Araştırma Makalesi
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Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Mobil Öğrenmeye Yönelik Kullanım Alışkanlıkları ve Tutumlarının İncelenmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 79 - 89, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.59312/ebshealth.1542955

Öz

Amaç: Bu araştırma hemşirelik öğrencilerinin mobil öğrenmeye yönelik kullanım alışkanlıkları ve tutumlarının incelenmesi amacıyla yapıldı.
Yöntem: Araştırma tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel türde yapıldı. Araştırmanın örneklemini Türkiye’nin Kuzeydoğusunda bulunan bir devlet üniversitesinin hemşirelik bölümünde okuyan 244 hemşirelik öğrencisi oluşturdu. Araştırma verileri “Öğrenci Bilgi Formu ve Mobil Öğrenme Tutum Ölçeği” ile toplandı. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, “Mann-Whitney U testi ve Spearman korelasyon analizi” kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Araştırma kapsamına alınan hemşirelik öğrencilerinin yaş ortalamasının 21.13±2.22 olduğu, %69.7’sinin kadın olduğu belirlendi. Öğrencilerinin ve günlük ortalama internet kullanım sürelerinin 5.02±2.07 saat olduğu ve en sık sosyal ağlarda vakit geçirdikleri saptandı. Öğrencilerin “M-Öğrenme Tutum Ölçeği” toplam puan ortalaması 3.58±0.41 olduğu belirlendi. Öğrencilerin günlük internet kullanımı ile M-Öğrenme Tutum Ölçeği Kullanışlılık (r= 0.196, p<0.05) ve Özgürlük alt boyutları (r=0.146, p<0.05) toplam puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu belirlendi.
Sonuç: Bu araştırma sonucunda hemşirelik öğrencilerinin mobil öğrenmeye karşı tutumları olumlu iken mobil cihazlarla internette geçirdikleri süre ortalamalarının oldukça yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Bu bağlamda öğrencilere internet bağımlığını önleme ve sağlıklı beden ve zihin gelişimi için psikolojik temelli ve eğitsel içerikli müdahale programlarının geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması önerildi.

