızlık İle İlişkisi, Ege Akademik Bakış, 11(3), 453-464.
28. Dunlop, P.D. & Lee, K. (2004). Workplace Deviance, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Business Unit Performance: The Bad Apples Do Spoil The Whole Barrel, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 67–80.
29. Egan, T. M., Yang, B. & Bartlett, K. R. (2004). The Effects of Organizational Learning Culture and Job Satisfaction on
30. Motivation to Transfer Learning and Turnover Intention, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15(3), 279-301. Elizur, D. (1991). Work and NonWork Relations: The Conical Structure of Work and Home Life Relationship, Journal of
31. Organizational Behavior, 12, 313-322. Fochsen, G., Sjögren, K., Josephson, M. & Lagerström M. (2005). Factors Contributing to the Decision to Leave Nursing Care:
32. A Study among Swedish Nursing Personnel, Journal of Nursing Management, 13, 338-344. Fox, S.; Spector P. E. & Miles D. (2001). Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB) in Response to Job Stressors and Organizational Justice: Some Mediator and Moderator Tests for Autonomy and Emotions, Journal of Vocational Behavior,59 (3), 291-309.
33. Gardulf A., Söderström I., Orton M., Eriksson L. E., Arnetz B. & Nordström G. (2005). Why do Nurses at a University Hospital
34. Want to Quit Their Jobs?, Journal of Nursing Management, 13, 329–337. Garino, G. & Martin, C. (2007). The Impact of Labour Turnover: Theory and Evidence from UK Micro Data, Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis in Social Science, 1(3), 81-104.
35. George, J. M. & Brief, A. P. (1990). The Economic Instrumentality of Work: An Examination of the Moderating Effects of
36. Financial Requirements and Sex on the Pay-Life Satisfaction Relationship, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 37, 357-368. Giacalone, R.A. & Greenberg J. (1996). Antisocial Behavior in Organizations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
37. Gilbert, B. (1989). The Impact of Union Involvement on the Desing and Introduction of Working Life, Human Relations, 42(12), 1057-1078.
38. Grieffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W. & Gaertner, S. (2000). A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Correlates of Employee Turnover:
39. Update, Moderator Tests, and Research Implications fort he Next Millennium, Journal of Management, 26, 463-488. Grover, S. L. & Crooker, K. J. (1995). Who Appreciates Family-Responsive Human Resource Policies: The Impact of Family
40. Friendly Policies on the Organizational Attachment of Parents and Nonparents, Personnel Psychology, 48, 271-288. Gürbüz, S. & Bekmezci, M. (2012). İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi Uygulamalarının Bilgi İşçilerinin İşten Ayrılma Niyetine
41. Etkisinde Duygusal Bağlılığın Aracılık ve Düzenleyicilik Rolü, İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(2), 189-213. Hannif, Z., Burgess, J. & Connell, J. (2008). Call Centres and the Quality of Work Life: Towards a Research Agenda, Journal of
42. Industrial Relations, 50(2), 271–284. Heller, D., Judge, T. A. & Watson, D. (2002). The Confounding Role of Personality and Trait Affectivity in the Relationship between Job and Life Satisfaction, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 815-835.
43. Hogan, J. & Hogan, R. (1989). How to Measure Employee Reliability, Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(2), 273-279.
44. Hollinger, R. C. (1986). Acts Against the Workplace: Social Bonding and Employee Deviance, Deviant Behavior, 7, 53-75.
45. Hollinger, R. C. & Clark, J. P. (1982a). Employee Deviance: A Response to the Perceived Quality of the Work Experience,
46. Work and Occupations, 9, 97-114. Hollinger, R. C. & Clark, J. P. (1982b). Formal and Informal Social Controls of Employee Deviance, The Sociological Quarterly, 23(3), 333-343.
47. Hollinger, R. C. & Clark, J. P. (1983a). Deterrence in the Workplace: Perceived Certainty, Perceived Severity, and Employee
48. Theft, Social Forces, 62, 398-418. Hollinger, R. C. & Clark, J. P. (1983b). Theft by Employees, Lexington, MA: Heath.
