Education and Income

Year 2015, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 141 - 152, 01.02.2015

Cemil Çiftçi Sinem Güler Kangallı

Abstract

Education, which enhances human capital’s qualification and productivity and increases individual’s future earnings, is also one of the most effective political instruments that permanently solves income inequalities problem. In this study, utilizing Quantile regression techniques in Denizli we analyzed the effect of education level of mother and father on household’s income. Results indicated that while the impact of mother’s educational level on income does not show a significant difference for different points of the distribution; the impact of father’s education level on income reaches the highest level in the mid-point (q50) of the distribution, after that point as the father’s education level increases, household’s income less increases

Keywords

Education and inequality, income distribution

Eğitim ve Gelir

Abstract

Eğitim, beşeri sermayenin niteliğini ve verimliliğini geliştirmesi ve bireylerin gelecekte elde edecekleri geliri artırmasının yanında, aynı zamanda gelir eşitsizlikleri sorununun kalıcı bir biçimde çözümlenmesinde kullanılan en etkin politika araçlarından biridir. Çalışmamızda kantil regresyon tekniği kullanarak 2012 yılında Denizli ilinde anne ve babanın eğitim düzeyinin hanehalkı geliri üzerindeki etkisi analiz edilmektedir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre annenin eğitim düzeyinin gelir üzerindeki etkisi dağılımın farklı noktaları için önemli bir farklılık göstermezken, babanın eğitim seviyesinin gelir üzerindeki etkisi dağılımın orta noktası (q50) için en yüksek seviyesine ulaşırken bu noktadan sonra babanın eğitim seviyesi arttıkça geliri daha az artmaktadır