Etik Beyan

Etik onay alınmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Kaynakça

  • Aguilera-Manrique, G,, Márquez-Hernández, V.V., Alcaraz-Córdoba, T., Granados-Gámez, G., Gutiérrez-Puertas, V., & Gutiérrez-Puertas, L. (2018). The relationship between nomophobia and the distraction associated with smartphone use among nursing students in their clinical practicum. PLoS One. 13(8), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202953
  • Aktaş, D., Yazıcı, G., Koçaşlı, S. & Yılmaz, K. (2021). The attitude of nursing students towards mobile learning. Genel Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 3(2), 133-142.
  • Anshari, M., Almunawar, M.N., Shahrill, M., Wicaksono, D.K., & Huda, M. (2017). Smartphones usage in the classrooms: Learning aid or interference? Education and Information Technologies. 22(6), 3063- 3079.
  • Asabere, N.Y. (2013). Benefits and challenges of mobile learning ımplementation: Story of developing nations. International Journal of Computer Applications. 73(1), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.5120/12706-9504.
  • Chuang, Y. H., Lai, F. C., Chang, C. C., & Wan, H. T. (2018). Effects of a skill demonstration video delivered by smartphone on facilitating nursing students’ skill competencies and self-confidence: a randomized controlled trial study. Nurse Education Today. 66, 63-68.
  • Chen, B., Wang, Y., Xiao, L., Xu, C., Shen, Y., Qin, Q., Li, C., Chen, F., Leng, Y., Yang, T., Sun, Z. (2021). Effects of mobile learning for nursing students in clinical education: a meta-analysis. Nurse Education Today. 97, 104706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. nedt.2020.104706.
  • Çelik, A. (2013). M-Öğrenme Tutum Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri. Journal of Research in Education Teaching. 2, 172–185.
  • Çobanoğlu, A. (2023). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin uzaktan eğitime ilişkin algıları ve mobil öğrenme davranışları. SBÜ Hemşirelik Dergisi. 5(2), 75-82. https://doi:10.48071/sbuhemsirelik.1204208
  • Dost, A., Kökcü Doğan, A., & Aslan Huyar, D. (2021). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinde internet bağımlılığı. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi. 4(3), 393-401. https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.871550
  • Dunleavy, G., Nikolaou, C.K., Nifakos, S., Atun, R., Law, G.C.Y., & Tudor, C.L. (2019). Mobile digital education for health professions: systematic review and meta-analysis by the digital health education collaboration. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 21 (2), e12937 https://doi.org/10.2196/12937.
  • Egilsdottir, H.¨O., Heyn, L.G., Brembo, E.A., Byermoen, K.R., Moen, A., & Eide, H. (2021). Configuration of mobile learning tools to support basic physical assessment in nursing education: longitudinal participatory design approach. JMIR mHealthuHealth. 9 (1), e22633. https://doi.org/10.2196/22633.
  • Eraydın, C., Tezcan, B., Şahin, E., Ören, M., & Berşe, B. (2023). Attitudes of the students of health sciences towards mobile learning. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi. 6(2), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.31108/ouhcd.1056871
  • Foster, M., & Sethares, K. (2017). Current Strategies to Implement Informatics into the Nursing Curriculum: An Integrative Review. On-Line Journal of Nursing Informatics. 21(3).
  • Gomaa, E.M., Ali Z.H., & El-Sayed, H-A.G. (2020). Nursing students’ perception regarding mobile-based learning. International Journal of Novel Research in Healthcare and Nursing, 7(3), 457-465.
  • Goksu I. (2021). Bibliometric mapping of mobile learning. Telematics and Informatics. 56, 101491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101491
  • Gupta, N., Garg, S., & Arora, K. (2016). Pattern of mobile phone usage and its effects on psychological health, sleep, and academic performance in students of a medical university, National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 6(2), 132-139.
  • Iqbal, S., Khan, M.N., & Malik, I.R. (2017). Mobile Phone Usage and Students’ Attitude towards M-Learning: A Case of Undergraduate Students in Pakistan. International Journal of E- Learning and Distance Education. 32(1).
  • Ismailoğlu, G.E., Kocaçal, E., & Şahan, S. (2021). Determination of nursing students’ attitudes towards Mobile learning. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences.13, 338–345. https:// doi.org/10.5336/nurses.2020-78279.
  • Kılıç, Z., Aydınlı, A., Günaydın, Y., & Polat, S. (2024). Examination of the attitudes of nursing and midwifery students receiving distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic towards mobile learning. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi. 7(1), 146-154. https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.1147764
