Analysis of Stand Parameters in Burned and Unburned Areas Within Wildfire Boundaries Using Grey Wolf Optimization: A Case Study of the 2025 Türkiye

Tunahan Çınar

doi:10.58816/duzceod.1904445

TR EN

Orman yangını sınırları içindeki yanmış ve yanmamış alanların meşcere parametrelerinin Gri Kurt Optimizasyonu kullanılarak analizi: 2025 Türkiye örneği

Öz

Türkiye’deki orman ekosistemleri giderek artan şekilde orman yangınlarından etkilenmekte olup, yangınlar en yıkıcı bozulma etmenlerinden biri olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Yangın sınırları içerisinde bazı orman meşcereleri tamamen yanarken, bazıları yanmadan kalmakta ve meşcere özellikleri bu mekânsal değişkenliğe ekosistem dayanıklılığını artırarak katkı sağlayabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, 2025 yılı boyunca Türkiye’de meydana gelen yangın sınırları içerisindeki yanmış ve yanmamış orman meşcerelerinin ayrımında meşcere parametrelerinin rolü araştırılmıştır. Yangınlar, Sentinel-2A görüntüleri kullanılarak Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) indeksinin hesaplanmasıyla tespit edilmiştir. NBR analizinden elde edilen yangın sınırları, Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) verileri ile doğrulanmıştır. NBR sonuçlarına dayalı olarak yangın şiddeti sınıfları, yangın sınırları içerisindeki etkilenmiş ve etkilenmemiş meşcereleri belirlemek amacıyla yanmış ve yanmamış kategorileri şeklinde yeniden sınıflandırılmıştır. Daha sonra bonitet (site index), meşcere gelişim çağı, yakıt tipi ve kapalılık gibi meşcere parametreleri, Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algoritması kullanılarak modellenmiştir. Yanmış ve yanmamış alanların ayrımında her bir parametrenin katkısını değerlendirmek amacıyla Accumulated Local Effects (ALE) grafikleri oluşturulmuştur. Model, 0.717 R² değeri elde etmiştir. Model sonuçları, yangınların; kapalılık parametresinde düşük ve boş kapalılık, yakıt tipinde Saf Karaçam ve Karaçam baskın karışık iğne yapraklı meşcereler, meşcere gelişim çağında orta yaşlı ve yaşlı sınıflar ile bonitet parametresinde iyi verimlilik sınıflarında ayrıştığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, bu özelliklere sahip meşcerelerde yangın sınırları içerisinde yanmamış alanların daha yaygın olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, meşcere özelliklerinin yangına dayanıklılığın artırılmasında ve orman yönetim stratejilerinin desteklenmesinde önemli bir rol oynadığını vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Orman Yangını, Türkiye, Uzaktan Algılama, Gri Kurt Optimizasyonu

Analysis of Stand Parameters in Burned and Unburned Areas Within Wildfire Boundaries Using Grey Wolf Optimization: A Case Study of the 2025 Türkiye

Öz

Forest ecosystems in Türkiye are increasingly affected wildfires representing one of the most destructive disturbances. Within wildfire boundaries, some forest stands burn completely while others remain unburned, and stand characteristics may contribute to this spatial variability by enhancing ecosystem resilience. This study investigated the role of stand parameters in distinguishing burned and unburned forest stands within wildfire boundaries in Türkiye during 2025. Wildfires were detected using Sentinel-2A imagery through calculation of the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR). Wildfire boundaries derived from NBR analysis were validated using data from Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS). Based on NBR results, wildfire severity classes were reclassified into burned and unburned categories to identify affected and unaffected stands within wildfire boundaries. Stand parameters including site index, stand development stage, fuel type, and canopy closure were then modeled using the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm. Accumulated Local Effects (ALE) plots were generated to assess the contribution of each parameter in distinguishing burned and unburned stands. The model achieved an R² value of 0.717. Model results indicated that wildfires were separated in stands with Low and No canopy closure in the closure parameter, Pure Black Pine and Black Pine-dominated mixed coniferous fuel types, Mid-aged and Old classes in stand development stage and Good productivity in the site index parameter and it was determined that unburned areas were more common within wildfire boundaries in stands with these characteristics. These results emphasize the role of stand characteristics in improving wildfire resilience and supporting forest management strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Wildfire, Türkiye, Remote sensing, Grey Wolf Optimization

Destekleyen Kurum

No external funding was received for this research.

