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Evaluatıon of Museum Experıences, Changed By the Covıd-19 Wıth the Approach of Tourısm Geography: Examples From the World and Turkey

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 2, 337 - 353, 18.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.1175873

Öz

Changing socio-economic relations, political structures, technological developments, transportation and communication opportunities, pandemic and crises affect tourism and geography, which has sensitive dynamics. COVID-19, which emerged in December 2019, has turned into a global crisis, and in this process, tourism and cultural places have started to look for ways to combat the pandemic. During the pandemic, travel restrictions were applied on a national and international scale, and countries had to adopt an isolated lifestyle for a while. In the first year of the pandemic, the tourism industry shrank by 72% and regressed to the situation in the 1990s.
Museums; digitized its collections and activities and moved them to the virtual place as a strategy to get rid of the pandemic crisis, and trying to keep the interest of the visitors alive. In this context, the research aims to evaluate virtual museums, which started to develop with the effect of postmodernism and became widespread with the effect of the pandemic, through the tourism geography approach. In the study, the situation of virtual museums on a national-international scale was compared in the perspective of supply-demand-spatial distribution by means of secondary data obtained from various sources. With the rapid increase in demand for virtual places with COVID-19, virtual museums, which have become widespread especially in European and North American countries, have attracted millions of visitors. The post-pandemic situation of the demand for virtual museums and their effects on the production-consumption of the place continue to be discussed

Kaynakça

  • Abu Bakar, N., & Rosbi, S. (2020). Effect of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to tourism industry. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 7(4).
  • Acar, Y. (2020). Yeni koronavirüs (COVİD-19) salgını ve turizm faaliyetlerine etkisi. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 7-21.
  • Agostino, D., Arnaboldi, M., & Lampis, A. (2020). Italian state museums during the COVID-19 crisis: from onsite closure to online openness. Museum Management and Curatorship, 1-11.
  • Akoğlan Kozak, M., Evren, S., Çakır, O. (2013). Tarihsel süreç içinde turizm paradigması. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24(1) , 7-22.
  • Antara, N., & Sen, S. (2020). The ımpact of covid-19 on the museums and the way forward for resilience. Journal of International Museum Education, 2(1), 54-61.
  • Arkeofili (2022). Türkiye’deki Müze ve Örenyeri 2021 Ziyaretçi Sayıları Açıklandı. Erişim Tarihi 07.04.2022. Erişim Adresi: https://arkeofili.com/turkiyedeki-muze-ve-orenyeri-2021-ziyaretci-sayilari-aciklandi/
  • Awan, M. I., Shamim, A., & Ahn, J. (2020). Implementing ‘cleanliness is half of faith’in re-designing tourists, experiences and salvaging the hotel industry in Malaysia during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(3).
  • Bandelli, A. (1999). Virtual spaces and museums. Journal of Museum Education, 20-22.
  • Barlas-Bozkuş, Ş. (2014). Kültür ve sanat iletişimi çerçevesinde Türkiye’de sanal müzelerin gelişimi. International Journal of Social Science, 26, 329-344.
  • Burke, V., Jorgensen, D., & Jorgensen, F. A. (2020). Museums at home: digital ınitiatives in response to COVID-19. Norsk museumstidsskrift, 117-123.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri (Geliştirilmiş 2. baskı). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Chinazzi, M., Davis, J. T., Ajelli, M., Gioannini, C., Litvinova, M., Merler, S., . . . Vespignani, A. (2020). The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science, 1-12.
  • Corona, L. (2021). Museums and communication: the case of the louvre museum at the COVID-19 age. Humanities and Social Science Research, 4(1), 15-26.
  • Du Cros, H., & McKercher, B. (2014). Cultural tourism. Routledge.
  • Düzgün, O. (2008). "Sanal müzecilik ve müzelerimiz" Geçmişten Geleceğe Türkiye'de Müzecilik Sempozyumu 21-22 Mayıs 2007, VEKAM Yayınları. (s. 217-220).
  • Emekli, G. (2003). İzmir'de kültürel turizmin geliştirilmesinde müzelerin önemi. 4. Ulusal Turizm Sempozyumu, 18-19 Aralık 2003, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi. Türkiye Turizmini Araştırma Enstitüsü. Bildiriler Kitabı. (s. 112-131).
  • Emekli, G. (2006). Coğrafya, kültür ve turizm : kültürel turizm. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 51-59.
  • Emekli, G. (2021). Coğrafya, turizm, kültür ilişkilerinin turizm coğrafyasına yansımaları ve kültürel turizm. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi , 30 (2) , 405-428 . DOI: 10.51800/ecd.1017209
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  • Farzanegan, M. R., Gholipour, H. F., Feizi, M., Nunkoo, R., & Andargoli, A. E. (2020). International tourism and outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19): a cross-country analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 1-6.
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COVID-19 İle Değişen Müze Deneyimlerinin Turizm Coğrafyası Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi: : Dünya'dan ve Türkiye'den Örnekler

