EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI: OECD ÜLKELERİ İÇİN PANEL FOURİER NEDENSELLİK TESTİ

Öz

Ekonomik büyüme modellerinden biri olan içsel büyüme modelleri, beşeri sermayenin ülkelerin büyümesi ve refahı üzerindeki etkisini vurgulamaktadır. Beşeri sermayeyi ölçmek için ise birçok gösterge bulunmaktadır. Bu göstergelerden biri olan sağlık, üretimin sürdürülebilmesi ve ekonomik refahın arttırılması için önemlidir. Dolayısıyla sağlık harcamaları, insanların yaşam kalitesini gösteren değişkenlerden biridir. Bu çalışmada 1975-2019 dönemlerine ait yıllık veriler kullanılmıştır. 21 OECD ülkesi için ekonomik büyüme ile sağlık harcamalarının nedensellik yönü panel Fourier nedensellik testi kullanarak araştırılmaktadır. Bireysel nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre Almanya, Avusturya, Danimarka, Finlandiya, Hollanda, İspanya, İsveç, İsviçre ve Kore ülkelerinde ekonomik büyümeden sağlık harcamalarına tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu, İzlanda için ise iki yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca panelin geneli için elde edilen sonuçlar büyümeden sağlık harcamalarına doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sağlık Harcamaları
• OECD
• Panel Fourier Nedensellik
• Ekonomik Büyüme

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HEALTH EXPENDITURES: THE PANEL FOURIER CAUSALITY TEST FOR OECD COUNTRIES

Öz

Endogenous growth models, one of the economic growth models, emphasize the impact of human capital on the growth and welfare of countries. There are many indicators to measure human capital. Health, which is one of these indicators, is important for sustaining production and increasing economic welfare. Therefore, health expenditures are one of the variables that show people's quality of life. In this study, annual data for the period from 1975 to 2019 is used. The causality relationship between economic growth and health expenditures is investigated using the panel Fourier causality test for 21 OECD countries. According to the individual results, there is a one-way causality relationship from economic growth to health expenditures for Germany, Austria, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Korea and a bidirectional causality relationship for Iceland. In addition, the results obtained for the panel show that there is a one-way causality relationship from growth to health expenditures.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Health Expenditure
• OECD
• Panel Fourier Causality
• Economic Growth

Kaynakça

1. Amiri, A. & Ventelou, B. (2012). Granger causality between total expenditure on health and GDP in OECD: Evidence from the Toda–Yamamoto approach. Economics letters, 116(3), 541-544.
2. Arslan, İ., Eren, M. V. & Kaynak, S. (2016). Sağlık ile kalkınma arasındaki ilişkinin asimetrik nedensellik analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi dergisi, 31(2), 287-310.
3. Barro, R. J. (1990). Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth. Journal of political economy, 98 (5), 103-125.
4. Bedir, S. (2016). Healthcare expenditure and economic growth in developing countries. Advances in economics and business, 4(2), 76-86.
5. Bloom, D. E. & Canning, D. (2000). The health and wealth of nations. Science, 287(5456), 1207-1209.
6. Boussalem, F., Boussalem Z. & Taiba A. (2014). The relationship between public spending on health and economic growth in Algeria: Testing for co-integration and causality. International journal of business and management, 2(3), 25.
7. Breusch, T. S. & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic studies, 47(1), 239-253.
8. Devlin, N., & Hansen, P. (2001). Health care spending and economic output: Granger causality. Applied economics letters, 8(8), 561–564.

