Comparative analysis of hydraulic turbine performance tests using dye dilution and winter-kennedy methods- a case study
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 287 - 300, 30.06.2025
Gökhan Özbek
,
Sabir Rüstemli
Öz
Performance testing is an activity that must be done to ensure that hydroelectric power plant efficiency does not fall to unacceptable levels. The objectives of these tests include checking the warranties declared at the factory, determining possible revisions and investment costs by analyzing the current situation, searching for efficient operating conditions in turbine-generator units and increasing generator power output. In this study, performance tests were conducted on a turbine-generator unit using dye dilution and Winter-Kennedy flow measurement methods. An Efficiency Monitoring System was installed in the unit for the tests. After the tests, the system was left in continuous operation mode, allowing instantaneous efficiency monitoring. The tests were conducted under the same operating and operating conditions and at the same time interval. Thus, comparative analysis of the test results and measurement of the accuracy of the tests were made possible. In the performance tests, it was observed that there was a 3.5% efficiency loss in the turbine. It was determined that this loss occurred at a rate of 0.1% in the generator. In the tests, the generator power corrected according to gross head was calculated as 47.7 MW. Accordingly, it was evaluated that the capacity of the generator with a design value of 40 MW could be increased.
Kaynakça
-
[1] H. Akın,” Su türbini tasarımı amaçlı sayısal yöntemler geliştirilmesi ve uygulaması,” Yüksek lisans tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Makine Mühendisliği ABD, TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye, 2014.
-
[2] F. Eraydın,” Hidroelektrik santrallerde net düşü değişiminin aktif güç çıkışı üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi,” Yüksek lisans tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Elektrik Elektronik Mühendisliği ABD, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Kütahya, Türkiye, 2019.
-
[3] A. Çoşkun, “Türkiye’de elektrik enerjisi sorunu ve ekonomik gelişmemizdeki önemi”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, vol. 34, pp. 73-83, Feb. 2012.
-
[4] R. Shrestha, B. Thapa, P. Gautam, P. Upadhyay, “Productivity and efficiency measurement in hydraulic turbine,” 10th. National Convention, Building New Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities, Kathmandu, Nepal; Apr.11-13 2007.
-
[5] M. S. Güney, K. Kaygusuz, “Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems: a technology status review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, pp. 12996-3004, Dec. 2010,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.06.016
-
[6] A. Kerim, V. Süme,” İçmesuyu şebekelerinden enerji elde edilmesi; boru içi türbin modeli,” Türk Hidrolik Dergisi, Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 8-17, Jun. 2021.
-
[7] G. Urquiza, M. A. Basurto-Pensado, L. Castro, A. Adamkowski, W. Janick, ”Flow measurement methods applied to hydro power plants,” in Flow Mmeasurement, G. Urquiza, L. Castro Ed., London, England: Intech, 2012, pp.151-198, https://doi.org/10.5772/36508
-
[8] Ü. Beyazgül,” Elektrik üreten bir piko su türbini performansının deneysel ve nümerik incelenmesi,” Yüksek lisans tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Makine Mühendisliği ABD, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sakarya, Türkiye, 2022.
-
[9] S. H. Vinchurkar, B. K. Samtani, “Performance evaluation of the hydropower plants using various multi-criteria decision-making techniques,” International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2131-2138, Aug. 2019, https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.F8490.088619
-
[10] C. P. Shea, “Renewable energy: today's contribution, tomorrow's promise”, Washington, USA: Worldwatch Institute, 1988.
-
[11] S. Bozkurt, R. Tür, “Dünyada ve Türkiye’de hidroelektrik enerji, gelişimi ve genel değerlendirme” in 4. Su Yapıları Sempozyumu, Antalya, Türkiye, 2015, pp. 322-330.