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 2, 337 - 353, 18.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.1175873

Öz

Değişen sosyo-ekonomik ilişkiler, siyasi yapılanmalar, teknolojik gelişmeler, ulaşım ve haberleşme olanakları, salgın hastalıklar ve krizler hassas dinamiklere sahip olan turizmi ve coğrafya bağlamını etkilemektedir. 2019 yılının aralık ayında ortaya çıkan COVID-19, küresel bir krize dönüşmüş bu süreçte turizm ve kültürel mekanlar salgınla mücadelenin yollarını aramaya başlamıştır. Salgın sürecinde ulusal ve uluslararası ölçekte seyahat kısıtlamaları uygulanmış, ülkeler bir süreliğine izole bir yaşam tarzını uygulamak zorunda kalmıştır. Salgının ilk yılında turizm endüstrisi %72 oranında küçülerek 1990’lı yıllardaki durumuna gerilemiştir.
Küresel salgında müzeler; salgın krizinden çıkış stratejisi olarak sahip oldukları koleksiyonlarını ve etkinliklerini dijitalleştirerek sanal ortama taşımış, kendilerine olan ilgiyi canlı tutmaya çalışmıştır. Bu bağlamda araştırma, postmodernizmin etkisiyle gelişmeye başlayan ve salgınla birlikte yaygınlaşan sanal müzelerin turizm coğrafyası yaklaşımıyla değerlendirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, ilişkisel araştırma modeli çerçevesinde tasarlanmış, çeşitli kaynaklardan elde edilen ikincil veriler vasıtasıyla sanal müzelerin ulusal-uluslararası ölçekteki durumu arz-talep-mekânsal dağılım perspektifinde karşılaştırılmıştır. COVID-19 ile birlikte sanal mekanlara olan talebin artmasıyla başta Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika ülkelerinde hızla yaygınlaşan sanal müzeler, milyonlarca ziyaretçiyi kendisine çekmeyi başarmıştır. Ayrıca salgın döneminde müzelerin sosyal medya aktivitelerindeki artış göze çarpmaktadır. Salgın sonrasında sanal müzelere yönelik talebin durumu ile küresel salgının sanal müzeler üzerindeki etkileri ise tartışılmaya devam etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abu Bakar, N., & Rosbi, S. (2020). Effect of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to tourism industry. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 7(4).
  • Acar, Y. (2020). Yeni koronavirüs (COVİD-19) salgını ve turizm faaliyetlerine etkisi. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 7-21.
  • Agostino, D., Arnaboldi, M., & Lampis, A. (2020). Italian state museums during the COVID-19 crisis: from onsite closure to online openness. Museum Management and Curatorship, 1-11.
  • Akoğlan Kozak, M., Evren, S., Çakır, O. (2013). Tarihsel süreç içinde turizm paradigması. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24(1) , 7-22.
  • Antara, N., & Sen, S. (2020). The ımpact of covid-19 on the museums and the way forward for resilience. Journal of International Museum Education, 2(1), 54-61.
  • Arkeofili (2022). Türkiye’deki Müze ve Örenyeri 2021 Ziyaretçi Sayıları Açıklandı. Erişim Tarihi 07.04.2022. Erişim Adresi: https://arkeofili.com/turkiyedeki-muze-ve-orenyeri-2021-ziyaretci-sayilari-aciklandi/
  • Awan, M. I., Shamim, A., & Ahn, J. (2020). Implementing ‘cleanliness is half of faith’in re-designing tourists, experiences and salvaging the hotel industry in Malaysia during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(3).
  • Bandelli, A. (1999). Virtual spaces and museums. Journal of Museum Education, 20-22.
  • Barlas-Bozkuş, Ş. (2014). Kültür ve sanat iletişimi çerçevesinde Türkiye’de sanal müzelerin gelişimi. International Journal of Social Science, 26, 329-344.
  • Burke, V., Jorgensen, D., & Jorgensen, F. A. (2020). Museums at home: digital ınitiatives in response to COVID-19. Norsk museumstidsskrift, 117-123.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri (Geliştirilmiş 2. baskı). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Chinazzi, M., Davis, J. T., Ajelli, M., Gioannini, C., Litvinova, M., Merler, S., . . . Vespignani, A. (2020). The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science, 1-12.