  • Kim, H., & Suh, E.E. (2018). The effects of an interactive nursing skills mobile application on nursing students’ knowledge, self-efficacy, and skills performance: a randomized controlled trial. Asian Nurs. Res. 12 (1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. anr.2018.01.001
  • Kim, S.J., Shin, H., Lee, J., Kang, S., & Bartlett, R. (2017). A smartphone application to educate undergraduate nursing students about providing care for infant airway obstruction. Nurse Education Today. 48, 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. nedt.2016.10.006.
  • Kocaağalar Akince, E., Özkütük, N., & Orgun, F. (2022). Hemşirelik eğitimini etkileyen paradigmalar. Akdeniz Hemşirelik Dergisi. 1(1), 29-35.
  • Lee, H., Min, H., Oh, S.M., & Shim, K. (2018). Mobile technology in undergraduate nursing education: a systematic review. Healthcare Informatics Research. 24, 97–108. https://doi.org/ 10.4258/hir.2018.24.2.97
  • Lin T.T.C., & Chiang Y-H. (2017). Investigating predictors of smartphone dependency symptoms and effects on academic performance, improper phone use and perceived sociability. International Journal of Mobile Communications. 15(6), 655–76. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMC.2017.086881
  • O’Connor, S., & Andrews, T. (2018). Smartphones and mobile applications (apps) in clinical nursing education: A student perspective. Nurse Education Today, 69, 172-178.
  • Oktan V. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinde problemli internet kullanımı, yalnızlık ve algılanan sosyal destek. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi. 23(1), 281-292.
  • Öksüz, E, Guvenc. G., & Mumcu, S. (2018). Relationship between problematic internet use and time management among nursing students. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing. 36(1), 55-61.
  • Rubenstein, C.D., & Schubert, C.F. (2017). Student and faculty perceptions of iPad integration in a prelicensure program. Nurse Education Today. 42 (2), 85–90. https://doi.org/ 10.1097/NNE.0000000000000293.
  • Salehi, M., Khalili, M.N., Hojjat, S.K., Salehi, M., & Danesh, A. (2014). Prevalence of internet addiction and associated factors among medical students from mashhad, Iran in 2013. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 16(5), 1-7.
  • Satır, G., Kaya, G., Kızılkaya Beji, N. (2023). COVID-19 döneminde online eğitim alan hemşirelik öğrencilerinin mobil öğrenmeye yönelik tutumlarının belirlenmesi. Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 6(3), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.48124/husagbilder.1194476
  • Suner, A., Yilmaz, Y., Pişkin, B. (2019). Mobile learning in dentistry: usage habits, attitudes and perceptions of undergraduate students. PeerJ. 7:e7391.
  • Tatlı, Z., Aydın, A., Şimşek, P., Özdemir, M., Gölbaşı, S., Karacan, S., Gürsoy, A., & Gündüz, A. (2018). Hemşirelerin ve hemşirelik öğrencilerinin bilişim teknolojilerini kullanma durumları. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi. 1(1), 18-27.
  • Turan, N., Durgun, H., Kaya, H., Aştı, T., Yılmaz, Y., Gündüz, G., & Ertaş, G. (2020). Relationship between nursing students’ levels of internet addiction, loneliness, and life satisfaction. Percpectives in Psychiatric Care. 1-7.
  • Turgut, K., & Akdemir, E. (2019). Öğretmen adaylarının mobil öğrenmeye ilişkin tutumları. OPUS-Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi. 9(13), 500-526. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.595870.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2021). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage Survey on Households and Individuals, 2020. Erişim adresi (12.04.2024): https://turkstatweb. tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33679.
  • Wang, Y. H. (2016). Could a mobile-assisted learning system support flipped classrooms for classical Chineselearning? Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 32(5), 391–415.
  • Wilson, D., Aggar, C., Massey, D., & Walker, F. (2022). The use of mobile technology to support work integrated learning in undergraduate nursing programs: An integrative review. Nurse Education Today. 116, 105451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.
  • Yalçınkaya, T.,& Cinar Yucel, S. (2023). Determination of nursing students' attitudes toward and readiness for mobile learning: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today. 120, 105652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105652
  • Yorgancı, S. (2017). Investigating students’ self-efficacy and attitudes towards the use of mobile learning. Journal of Education and Practice. 8(6), 181-185.

