Protest illüstrasyonların iletişim dili ve kitleler üzerindeki yansımaları

Yıl 2024, , 172 - 184, 31.07.2024

Selin Çetinkaya , Nihat Dursun

https://doi.org/10.56723/dyad.1390264

Öz

İllüstrasyon ilkel çağlardan itibaren mağara çizimleri ile kendini gösteren ve çağlar boyu kitlelerin duygu, düşünce ve beklentilerini ifade etmesine aracılık eden bir görsel ifade yöntemidir. Soyut kavramları anlaşılabilir ve yorumlanabilir hale getirmede önemli bir araç olan illüstrasyon; kitleler üzerinde farkındalık yaratma, kitleleri harekete geçirme, ikna etme gibi güçlü özellikleriyle önemli etkiler yaratabilmektedir. Tarih sahnesinde illüstrasyonlar, söz konusu kitlelerin ideolojik yönelimlerini ve bu yönelimlerin getirdiği protest tavırları çözümlerken aynı zamanda üzerine analiz yapmamızı mümkün kılmaktadır. Protest illüstrasyonların toplumsal süreçleri yansıtan yönü, farklı dönemlerde ortaya konan protest ifade biçimlerindeki çeşitliliği de gözler önüne sermektedir. Toplumların mevcut sistemlerin hatalı, eksik ya da değiştirilmesi gereken yönlerine dikkat çekerken benimsedikleri protest ruh; sanat dünyasında gerçeküstü diller ile karşılık bulmuş, dayatılan gerçekliklere karşı çözümsel, evrensel ve fonksiyonel kodlamalar geliştirilmesine neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, illüstrasyonların kitlelerin ideolojik yönelimlerini yansıtmada etkisi protest ifade biçimine neden olan toplumsal süreçler ve illüstratörlerin eserlerinde kullandıkları gerçeküstü kodlar incelenmektedir. Protest ifade biçimlerinin geçmişten günümüze kitleler ile etkileşimi ve bu etkileşimin ele alınış biçimi analiz edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Protest illüstrasyon, illüstrasyonda gerçek üstü dil, propaganda, görsel iletişim, toplum ve ideoloji

Communication language of protest illustrations and their reflections on the masses

Öz

Illustration is a visual expression method that has manifested itself with cave drawings since primitive times and has mediated the masses to express their feelings, thoughts and expectations throughout the ages. Illustration, which is an important tool in making abstract concepts understandable and interpretable, can create significant effects on the masses with its powerful features such as creating awareness, mobilizing and persuading the masses. On the stage of history, illustrations enable us to analyze the ideological orientations of the masses in question and the protest attitudes brought about by these orientations. The aspect of protest illustrations reflecting social processes also reveals the diversity in forms of protest expression in different periods. The protest spirit that societies adopt while drawing attention to the faulty, incomplete, or aspects of the existing systems that need to be changed has found its counterpart in the art world with surreal languages, leading to the development of analytical, universal and functional codifications against the imposed realities. This study examines the effect of illustrations in reflecting the ideological orientations of the masses, the social processes that lead to protest expression and the surreal codes used by illustrators in their works. The interaction of protest forms of expression with the masses from past to present and the way this interaction is handled are analyzed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Protest illustration, surreal language in illustration, propaganda, visual communication, society and ideology