  • Corona, L. (2021). Museums and communication: the case of the louvre museum at the COVID-19 age. Humanities and Social Science Research, 4(1), 15-26.
  • Du Cros, H., & McKercher, B. (2014). Cultural tourism. Routledge.
  • Düzgün, O. (2008). "Sanal müzecilik ve müzelerimiz" Geçmişten Geleceğe Türkiye'de Müzecilik Sempozyumu 21-22 Mayıs 2007, VEKAM Yayınları. (s. 217-220).
  • Emekli, G. (2003). İzmir'de kültürel turizmin geliştirilmesinde müzelerin önemi. 4. Ulusal Turizm Sempozyumu, 18-19 Aralık 2003, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi. Türkiye Turizmini Araştırma Enstitüsü. Bildiriler Kitabı. (s. 112-131).
  • Emekli, G. (2006). Coğrafya, kültür ve turizm : kültürel turizm. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 51-59.
  • Emekli, G. (2021). Coğrafya, turizm, kültür ilişkilerinin turizm coğrafyasına yansımaları ve kültürel turizm. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi , 30 (2) , 405-428 . DOI: 10.51800/ecd.1017209
  • Euromonitor International. (2022). Top 100 city destinations 2019 edition report.
  • Farmaki, A., Miguel, C., Drotarova, M. H., Aleksic, A., Casni, A. C., & Efthymiadou, F. (2020). Impacts of COVİD-19 on peer-to-peer accommodation platforms: Host perceptions and responses. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 1-10.
  • Farzanegan, M. R., Gholipour, H. F., Feizi, M., Nunkoo, R., & Andargoli, A. E. (2020). International tourism and outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19): a cross-country analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 1-6.
  • Google Arts and Culture . (2021, 02 08). Google Arts and Culture Web Sitesi. https://artsandculture.google.com/story/10-museums-you-can-explore-right-here-right-now/igKSKBBnEBSGKg adresinden alındı
  • Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20.
  • Güneş, E., Pekerşen, Y., Alagöz, G., & Sivrikaya, K. K. (2019). Müze ziyaretçilerinin hizmet kalitesine yönelik algılamaları: Mevlana Müzesi örneği. Journal of Academic Researches and Studies, 591-612.
  • Hall, C. M., & Page, S. J. (1999). The geography of tourism and recreation: environment, place and space. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Hall, C. M., & Seyfi, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, tourism and degrowth. C. M. Hall, L. Lundmark, & J. J. Zhang içinde, Degrowth and Tourism: New Perspectives on Tourism Entrepreneurship, Destinations and Policy (s. 220-). Routledge.
  • Haywood, K. M. (2020). A post COVID-19 future - tourism re-imagined and re-enabled. Tourism Geographies, 599-609.
  • Herreman, Y. (1998). Museums and tourism: culture and consumption. Museum International, 4-12.
  • Hjalager, A. M. (2015). 100 Innovations that transformed tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 3-21.
  • Huhtamo, E. (2010). On the Origins of the Virtual Museum. R. Parry içinde, Museums in a Digital Age (s. 121-136). Routledge.
  • Hürriyet Gazetesi. (2021, 01 18). Sanal müze ziyaretçi sayısı 11,5 milyona ulaştı. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/seyahat/sanal-muze-ziyaretci-sayisi-11-5-milyona-ulasti-41696154 adresinden alındı
  • ICOM. (2020, 12 3). Icom.museum: https://icom.museum/en/resources/standards-guidelines/museum-definition/ adresinden alındı
  • ICOM. (2020). Museums, museum professionals and COVID-19: follow-up survey. Paris: International Councill of Museums.
  • Iguman, S. (2020). If Visitors Won’t Go To Heritage, Heritage Must Go To Visitors. Digitisation of Heritage in time of Corona. F. Burini (Dü.) içinde, Tourısm Facıng A Pandemıc: From Crısıs To Recovery (s. 165-172). Università degli Studi di Bergamo.