49. Holtom B. C. & O’Neil B. S. (2004). A Theoretical Foundation for Developing a Comprehensive Nurse Retention Plan, Journal of Nursing Administration, 34(5), 216–227.
50. Hom, P. W., Caranikas, W. F., Prussia, G. E. & Griffeth, R. W. (1992). A Meta-Analytical Structural Equations Analysis of a
51. Model of Employee Turnover, Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 890-909. Hom, P. W. & Griffeth, R. W. (1995). Employee Turnover, Cincinnati: Southwestern College Publising.
52. Hsu, M. & Kernohan, G. (2006). Dimensions of Hospital Nurses’ Quality of Working Life, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 54(1), 120
53. Huang, T. C., Lawyer, J. & Lei, C. Y. (2007). The Effects of Quality of Work Life on Commitment and Turnover Intention,
54. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(6), 735-750. Iris, B. & Barrett, G. V. (1972). Some Relations Between Job and Life Satisfaction and Job Importance, Journal of Applied Psychology, 56(4), 301-304.
55. Iverson, R. D. & Maguire, C. (2000). The Relationship between Job and Life Satisfaction: Evidence from a Remote Mining
56. Community, Human Relations, 53(6), 807-839. Judge, T. A. & Watanabe, S. (1993). Individual Differences in the Nature of the Relationship Between Job and Life Satisfaction,
57. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67(2), 101-107. Keser, A. (2005). Çalışma Yaşamı ile Yaşam Doyumu İlişkisine Teorik Bakış, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, 55(1), 897-913.
58. Khanin, D. (2013). How to Reduce Turnover Intentions in the Family Business: Managing Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces, Business Horizons, 56, 63-73.
59. Kim, H. & Stoner, M. (2008). Burnout and Turnover Intention among Social Workers: Effects of Role Stress, Job Autonomy and Social Support, Administration in Social Work, 32(3), 5-25.
60. Korunka, C., Hoonakker, P. & Carayon, P. (2008). Quality of Working Life and Turnover Intention in Information Technology
61. Work, Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, 18(4), 409-423. Larkin, J. M. (1995). Managing Employee Turnover is Everyone’s Business, National Public Accountant, 40(9), 34-36.
62. Lau, R. S. M. (2000). Quality of Work Life and Performance-An Investigation of Two Key Elements in the Service Profit Chain
63. Model, International Journal of Service Industry Management, 11(5): 422-437. Lawrence, T. B. & Robinson, S. L. (2007). Ain’t Misbehavin: Workplace Deviance as Organizational Resistance, Journal of Management, 33(3), 378-394.
64. Liou, S. R. & Cheng, C. Y. (2010). Organisational Climate, Organisational Commitment and Intention to Leave Amongst
65. Hospital Nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(11–12), 1635–1644.
66. Lum, L., Kervin, J., Clark, K., Reid, F. & Sirola, W. (1998). Explaining Nursing Turnover Intent: Job Satisfaction, Pay
67. Satisfaction, or Organizational Commitment?, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 305-320. Lynn M. R. & Redman R. W. (2005). Faces of the Nursing Shortage: Influences on Staff Nurses’ Intentions to Leave Their
68. Positions or Nursing, Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(5), 264–270. Marcus, B. & Schuler, H. (2004). Antecedents of Counterproductive Behavior at Work: A General Perspective, Journal of
69. Applied Psychology, 89(4), 647-660. Marta, J. K. M., Singhapakdi, A., Lee, D. J., Sirgy, M. J., Koonmee, K. & Virakul, B. (2013). Perceptions about Ethics
70. Institutionalization and Quality of Work Life: Thai versus American Marketing Managers, Journal of Business Research, 66, 381-3
71. Martel, J. P. & Dupuis, G. (2006). Quality of Work Life: Theorical and Methodological Problems, and Presentation of a New
72. Model and Measuring Instrument, Social Indicators Research, 77, 333-368. Mobley, W. H. (1982). Some Unanswered Questions in Turnover With Withdrawn Research, The Academy of Management Review, 7(1), 111-116.