9. Dinçer, H. & Yuksel S. (2019). Identifying the causality relationship between health expenditure and economic growth: An application on E7 countries. Journal of health systems and policies, 1(1), 5-23.
10. Emirmahmutoglu, F. & Kose N. (2011). Testing for Granger causality in heterogeneous mixed panels. Econ model, 28(3):870–876.
11. Erdil, E. & Yetkiner, H. (2009). The Granger-causality between health care expenditure and output: A panel data approach. Applied economics, 41(4), 511-518.
12. Esen, E. & Çelik Keçili, M. (2021). Economic growth and health expenditure analysis for Turkey: Evidence from time series. Journal of the knowledge economy, 1-15.
13. Fisher, R. A. (1932). Statistical methods for research workers. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.
14. Gyimah-Brempong, K. & Wilson, M. (2004). Health human capital and economic growth in Sub-Saharan African and OECD countries. The quarterly review of economics and finance, 44(2), 296-320.
15. Granger, C.WJ. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424–438.
16. Halıcı-Tülüce, N. S., Doğan İ. & Dumrul C. (2016). Is income relevant for health expenditure and economic growth nexus?. International journal of health economics and management, 16(1), 23-49.
17. Hassan, M. S. & Kalim, R. (2012). The triangular causality among education, health and economic growth: A time series analysis of Pakistan. World applied sciences journal, 18 (2): 196-207.
18. Hsueh, S. J., Hu, Y. H. & Tu, C. H. (2013). Economic growth and financial development in Asian countries: A bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis. Economic modelling, 32, 294-301.
19. Jones, P. M., & Enders W. (2014). On the use of the flexible Fourier form in unit root tests, endogenous breaks, and parameter instability. Recent advances in estimating nonlinear models, Springer, New York.
20. Kibritçioğlu, A. (1998). İktisadi büyümenin belirleyicileri ve yeni büyüme modellerinde beşeri sermayenin yeri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF dergisi, 53(1), 207-230.
21. Konat, G. (2021). Sağlık harcaması ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: OECD ülkeleri için panel veri analizi. Journal of Yaşar University, 16(61), 348-360.
22. Lucas Jr, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of monetary economics, 22, 3–42.
23. Mehrara, M. & Musai, M. (2011). The causality between health expenditure and economic growth in Iran. Int. j. eco. res, 2(4), 13-19.
24. Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata T. (2008). A bias adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. The econometrics journal, 11(1), 105-127.
25. Pesaran, M. H. (2006). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of crosssection dependecy. Cambridge working papers in economics, 0346.
26. Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of applied econometrics, 22 (2), 265-312.
27. Pradhan, R. P. (2011). Effects of health spending on economic growth: A time series approach. Decision, 38(2), 68-83.
28. Rana, R. H., Alam, K. & Gow, J. (2020). Health expenditure and gross domestic product: Causality analysis by income level. International journal of health economics and management, 20(1), 55-77.
29. Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long run growth. Journal of political economy, 94 (5), 1002-1037.
30. Sethi, N., Mohanty, S., Das, A. & Sahoo, M. (2020). Health expenditure and economic growth nexus: Empirical evidence from South Asian countries. Global business review, 0972150920963069.
31. Şen, A. & Bingöl N. (2018). Sağlık harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Akademik yaklaşımlar dergisi, 9(1), 89-106.
32. Tang, C. F. (2010). Revisiting the health-income nexus in Malaysia: ARDL cointegration and Rao's F-test for causality. MPRA papers, No. 27287.
33. Tıraş, H. H. & Ağır, H. (2018). Sağlık harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel nedensellik analizi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi sosyal bilimler dergisi, 17(4) 1558-1573.
34. Toda, H. Y. & Yamamoto T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.
35. Wang, K. M. (2011). Health care expenditure and economic growth: Quantile panel-type analysis. Economic modelling, 28, 1536–1549.
36. Woodhall, M. (1987). Human capital concept, economics of education: Research and studies. Pergamon Press, Oxford, s. 21-24.
37. Xhindi, T., Kripa, E. & Shestani K. (2020). Causality between economic growth and health expenditure: A time series analysis from 1996 till 2017 in Albania. Wseas transactions on environment and development, Doi: 10.37394/232015.2020.16.29.
38. Yilanci, V. & Gorus M. S. (2020). Does economic globalization have predictive power for ecological footprint in MENA counties? A panel causality test with a Fourier function. Environmental science and pollution research, 27(32), 40552-40562.