-
[12] EIA, U.S. Energy Information Administration. The world’s nine largest operating power plants are hydroelectric facilities. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=28392, Accessed on: October 22, 2024
-
[13] H. A. Mahauddin, I. Jauhari, N. N. Nik Ghazali, N. M. Sultan, S. Julai, “Development and performance testing of a new in-pipe hydropower prototype towards Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6,” Cogent Engineering, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-17,2024, https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2024.2319402
-
[14] IHA, Internatıonal Hydropower Assocıatıon. 2024 Word Hydropower Outlook. https://www.hydropower.org/publications/2024-world-hydropower-outlook, , Accessed on: October 25, 2024.
-
[15] Our Word in Data. Energy production and consumption (January 2024). https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption, , Accessed on: October 25, 2024.
-
[16] ETKB, Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. Elektrik. https://enerji.gov.tr/bilgi-merkezi-enerji-elektrik, , Accessed on: October 24, 2024.
-
[17] EÜAŞ, Elektrik Üretim Anonim Şirketi. Yıllık faaliyet raporu 2023. https://www.euas.gov.tr/raporlar,Accessed on: October 24, 2024.
-
[18] ETKB, Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. Türkiye ulusal enerji planı 2022. https://enerji.gov.tr/duyuru-detay?id=20317
-
[19] REN21, Renewables Now. Key facts hydropower. Renewables global status report. https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2023/modules/energy_supply/02_market_developments/05_ hydropower/, Accessed on: October 25, 2024.
-
[20] S. Jain, R. P. Saini, A. Kumar, “Cfd approach for prediction of efficiency of francis turbine,” in 8 th. International Conference on Hydraulic Efficiency Measurement (IGHEM), Roorkee, India; 2010, pp. 257-263.
-
[21] M. K. Shukla, R. Jain, V. Prasad, S. N. Shukla, “CFD analysis of 3-D flow for francis turbines”, MIT International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 93-100, Aug. 2011.
-
[22] B. Kavurmacı, K. Celebioglu, S. Aradag, Y. Tascioglu,”Model Testing of francis-type hydraulic turbines,” Measurent and Control, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 70-73, Jun. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1177/0020294017702284
-
[23] Z. Carija, Z. Mrsa, S. Fucak, “Validation of francis water turbine CFD simulations,” Strojarstvo, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 5-14, Mar. 2008.
-
[24] H. A. Brekke, “Discussion on pelton turbines versus francis turbines for high head plants Proceedings,” in Symp. ASCE-IAHR/ASME Colorado State Universty, Colorado, USA, 1978, pp. 167-177.
-
[25] J. Steller, A. Adamkowski, A. Henke, W. Janick, M. Kaniecki, Z. Krzemianowski, “Discharge measurement and performance tests of hydraulic units in low-head small hydropower installations,” Transactions of the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery vol. 130, pp. 3-29, Dec. 2015.
-
[26] Y. Li, M. Yu, j. Cheng, Y. Yin, J. Wang, “The application of turbine efficiency measurement in huge hydraulic power stations,” in 12th. International Conference on Hydraulic Efficiency Measurement (IGHEM), Beijing, China, 2018, pp. 1-5.
-
[27] C. Purece, L. Corlan, V. Pleşca, “Determination of turbine efficiency for small hydro power plants,” Journal of Sustainable Energy vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 100-106, Dec. 2020.
-
[28] A. Adamkowski, W. Janicki, J. Kubiak, G. Urquiza, F. Sierra, J. M. Fernández, “Water turbine efficiency measurements using the gibson method based on special instrumentation installed inside pipelines,” in 6th. International Conference on Innovation in Hydraulic Efficiency Measurements, Oregon, USA, 2006, pp. 1-12.
-
[29] S. Ghosh, S. Mali, J. T. Kshirsagar,” Performance testing of a low head small hydro power (SHP) plant-Zho Suwei (TAIWAN) –a case study,” in 8th. International Conference on Hydraulic Efficiency Measurement (IGHEM), Roorkee, İndia, 2010, pp. 44-54.
-
[30] J. Westermann, “Efficiency Improvement,” presentedat the EUAS IPA Training Program, Ankara, Türkiye, Mar. 25-26, 2021.