73. Moghimi, S. M., Kazemi, M. & Samiie, S. (2012). Studying the Relationship between Organizational Justice and Employees’
74. Quality of Work Life in Public Organizations: A Case Study of Qom Province, Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 6(1), 119- Moore, E. J. (2000). One Road To Turnover: An Examination of Work Exhaustion in Technology Professionals, MIS Quarterly, 24(1), 141-168.
75. Mount, M. K., Ilies, R. & Johnson, E. (2006). Relationship of Personality Traits and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Mediating Effects of Job Satisfaction, Personnel Psychology, 59(3), 591-622.
76. Noor, S. M. & Abdullah, M. A. (2012). Quality Work Life among Workers in Malaysia, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35, 739-7
77. Ntayi, J. M. (2013). Leadership Styles, Workplace Politics and Moral Identity of Ugandan Public Procurement Staff,
78. International Journal of Public Administration, 36, 35-44. O’Brien, K. E. & Allen, T. D. (2008). The Relative Importance of Correlates of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Counterproductive Work Behavior Using Multiple Sources of Data, Human Performance, 21, 62-88.
79. Ouppara, N. S. & Sy, M. V. U. (2012). Quality of Work Life Practices in a Multinational Company in Sydney, Australia, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 116-121.
80. Öcel, H. (2010). Üretim Karşıtı İş Davranışları Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması, Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 13 (26), 18
81. Özdevecioğlu, M. (2003). Algılanan Örgütsel Adaletin Bireylerarası Saldırgan Davranışlar Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Belirlenmesine
82. Yönelik Bir Araştırma, Erciyes Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 21, 77-96. Özer, G. & Günlük, M. (2010). Örgütsel Adaletin Muhasebecilerin İş Memnuniyeti ve İşten Ayrılma Eğilimine Etkisi, Gaziantep
83. Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 459-485. Parasuraman, S. (1989). Nursing Turnover: An Integrated Model, Research in Nursing and Health, 12(1), 267-277.
84. Price, J. & Mueller, C. (1981). A Causal Model of Turnover for Nurses, Academy of Management Journal, 24(3), 543-565.
85. Robinson, S. L. & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A Typology of Deviant Workplace Behaviors: A Multidimensional Scaling Study,
86. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 555-572. Robinson, S. & Greenberg, J. (1998). Employees Behaving Badly: Dimensions, Determinants and Dilemmas in the Study of
87. Workplace Deviance, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 5, 1-30. Saari, L. M. & Judge, T. A. (2004). Employee Attitudes and Job Satisfaction, Human Resource Management, 43(4), 395-407.
88. Schmitt, N. & Bedian, A. G. (1982). A Comparison of LISREL and Two-Stage Least Squares Analysis of a Hypothesized Life
89. Job Satisfaction Reciprocal Relationship, Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 806-817. Shahbazi, B., Shokrzadeh, S., Bejani, H., Malekinia, E. & Ghoroneh, D. (2011). A Survey of Relationship Between the Quality of Work Life and Performance of Department Chairpersons of Esfahan University and Esfahan Medical Science University,
90. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1555-1560.
91. Shaw, J. D., Delery, J. E., Jenkins, G.D. Jr. & Gupta, N. (1998). An Organization-Level Analysis of Voluntary and Involuntary
92. Turnover, Academy of Management Journal, 41(5), 511-525. Shore, L. M. & Martin, H. I. (1989). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Relation to Work Performance and Turnover Intentions, Human Relations, 42, 625-638.
