Depremde hasar gören kırsal yapılar için bir yapısal hasar değerlendirmesi

Öz

Türkiye coğrafyasının %92'sinin deprem bölgeleri içerisinde olduğu, nüfusunun ise %95'inin deprem tehlikesi altında olduğu bilinmektedir. 2013 nüfus sayımına göre Türkiye nüfusunun %22,7’si kırsalda (belde ve köylerde) yaşamakta ve bu oran Van bölgesinde %50 civarlarını bulmaktadır. Bu önemli noktadan yola çıkılarak 2011 Van Depremleri sonrası bölgede çoğunlukla yığma yapılardan oluşan Erciş ilçesine bağlı yerleşim birimleri incelenmiş ve kırsal alandaki hasar tespit çalışmaları değerlendirilmiştir. Mevcut yığma yapıların aldığı hasarlar belirlenerek, bu yapılar hasarsız, az hasarlı, orta hasarlı ve ağır hasarlı/yıkık olmak üzere dört şekilde kategorize edilmiştir. Her yerleşim birimi için yapılarda meydana gelen hasar tiplerinin toplam hasarlı yapı sayısına oranlanarak, her hasar durumu için ayrı bir yüzde çıkarılmıştır. Bunlar önerilen hasar katsayılarıyla çarpılarak rakamsal bir sonuç elde edilmiştir. Hasar durumlarına göre şiddet değerinin tespit edilebileceği bir skala oluşturulmuştur ve elde edilen sonuç bu skaladan bakılarak şiddet değeri tespit edilmiştir. Böylece bu çalışmada sadece yığma yapı hasarları ölçüt alınarak kırsal yerleşim birimleri için daha nicel alternatif bir yapısal şiddet cetveli oluşturulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 2011 Van Depremleri, Yığma Yapı, Yapısal Hasar, Şiddet Cetveli

An Evaluation on Earthquake Structural Damages for Rural Areas

Öz

Turkey have two active major fault zones map as North Anatolian Fault Zone (KAFZ) and East Anatolian Fault Zone (DAFZ). Mostly due to these zones, about 92% of Turkey's geography is defined to be earthquake zones which represent 95% of the population of Turkey to be under risk of earthquake hazards. The collected data about severe earthquakes of Turkey including information about the location, time, magnitude and intensity of the earthquakes shows a considerable risk potential. Furthermore, according to the 2013 census in Turkey, 22.7% of the population lives in rural areas (towns and villages) while this ratio for Van and vicinity rises about 50%. So it is focused on the 2011 Van earthquakes which have revealed a 644 people lost their lives and thousands of damaged building. On the other hand most of the damaged buildings due to the devastating earthquake are noted to be in rural area. Because of intensive earthquake activities in Van region it is necessary to consider about the rural masonry buildings. An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. Layers, earth plates and faults will be briefly described to define the earthquake. The earthquakes with epicenter of in Edremit on 23 October 2011 with magnitude 7.2 Mw and 9 November 2011 with magnitude Mw 5.6 caused huge losses. The masonry building utilization rate due to the socio-economic situation in the region after the earthquake in Erciş examined very high due to settlements in rural areas, towns and damage assessment were evaluated. Determining the damage taken by the existing masonry structures have been categorized in four categories: undamaged, slightly damaged, moderately damaged and heavily damaged / collapsed. How this is done is described in detail in the classification. Damage caused by dividing the structure for each residential unit, were obtained from a separate percentages for each damage case. According to the type of damage; the undamaged state "0", less for the damaged condition "3.33", for moderately damaged condition "6.67" and the situation is ruined "10" coefficients were determined. The numerical result so obtained was found to be multiplied by a coefficient that damage. Than a value created in chart has been determined according to the severity of the damage. This graph and equation is established between the severities of injury status value. Intensity values between I-X, damage varies between states 0-1000. Intensity value is an integer. The resulting damage is found by looking of intensity values which were determined by placing the equation or graph. The strength or size of earthquake has been measured in two ways. In beginning of late 19th century, professional studies to measure the magnitude of the earthquake were made by the Richter scale. The other scale deals with what kind of people that the earthquake and the earthquake that aims to measure how much damage; the method is to detect the effects on buildings and nature. Given the severity of the previous ruler is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale new most widely used. The sentiment of structural damage as well as live in these violent rulers were considered. As can be seen from this chart, the lowest intensity I, the earthquakes recorded by sensitive instruments; the largest of XII shows the complete destruction against earthquake. In this study the aim is to discuss the masonry buildings and damage taken by them is taken as a criterion, more quantitative structural violence an alternative scheme for rural settlements were established. Thus, after an earthquake it may be possible to observe settlements according to the severity of the situation by looking at the map of violence and ground situation of this place. The factors such as material type used in the manufacture of structures examined in detail, earthquake structures more resistant aims to assist in the design

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 2011 Van earthquakes, Masonry Structures, Structural Damage, Intensity Scale