-
[31] M. Cyrenne, “Flow measurement using the dye dilutioan technique,” in 4th. International Conference on Hydraulic Efficiency Measurement (IGHEM), Toronto, Canada, 2002, pp. 1-10
-
[32] U. Muthukumar, J. Chandapilli, S. Sasendra, “Flow measurement in hdroelectric stations using tracer dilution method – case studies,” 8th. International Conference on Hydraulic Efficiency Measurement (IGHEM), Roorkee, India, 2010, pp. 34-43
-
[33] W. S. Liang, E. V. Richardson, “Dye dilution method of discharge measurement,” Colorada State Universty Water Management Technical Report, Report No: 3(CER 69/70-45), Oct. 22, 2024. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/39018
-
[34] H. J. Pant, J. Biswal, S. Goswami, J. S. Samantray, V. K. Sharma, K. S. S. Sarma,” Development and application of radiotracer dilution technique for flow rate measurements,” BARC Newsletter, Vol. May – June, pp. 1-9, Jul. 2017.
-
[35] H. J. Pant, “Radiotracer applications in industry, the environment and research,” in Ionising Radiation and Manking. D. V. Gopinath, N. Ramamoorthy, Ed. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020, pp. 211-264.
-
[36] R. Pala, “Hidroelektrik santrallerde türbin verimliliğinin termodinamik metotla ölçülmesi,” Yüksek lisans tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Makine Mühendisliği ABD, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon, Türkiye, 2007.
-
[37] K. Kafalı, “Hidroelektrik bir santralin teorik ve gerçek performansının karşılaştırılması,” Yüksek lisans tez, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Makine Mühendisliği ABD, Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi, Osmaniye, Türkiye 2020.
-
[38] Z. G. Yan, L. J. Zhou, Z. Wang,” Turbine efficiency test on a large hydraulic turbine unit. Science China Technological Sciences vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 2199–2205, Aug. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-012-4914-6
-
[39] Y. Zhou, P. Luoping, C. Dengfeng,” Turbine efficiency measurement by thermodynamic test method. International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 261-267, Dec. 2019,https://doi.org/10.5293/IJFMS.2019.12.4.261
-
[40] B. Baidar, J. Nicolle, C. Trivedi, M. J. Cervantes,” Winter-Kennedy method in hydraulic discharge measurement: problems and challenges,” in 11th. International Conference on Hydraulic Efficiency Measurement (IGHEM), Linz, Austria, 2016,
-
[41] B. Baidar, “A numerical investigation of the winter-kennedy method with application to axial turbines,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dep. of Engineering Science and Mathematics, Lulea University of Technology, Norrbotten, Switzerlad, 2020.
-
[42] B. Baidar, J. Nicolle, B. K. Gandhi, M. J. Cervantes,” Sensitivity of the winter-kennedy method to inlet and runner blade angle change on a kaplan turbine,” in 29th. IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems, Kyoto, Japan, 2019, pp.022038 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/240/2/02203
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[43] Baidar B, Nicolle J, Gandhi BK, Cervantes MJ. Numerical study of the winter–kennedy flow measurement method in transient flows. Energies, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1310, Mar. 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061310
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[44] Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (ETKB), “Dünya Bankası, Hatcd Ltd. Elektrik üretiminde enerji verimliliği, enerji sektör programı faz 2 projesi; Alpaslan-1 HES türbin performans test raporu, Proje No: H358793,” Ankara, Türkiye, 2020.
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[45] G. Özbek, S. Rüstemli, “Hidrolik türbin performans testlerinin yapılmasında boya seyreltme metodunun kullanılması-saha çalışması,” Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 973-992, Dec. 2023. https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1190992
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[46] G. Özbek, S. Rüstemli, “Hidrolik türbin performans testlerinin yapılmasında winter-kennedy metodunun kullanılması-saha çalışması,” Euroasia Journal of Mathematics, Engineering, Natural & Medical Sciences vol. 9, no. 22, pp. 41-61, Aug. 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6948331
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[47] G. Özbek, “Hidroelektrik santrallerinde enerji verimliliğine türbinin etkisi,” Yüksek lisans tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Elektrik Elektronik Mühendisliği ABD, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi, Bitlis, Türkiye, 2022.