93. Sirgy, M. J.; Efraty, D.; Siegel, P. & Lee, D. J. (2001). A New Measure of Quality of Work Life (QWL) Based on Need
94. Satisfaction and Spillover Theories, Social Indicators Research, 55(3), 241-302. Skarlicki, D. P. & Folger, R. (1997). Retaliation in the Workplace: The Roles od Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional
95. Justice, Journal Of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 434-443. Sourdif J. (2004). Predictors of Nurses’ Intent to Stay at Work in a University Health Centre, Nursing & Health Sciences, 6, 59– 68
96. Szilagyi, A. D. & Wallace, M. J. (1990). Organizational Behavior and Performance, USA: Harper Collins Publisher.
97. Spector, P. E., Fox, S. (2002). An Emotion-Centered Model of Voluntary Work Behavior Some Parallels Between
98. Counterproductive Work Behavior and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Human Resource Management Review, 12, 269- 2
99. Spector, P. E. & Fox, S. (2005). Counterproductive Work Behavior: Investigations of Actors and Targets, The Stressor-Emotion
100. Model of Counterproductive Work Behavior, (Eds: S. Fox ve P. E. Spector), Washington, DC, APA Books, 151-174. Takase, M., Yamashita, N. & Oba, K. (2008). Nurses’s Leaving Intentions: Antecedents and Mediating Factors, Journal of
101. Advanced Nursing, 62(3), 295-306. Tepper, B.J. (2000). Consequences of Abusive Supervision, Academy of Management Journal, 43, 178–190.
102. Tepper, B. J., Carr, J. C., Breaux, D. M., Geider, S., Hu, C. & Hua, W. (2009). Abusive Supervision, Intentions to Quit, and Employees’ Workplace Deviance: A Power/Dependence Analysis, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109, 156-167.
103. Tett, R. P. & Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Turnover Intention, and Turnover: Path Analysis
104. Based on Meta-Analytic Findings, Personnel Psychology, 46, 259-293. Timossi, L.S., Pedroso, B., Francisco, A. C. & Pilatti, L. A. (2008). Evaluation of Quality of Work Life: An Adaptation From
105. The Walton’s QWL Model, XIV International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1-17. Tourangeau A. E. & Cranley L. A. (2006). Nurse Intention to Remain Employed: Understanding and Strengthening
106. Determinants, Journal of Advanced Nursing 55(4), 497–509. Tüzün, İ.K. (2007), Antecedents of Turnover Intention toward a Service Provider, The Business Review, Cambridge, Vol 8, No 2.
107. Tzeng H. (2002). The Influence of Nurses’ Working Motivation and Job Satisfaction on Intention to Quit: An Empirical
108. Investigation in Taiwan, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 39, 867–878. Vagharseyyedin, S. A., Vanaki, Z., & Mohammadi, E. (2011). Quality of Work Life: Experiences of Iranian Nurses, Nursing &
109. Health Sciences, 13(1), 65–75. Vardi, Y. & Wiener, Y. (1996). Misbehavior in Organizations: A Motivational Framework, Organization Science, 7, 151-165.
110. Walton, R. E. (1975). Criteria for Quality of Working Life, The Quality of Working Life, (Eds: L.E. Davis ve A.B. Cherns), New
111. York; The Free Press, and Associates, 91-104. Wayne, S. J.; Shore, L. M. & Linden, R. C. (1997). Perceived Organizational Support and Leader Member Exchange: A Social
112. Exchance Perspective, Academy of Management Journal, 40, 82-111. Weisman, C. S., Alexander, C. S. & Chase, G. A. (1980). Job Satisfaction Among Hospital Nurses: A Longitudinal Study,
113. Health Services Review, 15, 341-364. Wood M., Rasmussen J.E. & Lawler E.E. (1975). Federally Sponsored Research on the Quality of Working Life: Planning,
114. Support, and Products. Battelle Memorial Institution, Human Affairs Research Centres, Seattle. Yıldız, S. M. (2013). Spor ve Fiziksel Etkinlik İşletmelerinde İş Yaşam Kalitesinin Çalışanların İşten Ayrılma Niyetine Etkisi,
115. Ege Akademik Bakış,13(3), 317-324. Yin-Fah, B. C., Foon, Y. S., Leong L. C. & Osman, Syuhaily (2010). An Exploratory Study on Turnover Intention among
116. Private Sector Employees, International Journal of Business and Management, 5(8), 57-64.