Topluluk Derin Öğrenme Mimarlarını Kullanarak Doğru Bitki Hastalığı Tanımlaması

Öz

Bitki hastalıklarının erken teşhisi, mahsul sağlığını garanti altına almak ve tarımsal kayıpları azaltmak için hayati öneme sahiptir. Geleneksel görsel incelemenin manuel çabaya bağımlı olması, hem hızını hem de doğruluğunu doğal olarak sınırlandırmaktadır; bu da onu iyileştirme potansiyeli taşıyan bir alan haline getirmektedir. Bu zorluğun üstesinden gelmek için, bu çalışma, elma yaprağı hastalıklarının -sağlıklı, küllenme (powdery mildew) ve pas (rust) koşullarına odaklanarak- otomatik sınıflandırması amacıyla bir ensemble derin öğrenme çerçevesi sunmaktadır. Kamuya açık bir Kaggle veri setinden alınan 1.532 görüntü, çevirme, parlaklık ayarlama ve döndürme gibi teknikler kullanılarak 9.284 örneğe çıkarılmıştır. Beş önceden eğitilmiş evrişimli sinir ağı mimarisi—DenseNet201, EfficientNetB3, ResNet101, ResNet50 ve VGG16—doğruluk (accuracy), kesinlik (precision), duyarlılık (recall) ve F1-skoru metriklerine dayalı olarak ince ayar yapılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bunlar arasında, EfficientNetB3 ve VGG16 tüm sınıflar boyunca üstün sınıflandırma performansı sergilemiştir. Önerilen ensemble modeli, %95.00 doğruluk oranına ve mükemmel kesinlik ve duyarlılık değerlerine (%100.00) ulaşarak, çeşitli temel ve ilgili çalışmaları geride bırakmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, hastalık tespit doğruluğunu artırmada ensemble derin öğrenme ve veri çoğaltma yöntemlerinin etkinliğini teyit etmekte olup, gerçek zamanlı bitki sağlığı izleme sistemleri için umut vaat eden bir çözüm sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Görüntü işleme
• Bitki hastalığı
• Derin öğrenme modelleri
• Elma yaprağı sınıflandırması

Comparative Analysis of CNN-Based Deep Learning Architectures for Automatic Plant Disease Classification

Abstract

Early detection of plant diseases is crucial for ensuring crop health and reducing agricultural losses. Traditional visual inspection presents a key opportunity for enhancement, as its dependence on manual effort naturally limits both its speed and accuracy. To address this challenge, this study conducts a comparative analysis of five convolutional neural network based architectures—DenseNet201, EfficientNetB3, ResNet101, ResNet50, and VGG16—for automatic classification of apple leaf diseases, focusing on healthy, powdery mildew, and rust conditions. A publicly available Kaggle dataset consisting of 1,532 images was augmented to 9,284 samples using techniques such as flipping, brightness adjustment, and rotation. Each model was fine-tuned and evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Among these, EfficientNetB3 and VGG16 demonstrated superior classification performance across all classes, achieving up to 95.00% accuracy with perfect precision and recall (100.00%). These results confirm the effectiveness of transfer learning and data augmentation in enhancing disease detection accuracy, offering a promising foundation for real-time plant health monitoring systems.

Keywords

• Image processing
• Plant disease
• Deep learning models
• Apple leaf classification

Kaynakça

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