“INTERNAL PROTECTION ALTERNATIVE” IN REFUGEE LAW

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 50, 361 - 386, 30.06.2024

Esra Yıldız Üstün

Öz

The 1951 Geneva Convention Concerning the Legal Status of Refugees’ definition of a refugee is one of the most hotly contested topics in refugee law today. It is underlined that this definition is insufficient to meet the needs of modern doctrine and practice, and that gaps and ambiguous language are not serving the intended goal of the convention because they are understood differently by the contracting states. The IPA limit is the primary use among these several types. If the applicant for asylum receives state protection in a different region of their country of origin, their asylum application will be denied due to the IPA restriction, which was implemented in the late 1970s. On the other hand, in certain situations, providing refugee status up to the IPA might also be referred to as indirect refoulement. As a result, states that reject refugee requests cannot be said to be acting in a way that upholds human rights or the letter and spirit of the 1951 Geneva Convention.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate how member states of the Geneva treaty utilise the IPA when granting refugee status, as well as to clarify the IPA’s contents within the framework of the treaty. Next, it will be considered whether the Internal Protection Alternative is applicable under the Geneva Convention and the European Convention on Human Rights.

Anahtar Kelimeler

IPA, refugee, Geneva Convention, non-refoulement, human rights

MÜLTECI HUKUKUNDA “DAHİLİ KORUMA ALTERNATİFİ”

Öz

Günümüzde mülteci hukukunun en yoğun tartışılan konularından biri de 1951 tarihli Mültecilerin Hukuki Durumuna Dair Cenevre Sözleşmesi’ndeki mülteci tanımıdır. Doktrinde ve pratikte bu tanımın artık günümüz ihtiyaçları için yeterli olmadığı ve aynı zamanda taraf ülkelerce muğlak ifadelerin ve boşlukların farklı yorumlanarak sözleşmenin amacına da hizmet etmediği vurgulanmaktadır. Bu farklı uygulamaların başında gelen internal protection alternative (IPA) (İç Koruma, Dahili Koruma Alternatifi) limitidir. 1970’lerin sonlarına doğru uygulanmaya başlanmış olan dahili koruma alternatifi limiti, iltica talebinde bulunan kişinin menşe ülkesinin başka bir bölümünde devlet korumasından yararlanması söz konusu ise iltica başvurusunun reddedilmesine sebep olmaktadır. Ancak, dahili koruma alternatifinin hangi hallerde ve nasıl uygulanacağı Sözleşme’de açıkca belirtilmemiştir. Bundan dolayı da ülkeler bu durumu kendi çıkarları doğrultusunda yorumlayabilmektedir. Buna gerekçe olarakta uluslararası korumanın ikame koruma olmasını göstermektedirler. Ancak, dahili koruma alternatifinin mültecilik statüsü verilmesinde limit olarak kullanılması bazı durumlarda dolaylı geri gönderme olarakta nitelendirilebilmektedir. Bu nedenle mültecilik talebini reddeden ülkelerin bu tavrı ne 1951 Cenevre Sözleşmesi’nin özüne ve ruhuna ne de insan haklarına uygun bir yaklaşım olarak kabul edilebilir.
Bu çalışmada Cenevre Sözleşmesi çerçevesinde dahili koruma alternatifinin içeriği açıklanıp, sözleşmeye üye devletlerin mültecilik statüsü verirken dahili koruma alternatifini nasıl uyguladıkları incelenecektir. Ardından dahili koruma alternatifinin Cenevre Sözleşmesi ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi çerçevesinde uygulanabilirliği tartışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dahili koruma alternatifi, mülteci, Cenevre Sözleşmesi, geri göndermeme, insan hakları

Kaynakça

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