ULUSÖTESİ GÖÇÜN ÖZNESİ KİMSELERİN YER İLE KURDUKLARI İLİŞKİYE DAİR KISA BİR TARTIŞMA

Öz

Bu makale, ulusötesi göç bağlamında yer ile insan arasında kurulan ilişkinin, modern ve postmodern toplumlarda nasıl farklı biçimlerde kavramsallaştırıldığını, kuramsal bir yeniden çerçeveleme denemesi olarak ele almaktadır. Çalışma, ampirik bir saha araştırmasına dayanmamakta, ulusötesi göçün öznesi kimselerin yer ile kurdukları ilişkiye dair literatürde geliştirilen başlıca yaklaşımların eleştirel ve ilişkisel bir okumasını sunmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel amacı, literatürde çoğunlukla birbirine karşıt biçimde ele alınan özcü yaklaşımın ürettiği yersiz yurtsuzlaşma kavramı ile özcülük karşıtı anlayışın geliştirdiği yeniden yerliyurtlulaşma kavramlarını birlikte düşünerek, küresel mekân tahayyülünün “yer” kavramını nasıl dönüştürdüğünü ortaya koymaktır. Makale şu soruya yanıt aramaktadır: Küresel mekân tahayyülü, ulusötesi bağlamlarda yer ile kurulan ilişki, literatürde sıklıkla karşıtlıklar üzerinden kurulan kavramsallaştırmaların ötesinde, nasıl ilişkisel ve süreçsel biçimde yeniden düşünmeyi mümkün kılar? Bu çerçevede çalışma, yerin ne tamamen çözülen ne de değişmeden kalan bir yapı olarak kavranabileceğini; aksine, farklı kuramsal yaklaşımlar içinde zamansal, mekânsal ve toplumsal süreçler aracılığıyla sürekli olarak yeniden üretildiğini savunmaktadır. Makalenin özgün katkısı, ulusötesi göç literatüründe çoğunlukla karşıtlık içinde ele alınan bu kavramları, birbirini dışlayan kategoriler olarak değil, yer ile kurulan ilişkiyi, birlikte ele alan eşzamanlı süreçler olarak kavramsallaştıran bütünlüklü bir kuramsal çerçeve önermesidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yerinden Edilmiş Kimse
• Yer
• Özcü Yaklaşım
• Yersiz Yurtsuzlaşma ve Yeniden Yerli Yurtlulaşma

A BRIEF DISCUSSION ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SUBJECTS OF TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION AND PLACE

Öz

This article addresses the relationship established between place and people in the context of transnational migration as a theoretical attempt to reframe how this relationship is conceptualized differently in modern and postmodern societies. The study is not based on empirical fieldwork; rather, it offers a critical and relational reading of the main approaches developed in the literature concerning how subjects of transnational migration relate to place. The primary aim of the study is to consider together the concept of deterritorialization, produced by essentialist approaches, and the concept of reterritorialization, developed within anti-essentialist perspectives—concepts that are most often treated as oppositional in the literature—in order to demonstrate how the global spatial imagination transforms the notion of “place.” The article seeks to answer the following question: How does the global spatial imagination make it possible to rethink the relationship with place in transnational contexts in a relational and processual manner, beyond conceptualizations that are frequently constructed through oppositions in the literature? Within this framework, the study argues that place can be understood neither as a structure that is entirely dissolved nor as one that remains unchanged; rather, it is continuously reproduced through temporal, spatial, and social processes within different theoretical approaches. The article’s original contribution lies in proposing a comprehensive theoretical framework that conceptualizes these notions—often addressed in opposition within the transnational migration literature—not as mutually exclusive categories, but as simultaneous processes that together shape the relationship with place.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Displaced Persons
• Place
• Essentialist Approach
• De-Territorialization
• Re-Territorialization

Kaynakça

1. Agamben, G. (2008). Beyond human rights. Novact. Retrieved December 28, 2022, from https://novact.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Beyond-Human-Rights-by-Giorgio-Agamben.pdf
2. Allen, T. G., & Turton, D. (1996). Introduction: in search of cool ground. In T. G. Allen (Ed.), In search of cool ground: war, flight and homecoming. essay, UNRISD.
3. Anderson, B. (2016). Imagined communities. Verso Books.
4. Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at large: cultural dimensions of globalization. University of Minnesota Press.
5. Bisharat, G. E. (1997). Exile to compatriot transformations in the social identity of Palestinian refugees in the west bank. In A. Gupta & J. Ferguson (Eds.), Culture power place: explorations in critical anthropology. essay, Duke University Press.
6. Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge Univ. Press.
7. Boyer, M. C. (1988). The return of aesthetics to city planning. Society, 25(4), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02695725
8. Brenner, N. (1999a). Beyond state-centrism? space, territoriality, and geographical scale in globalization studies. Theory and methods, 313–336. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315236285-23

