Uluslararası Politik Ekonomi Bağlamında Devlet Kapasitesi: Elit Koalisyonları, Kurumlar, Büyüme ve Demokrasi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 49 - 61, 31.12.2025

İlhan Aydemir

Öz

Bu makale, devlet kapasitesinin kökenlerini ve bunun ekonomik kalkınma ile demokrasiyi nasıl şekillendirdiğini, yapısalcı, kurumsalcı, kültürel ve agency temelli açıklamalarla karşılaştırmalı biçimde ele alır. Temel kuramsal çerçeve, sınıf ilişkileri, elit koalisyonlarının bütünlüğü ve uluslararası rekabet ile savaş gibi dış baskıların, kurumlar aracılığıyla idari ve altyapısal kapasitenin evrimini belirlediği varsayımına dayanır. Ana argüman, kalkınma ve demokratikleşme için belirleyici olanın baskıcı/cezalandırıcı kapasite değil, idari ve altyapısal kapasite olduğu; baskının ancak sivil idareye dönüştürülebildiğinde sınırlı bir fayda sağladığıdır. Çalışma, yüksek kapasitenin kaynak tahsisini disipline eden kurumları, mülkiyet haklarını ve hukukun üstünlüğünü güçlendirerek büyümeyi desteklediğini; temsil talebini artırıp elit–toplum pazarlığını kurumsallaştırarak demokratikleşmeyi mümkün kıldığını savunur. Sistemik kırılganlık, kaynak kıtlığı ve güvenlik tehditlerinin aynı anda kesişmesi, gelişmeci devletlerin doğuşunda kritik bir eşik oluşturur; bu sürecin yönünü ise tarihsel zamanlama ile iç ve dış bağlamların etkileşimi belirler.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Devlet Kapasitesi , İdari ve Altyapısal Kapasite , Ekonomik Kalkınma , Demokratikleşme , Elit Koalisyonları , Kurumsal Tasarım ve Sistemik Kırılganlık.

State Capacity in the Context of International Political Economy: Elite Coalitions, Institutions, Growth, and Democracy

Öz

This article examines the origins of state capacity and how it shapes economic development and democracy, comparing structuralist, institutionalist, cultural, and agency-based explanations. The fundamental theoretical framework is based on the assumption that class relations, the integrity of elite coalitions, and external pressures such as international competition and war determine the evolution of administrative and infrastructural capacity through institutions. The main argument is that what is decisive for development and democratization is not repressive/punitive capacity, but administrative and infrastructural capacity; repression provides only limited benefit when it can be transformed into civil administration. The study argues that high capacity supports growth by strengthening institutions that discipline resource allocation, property rights, and the rule of law; and enables democratization by increasing the demand for representation and institutionalizing elite–society bargaining. The simultaneity of systemic vulnerability, resource scarcity, and security threats forms the critical juncture in the emergence of developmental states; the course of these processes is determined by the interaction between historical timing and the internal-external context.

Anahtar Kelimeler

State Capacity , Administrative and Infrastructure Capacity , Economic Development , Democratization , Elite Coalitions , Institutional Design , and Systemic Fragility