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[48] O. Gezer, “Verim izleme sistemi kurulumu ve operasyonlar” presentedat the EUAS IPA Training Program, Ankara, Türkiye, Mar. 25-26, 2021.
Boya seyreltme ve Winter-Kennedy metotları kullanılarak yapılan hidrolik türbin performans testlerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi-saha çalışması
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 287 - 300, 30.06.2025
Gökhan Özbek
,
Sabir Rüstemli
Öz
Performans testi, hidroelektrik santral verimliliğinin kabul edilemez seviyelere düşmediğinden emin olmak için mutlak yapılması gereken bir faaliyettir. Fabrika çıkışında beyan edilen garantileri kontrol etmek, mevcut durumun analizi ile olası revizyonları ve yatırım maliyetlerini belirlemek, türbin-generatör ünitelerinde verimli çalışma koşullarını aramak ve generatör güç çıktısını artırmak bu testlerin amaçları arasındadır. Bu çalışmada, boya seyreltme ve Winter-Kennedy debi ölçüm metotları kullanılarak bir türbin-generatör ünitesinde performans testleri yapılmıştır. Testler için ünitede Verim İzleme Sistemi kurulmuştur. Testlerden sonra sistem sürekli çalışma modunda bırakılarak, verim izlemenin anlık olarak devam etmesi mümkün kılınmıştır. Testler aynı çalışma ve işletme koşullarında, aynı zaman aralığında yapılmıştır. Böylece test sonuçlarının karşılaştırmalı analizine, testlerin doğruluklarının ölçülmesine imkân sağlanmıştır. Performans testlerinde, türbinde %3.5 oranınde bir verim kaybının olduğu görülmüştür. Generatörde ise bu kaybın %0.1 oranında gerçekleştiği tespit edilmiştir. Testlerde, brüt düşüye göre düzeltilmiş generatör gücü 47.7 MW olarak hesaplanmıştır. Buna göre, tasarım değeri 40 MW olan generatörün kapasitesinin artırılabileceği değerlendirilmiştir.
Kaynakça
-
[1] H. Akın,” Su türbini tasarımı amaçlı sayısal yöntemler geliştirilmesi ve uygulaması,” Yüksek lisans tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Makine Mühendisliği ABD, TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye, 2014.
-
[2] F. Eraydın,” Hidroelektrik santrallerde net düşü değişiminin aktif güç çıkışı üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi,” Yüksek lisans tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Elektrik Elektronik Mühendisliği ABD, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Kütahya, Türkiye, 2019.
-
[3] A. Çoşkun, “Türkiye’de elektrik enerjisi sorunu ve ekonomik gelişmemizdeki önemi”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, vol. 34, pp. 73-83, Feb. 2012.
-
[4] R. Shrestha, B. Thapa, P. Gautam, P. Upadhyay, “Productivity and efficiency measurement in hydraulic turbine,” 10th. National Convention, Building New Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities, Kathmandu, Nepal; Apr.11-13 2007.
-
[5] M. S. Güney, K. Kaygusuz, “Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems: a technology status review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, pp. 12996-3004, Dec. 2010,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.06.016
-
[6] A. Kerim, V. Süme,” İçmesuyu şebekelerinden enerji elde edilmesi; boru içi türbin modeli,” Türk Hidrolik Dergisi, Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 8-17, Jun. 2021.
-
[7] G. Urquiza, M. A. Basurto-Pensado, L. Castro, A. Adamkowski, W. Janick, ”Flow measurement methods applied to hydro power plants,” in Flow Mmeasurement, G. Urquiza, L. Castro Ed., London, England: Intech, 2012, pp.151-198, https://doi.org/10.5772/36508
-
[8] Ü. Beyazgül,” Elektrik üreten bir piko su türbini performansının deneysel ve nümerik incelenmesi,” Yüksek lisans tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Makine Mühendisliği ABD, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sakarya, Türkiye, 2022.