Kaynakça

• [1] Wigan M. Görsel İllüstrasyon Sözlüğü. İstanbul, Türkiye, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2012.
• [2] Livet PG. Animals In Life And Religion In The Land Of The Pharaohs. New Yorki, USA, Thames& Hudson, 2001.
• [3] Egypt Museum. “Ostracon of a Cat Waiting on a Mouse”. https://egypt-museum.com/ostracon-of-cat-waiting-on-mouse/ (13.01.2023).
• [4] Egiptologia. “The mouse and the cat”. https://egiptologia.com/el-raton-y-el-gato/ (13.01.2023).
• [5] Ezat A. “Animals In Human Situations In Ancient Egyptian Ostraca And Papyri”. Arts, 10(3), 40, 2021.
• [6] Babcock J. Met Museum “Ancient Egyptian Ostraca: A Reevaluation”. https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/now-at-the-met/features/2012/ancient-egyptian-ostraca (10.10.2012).
• [7] Arkeonews. “Akhenaton Tek Tanrılı Dinin Kurucusu ya da Akıllı Bir Politikacı” https://arkeonews.com/akhenaton-tek-tanrili-dinin-kurucusu-ya-da-akilli-bir-politikaci/ (10.10.2012).
• [8] Albretsen C. “Akhenaton Pharaoh And Heretic”. Journal Of The Norwegian Medical Association, 119(8), 1115-1118 1999.
• [9] Watterson B. Amarna: Ancient Egypt's Age of Revolution. Charleston, USA, Tempus Publishing, 1999.
• [10] Berhang JM. Unruly Wives and Dancing Girls: The Objectification of Women in Aristophanic Comedy, Master of Arts, Montclair State University, New Jersey, USA, 2009.
• [11] Hellenic Museum. “Well Behaved Women”. https://www.hellenic.org.au/post/well-behaved-women (13.01.2023).
• [12] Mavink. “Law and Justice- Religion, Justice, and Rights”. https://mavink.com/post/A2C575FFA73FBBB0603CE81C958F27C066AM74D241/religion-justice (13.01.2023).
• [13] O’Regan D. Rhetoric, Comedy and Violence of Language in Aristophanes’ Clouds. Oxford University Press US, 1992.
• [14] Parisot N, Prieur M, Schmitt L. Rome 38. Paris, Fransa, CGB Numismatique Paris, 2014.
• [15] Kaygısız S. Antik Yunan ve Roma'da Onurlandırma Propaganda, Gelenek ve Kentler. İzmir, Türkiye, Sakin Kitap, 2022.
• [16] Ancientcoinage. “Perseus and Medusa”. https://ancientcoinage.org/perseus-and-medusa.html (13.01.2023).
• [17] Odysseum. “Augustus Imperator”. https://odysseum.eduscol.education.fr/augustus-imperator (13.01.2023).
• [18] Brewminate. “The Column of Trajan: Propaganda of Empire in Ancient Rome”. https://brewminate.com/the-column-of-trajan-propaganda-of-empire-in-ancient-rome/ (13.01.2023).
• [19] Met museum. “Big Fish Eat Little Fish”. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/338694 (13.01.2023).
• [20] Anderson M. “Sins, Virtues and Big Fish at Gallery Debut”. https://calvin.edu/news/archive/sins-virtues-and-big-fish-at-gallery-debut (13.01.2010).
• [21] Historyextra. “The 18th-century craze for gin”. https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/gin-craze-panic-18th-century-london-when-came-england-alcohol-drinking-history/ (13.01.2023).
• [22] Wikipedia. “Beer Street and Gin Lane”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Street_and_Gin_Lane (12.10.2018).
• [23] Teran A. “Life After Death: The Resurrection of José Guadalupe Posada-The Fifth History”. https://thefifthstory.com/lacultura/posada (12.10.2018).
• [24] Ruthie V. “José Guadalupe Posada, Seattle Artist League”. https://www.seattleartistleague.com/2020/06/12/jose-guadalupe-posada/ (13.01.2020).
• [25] Martinez JA. Cuban Art and National Identity 1927-1950. ABD, University Press of Florida, 1994.
• [26] Martines, JA. “Modern Cuban Art”. https://moderncubanart.com/The-Social-and-the-Real (12.10.2018).
• [27] Rojo GM. “Chile's protest street art: The writing is on the wall”. https://www.bbc.com/news/51628295 (13.03.2020).
• [28] Cartoon Movement. “Chile”. https://cartoonmovement.com/cartoon/chile-0 (13.03.2020).
• [29] CIA. “Chile”. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chile/flag/ (13.03.2020).
• [30] The Paris Review. “May ’68: Posters of the Revolution”. www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/05/01/may-68-posters-of-the-revolution/ (12.10.2018).
• [31] Rubin AJ. “May 1968: A Month of Revolution Pushed France Into the Modern World”. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/05/world/europe/france-may-1968-revolution.html (05.10.2018).
• [32] Moench K. “Book Riot Speaking Truth To Power: A History Of Political Cartoons. Book Riot”. https://bookriot.com/history-of-political-cartoons/ (01.09.2022).
• [33] Harvard Library. “Chilean Protest Murals”. https://library.harvard.edu/collections/chilean-protest-murals (01.09.2022).
• [34] UCSD Library. “Since when did we swap out ego for an ostrich?”. https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb44718484/zoom/0 (01.09.2022).
• [35] McCord Stewart Museum. “Double-Barrel Gun”. https://collections.musee-mccord-stewart.ca/en/objects/26681/le-fusil-a-deux-canons (01.09.2022).
• [36] Cold War. “News Out of Poland”. https://coldwar.unc.edu/2018/07/news-out-of-poland/ (01.09.2022).
• [37] Cartoon Movement. “El Peruano Pedro Castillo”. https://cartoonmovement.com/cartoon/el-peruano-pedro-castillo (12.12.2022).
• [38] Cagle. “Elections in Peru”. https://www.cagle.com/rayma-suprani/2021/07/elections-in-peru (05.10.2021).
• [39] Refaie E. Metaphor in political cartoons: Exploring audience responses. Editörler: Forceville C, Urios-Aparisi E. Multimodal Metaphor, 173-196, New York, De Gruyter Mouton, 2009.
• [40] History Skills. “How to interpret the meaning of political cartoons”. https://www.historyskills.com/source-criticism/interpretation/political-cartoons/ (08.12.2022).