9. Brenner, N. (1999b). Globalisation as reterritorialisation: the re-scaling of urban governance in the European Union. The editors of Urban studies.
10. Castree, N. (2009). The spatio-temporality of capitalism. Time & society, 18(1), 26–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463x08099942
11. Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1984). Anti-oedipus: capitalism and schizophrenia I. Bloomsbury Academic.
12. Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia. (B. Massumi, Trans.). Bloomsbury.
13. Durkheim, É. (1915). The elementary forms of the religious life: Emile Durkheim. Allen & Unwin.
14. Giddens, A. (1987). Time and social organization. In social theory and modern sociology (ss. 140–165). essay, Blackwell.
15. Harvey, D. (1990). The condition of postmodernity: an enquiry into the origins of cultural change. Blackwell.
16. Harvey, D. (2006). The limits to capital. Verso.
17. Jameson, F. (2009). The cultural turn: selected writings on the postmodern 1983-1998. Verso.
18. Kibreab, G. (1999). Revisiting the debate on people, place, identity and displacement. Journal of refugee studies, 12(4), 384–410. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/12.4.384
19. Laclau, E., & Mouffe, C. (1985). Hegemony and socialist strategy: towards a radical democratic politics. Verso.
20. Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Blackwell.
21. Malkki, L. (1990). Context and consciousness: local conditions for the production of historical and national thought among Hutu refugees in Tanzania. In R. G. Fox (Ed.), Nationalist ideologies and the production of national cultures. essay, American Anthropological Association.
22. Malkki, L. (1992). National geographic: the rooting of peoples and the territorialization of national identity among scholars and refugees. Cultural anthropology , 7 (1), 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822382089-004
23. Malkki, L. (1995). Purity and exile: violence, memory, and national cosmology, among Hutu refugees in Tanzania. University of Chicago Press.
24. Marx, K. (1852). The eighteenth brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Progress Publishers.
25. Marx, K. (1993). Grundrisse. Penguin Classics.
26. Massey, D. B. (1994). Space, place and gender. Polity Press.
27. Massey, D. (1999a). Philosophy and politics of spatiality: some considerations. The hettner lecture in human geography. Geographische zeitschrift, 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/http://www.jstor.org/stable/27818829
28. Massey, D. (1999b). Double articulation a place in the world. In A. Bammer (Ed.), Displacements: cultural identities in question (pp. 110–122). essay, NetLibrary, Inc.
29. Massey, D. (2005). For space. Sage.
30. McLennan, G. (1995). Pluralism. Open University Press.
31. Mouffe, C. (1988). Radical democracy: modern or postmodern? In A. Ross (Ed.), Universal abandon?: the politics of postmodernism (pp. 31–45). essay, University of Minnesota Press.
32. Said, E. W. (1979). Zionism from the standpoint of its victims. Social text, (1), 7–58. https://doi.org/10.2307/466405
33. Sayer, A. (1997). Essentialism, social constructionism, and beyond. The sociological review, 45(3), 453–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954x.00073
34. Steen Preis, A. B. (1997). Seeking place: capsized identities and contracted belonging among Sri Lankan Tamil refugees. In K. F. Olwig (Ed.), Siting culture: the shifting anthropological object (p. 236). essay, Routledge.
35. Tuathail, G. Ó. (1998). Political geography III: dealing with deterritorialization. Progress in human geography, 22(1), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1191/030913298673827642
36. Turton, D. (1996). Migrants and refugees: a Mursi case study. In T. Allen (Ed.), In search of cool ground: war, flight and homecoming in Northeast Africa. essay, James Currey.
37. Urry, J. (1994). Social relations, space and time. In D. Gregory & J. Urry (Eds.), Social relations and spatial structures (pp. 20–48). essay, Macmillan.
38. Van Wagenen, A. (2007). The promise and impossibility of representing anti-essentialism: reading bulworth through critical race theory. Race, gender & class, 14(1/2), 157–177. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41675202
39. Warner, D. (1994). Voluntary repatriation and the meaning of return to home: a critique of liberal mathematics. Journal of refugee studies, 7(2-3), 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/7.2-3.160