ATİNA YURTTAŞLIK HUKUKUNUN TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 64 Sayı: 2, 1339 - 1365

Sultan Deniz Küçüker

https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2024.64.2.16

Öz

Mezopotamya uygarlıklarında halkların tarım ve toprakla kurduğu sıkı ve sürekli ilişki, onları toprağa bağımlı kılmıştı. Bu uygarlıklardaki egemen siyasal otoriteler ise mevcut bağımlı işgücünü ve süreğen üretimi denetlemek üzere örgütlenmişti. Siyasal otorite ile kurulan tahakküm ilişkisi içinde üretici, bürokrasiden tümüyle ayrılmış ve tebaa olarak konumlanmıştı. Ege uygarlık havzasının kendine özgü koşulları ise sadece bir siyasi örgütlenme olarak değil aynı zamanda sosyal ilişkilerin düzenlenmesi bakımından da özgün bir model olarak polis’in varlığına olanak sağlamıştı. Öyle ki tarım alanı dar ancak toplumlar arası sürekli etkileşimi olanaklı kılan bu coğrafyada, sabit siyasi ya da askeri bürokrasi olgunlaşamamıştı. Üretici ile yöneticinin birbirinden ayrılmasına olanak tanımayan koşullar, polis’ler içindeki kamusal alan ve buradan pay alma yurttaşlık olgusunu var etmişti. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle Eskiçağ Tarihi’nin siyasi coğrafyası içinde yurttaşlık olgusunun tarihsel olarak ortaya çıkışı konu edilecek ve ardından Arkaik Çağ’dan Klasik Çağ’ın sonuna dek Atina’da yurttaşlık üzerine yapılan hukuki düzenlemeler incelenecektir. Bu geniş kronoloji içinde Atina örneği üzerinden, iç ve dış politik dinamiklerin yurttaşlık hukuku üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koyabilmek amaçlanmaktadır. Ayrıca incelemenin detaylarında ortaya çıkan veriler sayesinde yurttaşlığa kabul ve yurttaşlıktan çıkarma uygulamalarının geçmişine de ışık tutulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yurttaşlık, Atina, Hukuk, Timē, Atimia

The Historical Development of Athenian Citizenship Law

Öz

In the Mesopotamian civilizations, the inhabitants’ tight and constant relationship with agriculture rendered them dependent on land. The government authorities in these civilizations organized to manage this dependent labor force and ensure continuous production. In such a political system, the producers were totally isolated from the bureaucracy and positioned as subjects. However, the specific conditions of the Aegean civilization basin enabled the polis to exist not only as a distinct political entity but also as a distinct model for the regulation of social relations. Because of its limited agricultural area and potential to facilitate frequent interaction between societies, a fixed administrative or military administration could not evolve in this geography. So the producers and administrators of the poleis could not separate from one another properly, and having a share in the public space gave rise to the concept of citizenship. In the first place, this paper will provide an overview of the emergence of citizenship within the political geography of ancient history. Then the legal regulations in Athens between the Archaic and Classical eras will be analyzed in terms of citizenship. Through the case of Athens, it is intended to examine the impact of both internal and external politics on the citizenship law. Furthermore, the data revealed in details of research will provide information on the history of naturalization and denaturalization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Citizenship, Athens, Law, Timē, Atimia

Kaynakça

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