Investigation of Nursing Students' Usage Habits and Attitudes towards Mobile Learning

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 79 - 89, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.59312/ebshealth.1542955

Öz

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the usage habits and attitudes of nursing students towards mobile learning.
Methods: This study was conducted in descriptive and cross-sectional types. The sample of the study consisted of 244 nursing students studying in the nursing department of a state university located in the Northeast of Türkiye. The data were collected with Student Information Form and Mobile Learning Attitude Scale. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation analysis were used to evaluate the data.
Results: The mean age of the nursing students included in the study was 21.13±2.22 years and 69.7% of them were female. The mean daily internet usage time of the students was 5.02±2.07 hours and they most common spent time on social networks. It was determined that the mean total score of the M-Learning Attitude Scale was 3.58±0.41. It was determined that there was a significant relationship between students' daily internet use and the total mean scores of the M-Learning Attitude Scale Usability (r=0.196, p<0.05) and Freedom sub-dimensions (r=0.146, p<0.05).
Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was determined that while nursing students' attitudes towards mobile learning were positive, the average time they spent on the internet with mobile devices was quite high. In this context, it was recommended to develop and implement psychologically based and educational intervention programmes for the prevention of internet addiction and healthy body and mind development.

Kaynakça

  • Aguilera-Manrique, G,, Márquez-Hernández, V.V., Alcaraz-Córdoba, T., Granados-Gámez, G., Gutiérrez-Puertas, V., & Gutiérrez-Puertas, L. (2018). The relationship between nomophobia and the distraction associated with smartphone use among nursing students in their clinical practicum. PLoS One. 13(8), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202953
  • Aktaş, D., Yazıcı, G., Koçaşlı, S. & Yılmaz, K. (2021). The attitude of nursing students towards mobile learning. Genel Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 3(2), 133-142.
  • Anshari, M., Almunawar, M.N., Shahrill, M., Wicaksono, D.K., & Huda, M. (2017). Smartphones usage in the classrooms: Learning aid or interference? Education and Information Technologies. 22(6), 3063- 3079.
  • Asabere, N.Y. (2013). Benefits and challenges of mobile learning ımplementation: Story of developing nations. International Journal of Computer Applications. 73(1), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.5120/12706-9504.
  • Chuang, Y. H., Lai, F. C., Chang, C. C., & Wan, H. T. (2018). Effects of a skill demonstration video delivered by smartphone on facilitating nursing students’ skill competencies and self-confidence: a randomized controlled trial study. Nurse Education Today. 66, 63-68.
  • Chen, B., Wang, Y., Xiao, L., Xu, C., Shen, Y., Qin, Q., Li, C., Chen, F., Leng, Y., Yang, T., Sun, Z. (2021). Effects of mobile learning for nursing students in clinical education: a meta-analysis. Nurse Education Today. 97, 104706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. nedt.2020.104706.
  • Çelik, A. (2013). M-Öğrenme Tutum Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri. Journal of Research in Education Teaching. 2, 172–185.
  • Çobanoğlu, A. (2023). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin uzaktan eğitime ilişkin algıları ve mobil öğrenme davranışları. SBÜ Hemşirelik Dergisi. 5(2), 75-82. https://doi:10.48071/sbuhemsirelik.1204208
  • Dost, A., Kökcü Doğan, A., & Aslan Huyar, D. (2021). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinde internet bağımlılığı. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi. 4(3), 393-401. https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.871550
  • Dunleavy, G., Nikolaou, C.K., Nifakos, S., Atun, R., Law, G.C.Y., & Tudor, C.L. (2019). Mobile digital education for health professions: systematic review and meta-analysis by the digital health education collaboration. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 21 (2), e12937 https://doi.org/10.2196/12937.
  • Egilsdottir, H.¨O., Heyn, L.G., Brembo, E.A., Byermoen, K.R., Moen, A., & Eide, H. (2021). Configuration of mobile learning tools to support basic physical assessment in nursing education: longitudinal participatory design approach. JMIR mHealthuHealth. 9 (1), e22633. https://doi.org/10.2196/22633.
  • Eraydın, C., Tezcan, B., Şahin, E., Ören, M., & Berşe, B. (2023). Attitudes of the students of health sciences towards mobile learning. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi. 6(2), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.31108/ouhcd.1056871
  • Foster, M., & Sethares, K. (2017). Current Strategies to Implement Informatics into the Nursing Curriculum: An Integrative Review. On-Line Journal of Nursing Informatics. 21(3).
  • Gomaa, E.M., Ali Z.H., & El-Sayed, H-A.G. (2020). Nursing students’ perception regarding mobile-based learning. International Journal of Novel Research in Healthcare and Nursing, 7(3), 457-465.
  • Goksu I. (2021). Bibliometric mapping of mobile learning. Telematics and Informatics. 56, 101491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101491
  • Gupta, N., Garg, S., & Arora, K. (2016). Pattern of mobile phone usage and its effects on psychological health, sleep, and academic performance in students of a medical university, National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 6(2), 132-139.
  • Iqbal, S., Khan, M.N., & Malik, I.R. (2017). Mobile Phone Usage and Students’ Attitude towards M-Learning: A Case of Undergraduate Students in Pakistan. International Journal of E- Learning and Distance Education. 32(1).
