Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Determination of Risk Analysis of Trees in Istanbul 100th Year Park and Risk Management of Trees

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 265 - 284, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.58816/duzceod.1599954

Öz

Every tree in urban areas is valuable and needs to be protected. However, weak and vulnerable trees can pose significant risks in urban areas. To ensure the safety of life and property in these areas, it is important to systematically grade and analyze the risk of trees and take necessary precautions. Thus, necessary measures can be taken according to the risk level of each tree, and measures can be taken against problems that may be encountered. In this study, we conducted a risk analysis of trees by measuring and evaluating 164 trees in Istanbul 100th Year Park. According to the risk analysis, the degree of risk varied between 0 (lowest) and 6 (highest). Accordingly, there were 43 trees in the park with a risk rating of 4, and 11 trees with a risk rating of 6. This shows that 32.9% of the trees in the park were medium- and high-risk. According to the evaluation by age class, 70.4% of the young trees had a risk level of 2 and below, 55.5% of the mature trees had a risk level of 2 and below, and very few of the old trees had a low risk level. Based on the results obtained, it is recommended to create a risk management plan and take necessary measures according to the risk level of the trees. Thanks to these measures, people living in urban areas will be protected against all of these possible risks, and safer park areas will be created.

Proje Numarası

2021.02.02.1239

Kaynakça

  • Allison, R. B., Wang, X., & Senalik, C. A. (2020). Methods for nondestructive testing of urban trees. Forests, 11(12), 1341. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121341
  • ASCA. (2023). American Society of Consulting Arborists. https://www.asca-consultants.org/mpage/AC2018sb05 [Ziyaret tarihi: 10 Nisan 2023]
  • Baker, C. J., & Bell, H. J. (1992). The aerodynamics of urban trees. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 44, 2655–2666.
  • Cadaval, S., Clarke, M., Roman, L. A., Conway, T. M., Koeser, A. K., & Eisenman, T. S. (2024). Managing urban trees through storms in three United States cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 248, 105102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105102
  • Caggiu, L., Fiorani, F., Corradini, E., Felice, E., & Minelli, A. (2023). Spatial analysis of risk exposure of urban trees: A case study from Bologna (Italy). Urban Science, 7(4), 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7040123
  • Clair, B., Fournier, M., Prévost, M. F., Beauchêne, J., & Bardet, S. (2003). Biomechanics of buttressed trees: Bending strains and stresses. American Journal of Botany, 90(9), 1349–1356. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.9.1349
  • Coşkun Hepcan, Ç. (2019). Kentlerde iklim değişikliği ile mücadele için yeşil altyapı çözümleri. Eğitim Modülleri Serisi, 12, Ankara.
  • Dahle, G. A., & Grabosky, J. C. (2010). Variation in modulus of elasticity (E) along Acer platanoides L. (Aceraceae) branches. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 9(3), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2010.01.004
  • Dare, A. M., Ayinde, I. A., & Shittu, A. M. (2015). Urban trees forest management in Abeokuta Metropolis, Ogun State, Nigeria: An application of contingent valuation method. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 26(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-06-2014-0094
  • Dirik, H., & Ata, C. (2005). Kent ormancılığının kapsamı, yararları, planlanması ve teknik esasları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 55(1), 1–14.
  • Dirik, H. (2014). Arborikültür (Kentsel Ağaç Kültürü). İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları No: 5200/509.
  • Duntemann, M. (2006). Elements of an urban tree risk management program. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização Urbana, 1(1), 99.
  • Eşen, D. (2016, Mayıs). Tree risk assessment and management in urban area. Paper presented at the 1st International Urban Environment and Health Congress, Magosa, Northern Turkish Republic of Cyprus.
  • Harris, R. W., Clark, J. R., & Nelda, P. M. (2004). Arboriculture: Integrated management of landscape trees, shrubs, and vines (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.
  • Hauer, R. J., & Johnson, G. R. (2003). Tree risk management. In Urban tree risk management: A community guide to program design and implementation (pp. 5–10).
  • Hauer, R. J., Wang, W., & Dawson, J. O. (1993). Ice storm damage to urban trees. Journal of Arboriculture, 19(4), 184–194.
  • He, K., Song, P., Wang, B. Y., Yan, W., & Song, T. (2021). Research on safety risk assessment of urban street trees in Shanghai. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 37, 106–111. https://doi.org/10.19775/j.cla.2021.09.0106
  • He, K., Wei, L., & Wang, B. (2022). How to accurately detect and assess the street trees risk in mega cities: A tree risk assessment method and its application. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1605348/v2
  • Hickman, G. W., Perry, E. J., & Evans, R. (1995). Validation of a tree failure evaluation system. Journal of Arboriculture, 21(5), 23–34.
  • İBB. (2023). İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Yeşil İstanbul. https://yesil.istanbul/ [Ziyaret tarihi: 12 Mayıs 2022]
  • James, K. R., Nicholas, H., & Peter, K. A. (2006). Mechanical stability of trees under dynamic loads. American Journal of Botany, 93(10), 1522–1530.
  • Kane, B., & Clouston, P. (2008). Tree pulling tests of large shade trees in the genus Acer. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 34(2), 101–109.
  • Kane, B., & Finn, J. T. (2014). Factors affecting branch failures in open-grown trees during a snowstorm in Massachusetts, USA. SpringerPlus, 3, 720. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-720
  • Koeser, A. K., & Smiley, E. T. (2017). Impact of assessor on tree risk assessment ratings and prescribed mitigation measures. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 24, 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.03.027
  • Kuchelmeister, G. (2000). Des arbres pour millénaire urbain: Le point sur le foresterie urbaine. Unasylva, 51, 49–55.
  • Luley, C. J., & Bond, J. (2006). Evaluation of the fate of ice storm-damaged urban maple (Acer) trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 32(5), 214–220.
  • Maribel, C. A., Dupras, J., Messier, C., & Silva, R. S. (2024). Which tree species best withstand urban stressors? Ask the experts. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 50(1), 57–75.
  • NPF. (2024). Natural Path Forestry. https://naturalpathforestry.com/tree-risk-assessments/ [Ziyaret tarihi: 19 Ocak 2024]
  • Terho, M., & Hallaksela, A. M. (2008). Decay characteristics of hazardous Tilia, Betula, and Acer trees felled by municipal urban tree managers in the Helsinki city area. Forestry, 81(2), 151–159.
  • Tree Management Office. (2011). Guidelines for tree risk assessment and management arrangement on an area basis and on a tree basis. Development Bureau, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
  • USDA. (2022). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5207861.pdf [Ziyaret tarihi: 3 Ocak 2022]
  • Wang, X., & Allison, R. B. (2008). Decay detection in red oak trees using a combination of visual inspection, acoustic testing, and resistance microdrilling. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 31(1), 1–4.