Etik Beyan

This study does not involve human or animal participants. All procedures were conducted in accordance with scientific and ethical principles, and all referenced works were appropriately cited.

Teşekkür

The author would like to thank the General Directorate of Forestry of Türkiye for providing access to and permitting the use of the database utilized in this study.

Kaynakça

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Tunahan Çınar ^*
0000-0002-6473-0884
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

18 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

6 Mart 2026

Kabul Tarihi

3 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.58816/duzceod.1904445

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA96YM33MN

APA

Çınar, T. (2026). Analysis of Stand Parameters in Burned and Unburned Areas Within Wildfire Boundaries Using Grey Wolf Optimization: A Case Study of the 2025 Türkiye. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 22(1), 149-169. https://doi.org/10.58816/duzceod.1904445

AMA

1.Çınar T. Analysis of Stand Parameters in Burned and Unburned Areas Within Wildfire Boundaries Using Grey Wolf Optimization: A Case Study of the 2025 Türkiye. DÜOD. 2026;22(1):149-169. doi:10.58816/duzceod.1904445

Chicago

Çınar, Tunahan. 2026. “Analysis of Stand Parameters in Burned and Unburned Areas Within Wildfire Boundaries Using Grey Wolf Optimization: A Case Study of the 2025 Türkiye”. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi 22 (1): 149-69. https://doi.org/10.58816/duzceod.1904445.

EndNote

Çınar T (01 Haziran 2026) Analysis of Stand Parameters in Burned and Unburned Areas Within Wildfire Boundaries Using Grey Wolf Optimization: A Case Study of the 2025 Türkiye. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi 22 1 149–169.

IEEE

[1]T. Çınar, “Analysis of Stand Parameters in Burned and Unburned Areas Within Wildfire Boundaries Using Grey Wolf Optimization: A Case Study of the 2025 Türkiye”, DÜOD, c. 22, sy 1, ss. 149–169, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.58816/duzceod.1904445.

ISNAD

Çınar, Tunahan. “Analysis of Stand Parameters in Burned and Unburned Areas Within Wildfire Boundaries Using Grey Wolf Optimization: A Case Study of the 2025 Türkiye”. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi 22/1 (01 Haziran 2026): 149-169. https://doi.org/10.58816/duzceod.1904445.

JAMA

1.Çınar T. Analysis of Stand Parameters in Burned and Unburned Areas Within Wildfire Boundaries Using Grey Wolf Optimization: A Case Study of the 2025 Türkiye. DÜOD. 2026;22:149–169.

MLA

Çınar, Tunahan. “Analysis of Stand Parameters in Burned and Unburned Areas Within Wildfire Boundaries Using Grey Wolf Optimization: A Case Study of the 2025 Türkiye”. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi, c. 22, sy 1, Haziran 2026, ss. 149-6, doi:10.58816/duzceod.1904445.

Vancouver

1.Tunahan Çınar. Analysis of Stand Parameters in Burned and Unburned Areas Within Wildfire Boundaries Using Grey Wolf Optimization: A Case Study of the 2025 Türkiye. DÜOD. 01 Haziran 2026;22(1):149-6. doi:10.58816/duzceod.1904445

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Orman yangını sınırları içindeki yanmış ve yanmamış alanların meşcere parametrelerinin Gri Kurt Optimizasyonu kullanılarak analizi: 2025 Türkiye örneği

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Analysis of Stand Parameters in Burned and Unburned Areas Within Wildfire Boundaries Using Grey Wolf Optimization: A Case Study of the 2025 Türkiye

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