  • Ismailoğlu, G.E., Kocaçal, E., & Şahan, S. (2021). Determination of nursing students’ attitudes towards Mobile learning. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences.13, 338–345. https:// doi.org/10.5336/nurses.2020-78279.
  • Kılıç, Z., Aydınlı, A., Günaydın, Y., & Polat, S. (2024). Examination of the attitudes of nursing and midwifery students receiving distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic towards mobile learning. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi. 7(1), 146-154. https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.1147764
  • Kim, H., & Suh, E.E. (2018). The effects of an interactive nursing skills mobile application on nursing students’ knowledge, self-efficacy, and skills performance: a randomized controlled trial. Asian Nurs. Res. 12 (1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. anr.2018.01.001
  • Kim, S.J., Shin, H., Lee, J., Kang, S., & Bartlett, R. (2017). A smartphone application to educate undergraduate nursing students about providing care for infant airway obstruction. Nurse Education Today. 48, 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. nedt.2016.10.006.
  • Kocaağalar Akince, E., Özkütük, N., & Orgun, F. (2022). Hemşirelik eğitimini etkileyen paradigmalar. Akdeniz Hemşirelik Dergisi. 1(1), 29-35.
  • Lee, H., Min, H., Oh, S.M., & Shim, K. (2018). Mobile technology in undergraduate nursing education: a systematic review. Healthcare Informatics Research. 24, 97–108. https://doi.org/ 10.4258/hir.2018.24.2.97
  • Lin T.T.C., & Chiang Y-H. (2017). Investigating predictors of smartphone dependency symptoms and effects on academic performance, improper phone use and perceived sociability. International Journal of Mobile Communications. 15(6), 655–76. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMC.2017.086881
  • O’Connor, S., & Andrews, T. (2018). Smartphones and mobile applications (apps) in clinical nursing education: A student perspective. Nurse Education Today, 69, 172-178.
  • Oktan V. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinde problemli internet kullanımı, yalnızlık ve algılanan sosyal destek. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi. 23(1), 281-292.
  • Öksüz, E, Guvenc. G., & Mumcu, S. (2018). Relationship between problematic internet use and time management among nursing students. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing. 36(1), 55-61.
  • Rubenstein, C.D., & Schubert, C.F. (2017). Student and faculty perceptions of iPad integration in a prelicensure program. Nurse Education Today. 42 (2), 85–90. https://doi.org/ 10.1097/NNE.0000000000000293.
  • Salehi, M., Khalili, M.N., Hojjat, S.K., Salehi, M., & Danesh, A. (2014). Prevalence of internet addiction and associated factors among medical students from mashhad, Iran in 2013. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 16(5), 1-7.
  • Satır, G., Kaya, G., Kızılkaya Beji, N. (2023). COVID-19 döneminde online eğitim alan hemşirelik öğrencilerinin mobil öğrenmeye yönelik tutumlarının belirlenmesi. Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 6(3), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.48124/husagbilder.1194476
  • Suner, A., Yilmaz, Y., Pişkin, B. (2019). Mobile learning in dentistry: usage habits, attitudes and perceptions of undergraduate students. PeerJ. 7:e7391.
  • Tatlı, Z., Aydın, A., Şimşek, P., Özdemir, M., Gölbaşı, S., Karacan, S., Gürsoy, A., & Gündüz, A. (2018). Hemşirelerin ve hemşirelik öğrencilerinin bilişim teknolojilerini kullanma durumları. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi. 1(1), 18-27.
  • Turan, N., Durgun, H., Kaya, H., Aştı, T., Yılmaz, Y., Gündüz, G., & Ertaş, G. (2020). Relationship between nursing students’ levels of internet addiction, loneliness, and life satisfaction. Percpectives in Psychiatric Care. 1-7.
  • Turgut, K., & Akdemir, E. (2019). Öğretmen adaylarının mobil öğrenmeye ilişkin tutumları. OPUS-Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi. 9(13), 500-526. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.595870.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2021). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage Survey on Households and Individuals, 2020. Erişim adresi (12.04.2024): https://turkstatweb. tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33679.
  • Wang, Y. H. (2016). Could a mobile-assisted learning system support flipped classrooms for classical Chineselearning? Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 32(5), 391–415.
  • Wilson, D., Aggar, C., Massey, D., & Walker, F. (2022). The use of mobile technology to support work integrated learning in undergraduate nursing programs: An integrative review. Nurse Education Today. 116, 105451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.
  • Yalçınkaya, T.,& Cinar Yucel, S. (2023). Determination of nursing students' attitudes toward and readiness for mobile learning: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today. 120, 105652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105652
  • Yorgancı, S. (2017). Investigating students’ self-efficacy and attitudes towards the use of mobile learning. Journal of Education and Practice. 8(6), 181-185.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hemşirelik Eğitimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Asuman Çobanoğlu 0000-0002-5656-1910

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 15 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çobanoğlu, A. (2024). Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Mobil Öğrenmeye Yönelik Kullanım Alışkanlıkları ve Tutumlarının İncelenmesi. Doğu Karadeniz Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.59312/ebshealth.1542955

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