İstanbul 100. Yıl Parkı’ndaki Ağaçların Risk Analizinin Belirlenmesi ve Ağaçların Risk Yönetimi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 265 - 284, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.58816/duzceod.1599954

Öz

Kentsel alanlarda bulunan her ağacın varlığı değerlidir ve bu ağaçların korunması gerekir. Ancak zayıf ve güçsüz yapıdaki ağaçlar, kentsel alanlarda önemli riskler oluşturabilmektedir. Bu alanlardaki insanların can ve mal güvenliğini sağlamak amacıyla ağaçların sistematik olarak derecelendirilerek risk analizinin yapılması ve gerekli önlemlerin alınması önemlidir. Böylece her ağacın risk düzeyine göre gerekli önlemler alınarak karşılaşılabilecek problemlere karşı tedbirler alınabilecektir. Bu çalışmada İstanbul 100. Yıl Parkı’nda bulunan 164 ağacın ölçüm ve değerlendirmesi ile ağaçların risk analizinin yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Risk analizine göre risk derecesi 0 (en düşük) ile 6 (en yüksek) arasında değişiklik göstermektedir. Buna göre parkta risk derecesi 4 olan 43 ağaç ve risk derecesi 6 olan 11 ağaç vardır. Bu da parktaki ağaçların %32,9’unun orta ve yüksek riskli ağaçlar olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Yaş sınıfına göre yapılan değerlendirmeye göre, genç ağaçların %70,4’ünün risk derecesi 2 ve 2’nin altında iken, olgun ağaçlarda bu değer %55,5 ve sayıca çok az olan yaşlı ağaçların ise hepsinin düşük risk derecesinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre ağaçların risk düzeyine göre, risk yönetim planının oluşturulması ve gerekli önlemlerin alınması önerilmiştir. Bu önlemler sayesinde kentsel alanlarda yaşayan insanların olası risklere karşı korunması sağlanarak daha güvenli park alanları oluşturulmuş olacaktır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Düzce Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

2021.02.02.1239

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma Düzce Üniversitesi’nin Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi kapsamında 2021.02.02.1239 proje numarası ile desteklenmiştir. Teşekkürlerimizi sunuyoruz.