-
[9] S. H. Vinchurkar, B. K. Samtani, “Performance evaluation of the hydropower plants using various multi-criteria decision-making techniques,” International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2131-2138, Aug. 2019, https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.F8490.088619
-
[10] C. P. Shea, “Renewable energy: today's contribution, tomorrow's promise”, Washington, USA: Worldwatch Institute, 1988.
-
[11] S. Bozkurt, R. Tür, “Dünyada ve Türkiye’de hidroelektrik enerji, gelişimi ve genel değerlendirme” in 4. Su Yapıları Sempozyumu, Antalya, Türkiye, 2015, pp. 322-330.
-
[12] EIA, U.S. Energy Information Administration. The world’s nine largest operating power plants are hydroelectric facilities. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=28392, Accessed on: October 22, 2024
-
[13] H. A. Mahauddin, I. Jauhari, N. N. Nik Ghazali, N. M. Sultan, S. Julai, “Development and performance testing of a new in-pipe hydropower prototype towards Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6,” Cogent Engineering, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-17,2024, https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2024.2319402
-
[14] IHA, Internatıonal Hydropower Assocıatıon. 2024 Word Hydropower Outlook. https://www.hydropower.org/publications/2024-world-hydropower-outlook, , Accessed on: October 25, 2024.
-
[15] Our Word in Data. Energy production and consumption (January 2024). https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption, , Accessed on: October 25, 2024.
-
[16] ETKB, Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. Elektrik. https://enerji.gov.tr/bilgi-merkezi-enerji-elektrik, , Accessed on: October 24, 2024.
-
[17] EÜAŞ, Elektrik Üretim Anonim Şirketi. Yıllık faaliyet raporu 2023. https://www.euas.gov.tr/raporlar,Accessed on: October 24, 2024.
-
[18] ETKB, Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. Türkiye ulusal enerji planı 2022. https://enerji.gov.tr/duyuru-detay?id=20317
-
[19] REN21, Renewables Now. Key facts hydropower. Renewables global status report. https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2023/modules/energy_supply/02_market_developments/05_ hydropower/, Accessed on: October 25, 2024.
-
[20] S. Jain, R. P. Saini, A. Kumar, “Cfd approach for prediction of efficiency of francis turbine,” in 8 th. International Conference on Hydraulic Efficiency Measurement (IGHEM), Roorkee, India; 2010, pp. 257-263.
-
[21] M. K. Shukla, R. Jain, V. Prasad, S. N. Shukla, “CFD analysis of 3-D flow for francis turbines”, MIT International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 93-100, Aug. 2011.
-
[22] B. Kavurmacı, K. Celebioglu, S. Aradag, Y. Tascioglu,”Model Testing of francis-type hydraulic turbines,” Measurent and Control, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 70-73, Jun. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1177/0020294017702284
-
[23] Z. Carija, Z. Mrsa, S. Fucak, “Validation of francis water turbine CFD simulations,” Strojarstvo, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 5-14, Mar. 2008.
-
[24] H. A. Brekke, “Discussion on pelton turbines versus francis turbines for high head plants Proceedings,” in Symp. ASCE-IAHR/ASME Colorado State Universty, Colorado, USA, 1978, pp. 167-177.
-
[25] J. Steller, A. Adamkowski, A. Henke, W. Janick, M. Kaniecki, Z. Krzemianowski, “Discharge measurement and performance tests of hydraulic units in low-head small hydropower installations,” Transactions of the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery vol. 130, pp. 3-29, Dec. 2015.
-
[26] Y. Li, M. Yu, j. Cheng, Y. Yin, J. Wang, “The application of turbine efficiency measurement in huge hydraulic power stations,” in 12th. International Conference on Hydraulic Efficiency Measurement (IGHEM), Beijing, China, 2018, pp. 1-5.