Keywords

Eğitim ve eşitsizlik, gelir dağılımı

References

• Acemoglu, D. ve Pischke, J.S. (2001) “Changes in The Wage Structure, Family income, and Children’s Edu- cation” European Economic Review, 45:890-904.
• Alderman, H., Orazem, P. F. ve Paterno, E.M. (2001) “School Quality, School Cost, and the Public/Private School Choices of Low-Income Households in Pakistan” The Journal of Human Resources, 36(2):304-326.
• Appleton, S., Song, L. ve Xia, Q. (2014) “Understan- ding Urban Wage Inequality in China 1988–2008: Eviden- ce from Quantile Analysis” World Development, 62:1-13.
• Azam, M. (2012) “Changes in Wage Structure in Ur- ban India, 1983-2004: A Quantile Regression Decompo- sition” World Development, 40(6):1135–1150.
• Barro, R.J. (2001) “Human Capital and Growth” The American Economic Review, 91(2):12-17.
• Becker, G.S. ve Tomes, N. (1994) “Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of Families,” NBER Chapters, Hu- man Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education, 3rd Edition, National Bu- reau of Economic Research, Inc.
• Blau, F.D. ve Kahn, L.M. (1996) “International Differences in Male Wage Inequality: Institutions ver- sus Market Forces” The Journal of Political Economy, 104(4):791-837.
• Bound, J. ve Johnson, G. (1992) “Changes in the Structu- re of Wages in the 1980’s: An Evaluation of Alternative Expla- nations” The American Economic Review, 82(3):371-392.
• Buchinsky, M. (1998) “Recent Advances in Quantile Regression Models: A Practical Guideline For Empirical Research” J. Hum. Resour, 33:88-126.
• Card, D. (1999) “The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings” Ashenfelter et al (eds) In Handbook of Labor Economics, Amsterdam, Elsevier.
• Caner, A. ve Okten, C. (2013) “Higher education in Turkey: Subsidizing the rich or the poor?” Economics of Education Review, 35:75-92.
• Caner, A. ve Okten, C. (2010) “Risk and career choi- ce: Evidence from Turkey” Economics of Education Review, 29:1060-1075.
• Çelik, O. ve Selim, S. (2013) “Temel İnsan Sermayesi Modeli: Türkiye Örneği” EY International Congress on Economics I, October 24-25, Ankara/Turkey.
• Delaney, L., Harmon, C. ve Redmond, C. (2011) “Parental Education, Grade Attainment and Earnings Expectations Among University Students” Economics of Education Review, 30: 1136-1152.
• Duman, A. (2008) “Education and Income Inequa- lity in Turkey: Does Schooling Matter?” Financial Theory and Practice, 32(3):369-385.
• Fields, G.S. (1980) “Education and income Distributi- on in Developing Countries: A Review of The Literature” King, T. (ed.) Education and income: A Background Study For World Development, Washington, DC, The World Bank.
• GEKA, (2009) Güney Ege Bölgesinde Sanayi, T.C. Gü- ney Ege Kalkınma Ajansı.
• Glewwe, P. ve Kremer, M. (2006) “Schools, Teac- hers, and Education Outcomes in Developing Countries” Handbook on the Economics of Education, 2: 81-114.
• Glomm, G. ve Ravikumar, B. (2003) “Public Educa- tion and Income Inequality” European Journal of Political Economy, 19:289-300.
• Goldin, C. ve Katz L.F. (2008) The Race between Education and Technology, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
• Hanushek, E.A. ve Wöẞmann, L. (2007) “The Role of Education Quality in Economic Growth” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series, No: 4122.
• Hanushek, E.A. ve Somers, J.A. (1999) “Schooling, Inequality, and The Impact of Government” NBER Wor- king Paper Series, No:7450.
• Hatakenaka, S. (2006) “Higher Education in Turkey For 21st Century: Size and Composition” World Bank” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTECAREGTOPE- DUCATION/Resources/444607-1192636551820/S._ Hatakenakas_report_on_Higher_Education_in_Turkey_ for_21st_Century_Nov_2006.pdf, (02.10.2013).
• Hunter, D.R. ve Lange, K. (2000) “Quantile Regres- sion via an MM Algorithm” Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 9(1):60-77.
• Johnson, G.E. (1997) “Changes in Earnings Inequa- lity: The Role of Demand Shifts” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(2):41-54.
• Koenker, R. ve Basset, G. (1978) “Regression Quan- tiles, Econometrica, 46:33-50.
• Koenker, R. ve Bassett, G. (1982) “Robust Tests for Heteroscedasticity Based on Regression Quantiles, Econo- metrica, 50(1):43-61.
• Koenker, R. ve Hallock, K.F. (2001) “Quantile Reg- ression” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4):143-156.
• Krueger, A.B. ve Lindahl, M. (2001) “Education for Growth: Why and For Whom?” Journal of Economic Lite- rature, 39:1101-1136.
• Lee, Jong-Wha. ve Barro, R.J. (1997) “Schooling Qu- ality in A Cross Section of Countries” NBER Working Pa- per Series, No: 6198,
• Lemieux, T. (2006) “Post-secondary Education and Increasing Wage Inequality” American
• Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 96(2):195-199.
• Martins, P.S. ve Pereira, P.T. (2004) “Does Education Reduce Wage İnequality? Quantile Regression Evidence From 16 Countries” Labour Economics, 11: 355-371.
• Mincer, J.A. (1974) Schooling, Experience and Ear- nings, Columbia University Press.
• Montenegro, C. (2001) “Wage distribution in Chile: Does Gender Matter? A Quantile Regression Approach” Policy Research Report on Gender and Development Working Paper Series, No:20.
• OECD (2010) Overcoming School Failure: Policies That Work, OECD Project.
• Palaz, S., Şenergin, Ö. ve Öksüzler, O. (2013) “Eğitim Düzeyi Farklılıklarının Gelir Dağılımına Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği” Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, (8-2):11-131.
• Sarı, R. (2002) “Kazançlar ve Eğitim İlişkisi: İl Bazın- da Yeni Veri Tabanı ile Kanıt” ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 29 (3-4):367-380.
• Schultz, T.P. (1998) “Inequality in the Distribution of Personal Income in the World: How It Is Changing and Why” Journal of Population Economics, 11(3):307-344.
• Stiglitz, J.E. (1973) “Education and Inequality” An- nals of the American Academy of Political and Social Scien- ce, 409:135-145.
• Sylwester, K. (2002) “Can Education Expenditures Reduce Income Inequality?” Economics of Education Re- view, 21:43-52.
• Tansel, A. ve Bircan-Bodur, F. (2006) “Demand for Education in Turkey: A Tobit Analysis of Private Tutoring Expenditures” Economics of Education Review, 25:303- 313.
• Tansel, A. ve Bircan-Bodur, F. (2012) “Wage Inequ- ality and Returns to Education in Turkey: A Quantile Regression Analysis” Review of Development Economics, 16(1):107-121.
• Tansel, A. ve Daoud, Y. (2011) “Comparative Essay on Returns to Education in Palestine and Turkey”, Dis- cussion Paper Series, No:5907
• Taştan, H. ve Akar, M. (2013) “Türkiye İmalat Sana- yiinde Bölgesel ve Sektörel Ücret Eşitsizliği” İktisat Fakül- tesi Mecmuası, 63:17-49.
• Üçdoğruk, Ş., Metin-Özcan, K. ve Özcan, Y.Z. (2000) “Türkiye’de Gelişmişlik İndeksine Göre Seçilmiş İllerde Gelir Farklılıklarını Belirleyen Etmenler” Ekono- mik Yaklaşım, 1:29-57.