Kaynakça

  • Allison, R. B., Wang, X., & Senalik, C. A. (2020). Methods for nondestructive testing of urban trees. Forests, 11(12), 1341. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121341
  • ASCA. (2023). American Society of Consulting Arborists. https://www.asca-consultants.org/mpage/AC2018sb05 [Ziyaret tarihi: 10 Nisan 2023]
  • Baker, C. J., & Bell, H. J. (1992). The aerodynamics of urban trees. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 44, 2655–2666.
  • Cadaval, S., Clarke, M., Roman, L. A., Conway, T. M., Koeser, A. K., & Eisenman, T. S. (2024). Managing urban trees through storms in three United States cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 248, 105102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105102
  • Caggiu, L., Fiorani, F., Corradini, E., Felice, E., & Minelli, A. (2023). Spatial analysis of risk exposure of urban trees: A case study from Bologna (Italy). Urban Science, 7(4), 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7040123
  • Clair, B., Fournier, M., Prévost, M. F., Beauchêne, J., & Bardet, S. (2003). Biomechanics of buttressed trees: Bending strains and stresses. American Journal of Botany, 90(9), 1349–1356. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.9.1349
  • Coşkun Hepcan, Ç. (2019). Kentlerde iklim değişikliği ile mücadele için yeşil altyapı çözümleri. Eğitim Modülleri Serisi, 12, Ankara.
  • Dahle, G. A., & Grabosky, J. C. (2010). Variation in modulus of elasticity (E) along Acer platanoides L. (Aceraceae) branches. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 9(3), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2010.01.004
  • Dare, A. M., Ayinde, I. A., & Shittu, A. M. (2015). Urban trees forest management in Abeokuta Metropolis, Ogun State, Nigeria: An application of contingent valuation method. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 26(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-06-2014-0094
  • Dirik, H., & Ata, C. (2005). Kent ormancılığının kapsamı, yararları, planlanması ve teknik esasları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 55(1), 1–14.
  • Dirik, H. (2014). Arborikültür (Kentsel Ağaç Kültürü). İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları No: 5200/509.
  • Duntemann, M. (2006). Elements of an urban tree risk management program. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização Urbana, 1(1), 99.
  • Eşen, D. (2016, Mayıs). Tree risk assessment and management in urban area. Paper presented at the 1st International Urban Environment and Health Congress, Magosa, Northern Turkish Republic of Cyprus.
  • Harris, R. W., Clark, J. R., & Nelda, P. M. (2004). Arboriculture: Integrated management of landscape trees, shrubs, and vines (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.
  • Hauer, R. J., & Johnson, G. R. (2003). Tree risk management. In Urban tree risk management: A community guide to program design and implementation (pp. 5–10).
  • Hauer, R. J., Wang, W., & Dawson, J. O. (1993). Ice storm damage to urban trees. Journal of Arboriculture, 19(4), 184–194.
  • He, K., Song, P., Wang, B. Y., Yan, W., & Song, T. (2021). Research on safety risk assessment of urban street trees in Shanghai. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 37, 106–111. https://doi.org/10.19775/j.cla.2021.09.0106
  • He, K., Wei, L., & Wang, B. (2022). How to accurately detect and assess the street trees risk in mega cities: A tree risk assessment method and its application. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1605348/v2
  • Hickman, G. W., Perry, E. J., & Evans, R. (1995). Validation of a tree failure evaluation system. Journal of Arboriculture, 21(5), 23–34.
  • İBB. (2023). İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Yeşil İstanbul. https://yesil.istanbul/ [Ziyaret tarihi: 12 Mayıs 2022]
  • James, K. R., Nicholas, H., & Peter, K. A. (2006). Mechanical stability of trees under dynamic loads. American Journal of Botany, 93(10), 1522–1530.
  • Kane, B., & Clouston, P. (2008). Tree pulling tests of large shade trees in the genus Acer. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 34(2), 101–109.
  • Kane, B., & Finn, J. T. (2014). Factors affecting branch failures in open-grown trees during a snowstorm in Massachusetts, USA. SpringerPlus, 3, 720. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-720
  • Koeser, A. K., & Smiley, E. T. (2017). Impact of assessor on tree risk assessment ratings and prescribed mitigation measures. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 24, 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.03.027
  • Kuchelmeister, G. (2000). Des arbres pour millénaire urbain: Le point sur le foresterie urbaine. Unasylva, 51, 49–55.
  • Luley, C. J., & Bond, J. (2006). Evaluation of the fate of ice storm-damaged urban maple (Acer) trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 32(5), 214–220.
  • Maribel, C. A., Dupras, J., Messier, C., & Silva, R. S. (2024). Which tree species best withstand urban stressors? Ask the experts. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 50(1), 57–75.
  • NPF. (2024). Natural Path Forestry. https://naturalpathforestry.com/tree-risk-assessments/ [Ziyaret tarihi: 19 Ocak 2024]
  • Terho, M., & Hallaksela, A. M. (2008). Decay characteristics of hazardous Tilia, Betula, and Acer trees felled by municipal urban tree managers in the Helsinki city area. Forestry, 81(2), 151–159.
  • Tree Management Office. (2011). Guidelines for tree risk assessment and management arrangement on an area basis and on a tree basis. Development Bureau, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
  • USDA. (2022). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5207861.pdf [Ziyaret tarihi: 3 Ocak 2022]
  • Wang, X., & Allison, R. B. (2008). Decay detection in red oak trees using a combination of visual inspection, acoustic testing, and resistance microdrilling. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 31(1), 1–4.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ağaç İyileştirmesi , Orman Yetiştirme
Bölüm Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi 21(1)
Yazarlar

Tuğsem Sönmez 0000-0002-3977-9643

Bilal Çetin 0000-0003-2071-6674

Proje Numarası 2021.02.02.1239
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 11 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sönmez, T., & Çetin, B. (2025). İstanbul 100. Yıl Parkı’ndaki Ağaçların Risk Analizinin Belirlenmesi ve Ağaçların Risk Yönetimi. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 21(1), 265-284. https://doi.org/10.58816/duzceod.1599954

 DÜOD'da yayımlanan makaleler Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 (CC BY-NC) kapsamında lisanslanmıştır.