Kaynakça

• Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail. New York: Crown Business.
• Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J. A., & Johnson, S. (2001). The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369-1401.
• Amsden, A. (1985). The State and Taiwan's Economic Development. In P. Evans, D. Reuschemeyer, & T. Skocpol, Bringing the State Back In (pp. 193-207). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Anderson, B. (1988). Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams. New Left Review, 169, 3-31.
• Anderson, P. (1974). Lineages of the Absolutist State. London: Verso.
• Bates, R. (1981). Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Bellin, E. (2004). The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective. Comparative Politics, 36(2), 139-157.
• Boix, C. (1998). Political Parties, Growth and Equality. New York: Cambridge University Press. Boot, M. (2006). War Made New: Weapons, Warriors, and the Making of the Modern World. New York: Gotham Books.
• Callahan, M. P. (2003). Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Doner, R. F., Ritchie, B. K., & Slater, D. (2005). Systemic Vulnerability and the Origins of Developmental States: Northeast and Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective. International Organization, 59, 327-361.
• Downing, B. M. (1992). The Military Revolution and Political Change: Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Ertman, T. (1997). Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Evans, P. B. (1989). Predatory, Developmental, and Other Apparatuses: A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State. Sociological Forum, 4(4), 561-587.
• Franzese, R. J. (2001). Institutional and Sectoral Interactions in Monetary Politics and Wage/Price-Bargaining. P. Hall, & D. Soskice (Dü) içinde, Varieties of Capitalism: the Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage (s. 104-143). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Frieden, J., & Rogowski, R. (1996). The Impact of the International Economy on National Policies: An Analytical Overview. R. O. Keohane, & H. V. Miller (Dü) içinde, Internationalization and Domestic Politics (s. 25-47). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and development. Third World Quarterly, 22(1), 7-20.
• Geddes, B. (1994). Politician's Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
• Gerring, J., Bond, P., Barndt, W. T., & Moreno, C. (2005). Democracy and Economic Growth. World Politics, 57(3), 323-364.
• Gorski, P. S. (2003). The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
• Grindle, M. S. (2007). Good Enough Governance Revisited. Development Policy Review, 25(5), 533-574.
• Hamilton-Hart, N. (2002). Asian States, Asian Bankers: Central Banking in Southeast Asia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Johnson, C. (1982). MITI and the Japanese Miracle. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Johnson, L. (1967). Problems of Import Substitution: The Chilean Automobile Industry. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 15(2), 202-216.
• Katzenstein, P. (1985). Small States in World Markets. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Leblang, D. (1996). Property Rights, Democracy, and Economic Growth. Political Research Quarterly, 49(1), 5-26.
• Linz, J. J., & Stepan, A. (1996). Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist World. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Mahoney, J., & Rueschemeyer, D. (2003). Comparative Historical Analysis: Achievements and Agendas. J. Mahoney, & D. Rueschemeyer (Dü) içinde, Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences (s. 3-38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Mares, I. (2000). Strategic Alliances and Social Policy Reform: Unemployment Insurance in Comparative Perspective. Politics and Society, 28(2), 223-244.
• Mills, C. W. (1963). The Power Elite (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Mitchell, T. (1991). The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and Their Critics. American Political Science Review, 85(1), 77-96.
• Moore, J. B. (1966). Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.
• O'Donnell, G., & Schmitter, P. C. (1986). Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Olson, M. (1986). A Theory of the Incentives Facing Political Organizations: Neo-Corporatism and the Hegemonic state. International Political Science Review, 7(2), 165-189.
• Olson, M. (1993). Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development. American Political Science Review, 87(3), 567-576.
• Pempel, T. J. (Dü.). (1990). Uncommon Democracies: The One-Party Dominant Regimes. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Pepinsky, T. (2009). Economic Crisis and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Pierson, P. (2003). Big, Slow-Moving, and...Invisible: Macrosocial Processes in The Study of Comparative Politics. J. Mahoney, & D. Rueschemeyer (Dü) içinde, Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences (s. 177-207). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Przeworski, A., & Teune, H. (1970). The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
• Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M. E., Cheibub, J. A., & Limongi, F. (2000). Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-being in the World, 1950-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Ross, M. (2008). Oil, Islam, and Women. American Political Science Review, 102(1), 107-123. Rueschemeyer, D., & Evans, P. B. (1985). The State and Economic Transformation: Toward an Analysis of the Conditions Underlying Effective Intervention. P. B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol (Dü) içinde, Bringing the State Back In (s. 44-77). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Rueschemeyer, D., Stephens, E. H., & Stephens, J. D. (1992). Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
• Shefter, M. (1994). Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Silberman, B. S. (1993). Cages of Reason: The Rise of the Rational State in France, Japan, the United States, and Great Britain. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
• Skocpol, T. (1976). France, Russia, China: A Structural Analysis of Social Revolutions. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 18 (2), 18(2), 175-210.
• Skocpol, T. (1979). States and Social Revolutions. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
• Skocpol, T. (1985). Bringing the State back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research. In P. B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol, Bringing the State Back In (pp. 3-28). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Slater, D. (2010). Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press. Slater, D., & Wong, J. (2013). The Strength to Concede: Ruling Parties and Democratization in Developmental Asia. Perspectives on Politics, 11(3), 717-733.
• Smith, B. (2005). Life of the Party: The Origins of Regime Breakdown and Persistence under Single-Party Rule. World Politics, 57(3), 421-451.
• Tilly, C. (1992). Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992. Cambridge: Blackwell.
• Verdery, K. (1995). What Was Socialism and Why Did It Fall? N. R. Keddie (Dü.) içinde, Debating Revolutions (s. 221-243). New York: NYU Press.
• Vu, T. (2010). Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Vu, T. (2010). Studying the State through State Formation: A Review Article. World Politics, 62(2), 148-175.
• Wade, R. (1992). East Asia's Economic Success. World Politics, 44(2), 270-320. Wood, E. M. (2002). The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View. London & New York: Verso.
• Zakaria, F., & Yew, L. K. (1994). Culture is Destiny: A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew. Foreign Affairs, 109-126.
• Ziblatt, D. (2006). Structuring the State: The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.