-
[27] C. Purece, L. Corlan, V. Pleşca, “Determination of turbine efficiency for small hydro power plants,” Journal of Sustainable Energy vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 100-106, Dec. 2020.
-
[28] A. Adamkowski, W. Janicki, J. Kubiak, G. Urquiza, F. Sierra, J. M. Fernández, “Water turbine efficiency measurements using the gibson method based on special instrumentation installed inside pipelines,” in 6th. International Conference on Innovation in Hydraulic Efficiency Measurements, Oregon, USA, 2006, pp. 1-12.
-
[29] S. Ghosh, S. Mali, J. T. Kshirsagar,” Performance testing of a low head small hydro power (SHP) plant-Zho Suwei (TAIWAN) –a case study,” in 8th. International Conference on Hydraulic Efficiency Measurement (IGHEM), Roorkee, İndia, 2010, pp. 44-54.
-
[30] J. Westermann, “Efficiency Improvement,” presentedat the EUAS IPA Training Program, Ankara, Türkiye, Mar. 25-26, 2021.
-
[31] M. Cyrenne, “Flow measurement using the dye dilutioan technique,” in 4th. International Conference on Hydraulic Efficiency Measurement (IGHEM), Toronto, Canada, 2002, pp. 1-10
-
[32] U. Muthukumar, J. Chandapilli, S. Sasendra, “Flow measurement in hdroelectric stations using tracer dilution method – case studies,” 8th. International Conference on Hydraulic Efficiency Measurement (IGHEM), Roorkee, India, 2010, pp. 34-43
-
[33] W. S. Liang, E. V. Richardson, “Dye dilution method of discharge measurement,” Colorada State Universty Water Management Technical Report, Report No: 3(CER 69/70-45), Oct. 22, 2024. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/39018
-
[34] H. J. Pant, J. Biswal, S. Goswami, J. S. Samantray, V. K. Sharma, K. S. S. Sarma,” Development and application of radiotracer dilution technique for flow rate measurements,” BARC Newsletter, Vol. May – June, pp. 1-9, Jul. 2017.
-
[35] H. J. Pant, “Radiotracer applications in industry, the environment and research,” in Ionising Radiation and Manking. D. V. Gopinath, N. Ramamoorthy, Ed. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020, pp. 211-264.
-
[36] R. Pala, “Hidroelektrik santrallerde türbin verimliliğinin termodinamik metotla ölçülmesi,” Yüksek lisans tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Makine Mühendisliği ABD, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon, Türkiye, 2007.
-
[37] K. Kafalı, “Hidroelektrik bir santralin teorik ve gerçek performansının karşılaştırılması,” Yüksek lisans tez, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Makine Mühendisliği ABD, Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi, Osmaniye, Türkiye 2020.
-
[38] Z. G. Yan, L. J. Zhou, Z. Wang,” Turbine efficiency test on a large hydraulic turbine unit. Science China Technological Sciences vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 2199–2205, Aug. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-012-4914-6
-
[39] Y. Zhou, P. Luoping, C. Dengfeng,” Turbine efficiency measurement by thermodynamic test method. International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 261-267, Dec. 2019,https://doi.org/10.5293/IJFMS.2019.12.4.261
-
[40] B. Baidar, J. Nicolle, C. Trivedi, M. J. Cervantes,” Winter-Kennedy method in hydraulic discharge measurement: problems and challenges,” in 11th. International Conference on Hydraulic Efficiency Measurement (IGHEM), Linz, Austria, 2016,
-
[41] B. Baidar, “A numerical investigation of the winter-kennedy method with application to axial turbines,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dep. of Engineering Science and Mathematics, Lulea University of Technology, Norrbotten, Switzerlad, 2020.
-
[42] B. Baidar, J. Nicolle, B. K. Gandhi, M. J. Cervantes,” Sensitivity of the winter-kennedy method to inlet and runner blade angle change on a kaplan turbine,” in 29th. IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems, Kyoto, Japan, 2019, pp.022038 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/240/2/02203
-
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