  • Kahraman, Z. (2021). Sanal müzecilikte yeni yaklaşımlar . Ankara Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Dergisi , 3 (2) , 145-160 . https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/augsfd/issue/67696/1011165
  • Kalyoncuoğlu, Y. (2021, 02 08). Sanal Müzelerin Ziyaretçi Sayısı 10 Ayda 12 Milyona Ulaştı. https://onedio.com/haber/sanal-muzelerin-ziyaretci-sayisi-10-ayda-12-milyona-ulasti-957606 adresinden alındı
  • Kasapoğlu Akyol, P. (2020). "COVID-19 küresel salgın dönemı̇ ve sonrası müze etkı̇nlı̇klerı̇" . Milli Folklor 16. 72-86.
  • Kaushal, V., & Srivastava, S. (2020). Hospitality and tourism industry amid COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives on challenges and learnings from India. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92.
  • Kervankıran, İ. (2014). Dünya'da değişen müze algısı ekseninde Türkiye'deki müze turizmine bakış. Turkish Studies, 345-369.
  • Kervankıran, İ., & Bağmancı, M. F. (2020). Bildiğimiz turizmin sonu mu? COVID-19’un Türkiye’deki turizm hareketliliğine etkisi. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 19-32.
  • Kervankıran, İ., & Eryılmaz, A. G. (2015). Müzelerin Türkiye turizmindeki yeri nedir? Türkiye'de müze turizminin mekânsal dağılımına genel bir bakış. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (s. 602-614). EITOC.
  • Kist, C. (2020). Museums, challenging heritage and social media during COVID-19. Museum & Society, 345-348.
  • Kumar, V. (2020). Indian tourism ındustry and COVID-19: present scenario. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Education, 10, 179-185.
  • KTB (2022, 29 10). Müze İstatistikleri. https://kvmgm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-43336/muze-istatistikleri.html adresinden alındı.
  • Lapointe, D. (2020). Reconnecting tourism after COVID-19: the paradox of alterity in tourism areas. Tourism Geographies, 1-6.
  • Levin, A. K. (2020). ‘Isolation as a collective experience’: Museums’ first responses to COVID-19. Museum & Society, 18(3), 295-297.
  • Mannoni, B. (1997). A virtual museum. Communications of the ACM, 40 (9), 61–62.
  • Miller, G., Hoffert, E., Chen, S. E., Patterson, E., Blackketter, D., Rubin, S., Applin, S. A., Yim, D., & Hanan, J. (1992). The virtual museum: Interactive 3D navigation of a multimedia database. The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation, 3(3), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/VIS.4340030305
  • Museum Revolution. (2021, 01 17). Museum Revolution Web Sitesi: https://museumrevolution.com/virtual-museums-alternative-museum-experience/ adresinden alındı
  • NEMO. (2020). Survey on the impact of the COVID-19 situation on museums in Europe. NEMO. adresinden alındı
  • NTV. (2021, 01 17). Louvre müzesini sanal ortamda ziyaret edenlerin sayısı belli oldu. https://www.ntv.com.tr/sanat/louvre-muzesini-sanal-ortamda-ziyaret-edenlerin-sayisi-belli-oldu adresinden alındı
  • Oyelude, A. A. (2020). Libraries, librarians, archives, museums and the COVID-19 pandemic. Library Hi Tech News, 1-2.
  • Özyurt, O. (2020, 12 28). Müze gezmek hiç bu kadar online olmamıştı. https://www.sabah.com.tr/turizm/2020/03/29/muze-gezmek-hic-bu-kadar-online-olmamisti adresinden alındı
  • Pham, T. D., Dwyer, L., Su, J. -J., & Ngo, T. (2021). COVID-19 impacts of inbound tourism on Australian economy. Annals of Tourism Research, 88.
  • Polyzos, S., Samitas, A., & Spyridou, A. E. (2020). Tourism demand and the COVID-19 pandemic: an LSTM approach. Tourism Recreation Research, 1-13.
  • Rayward, W. B., & Twidale, M. B. (1999). From docent to cyberdocent: education and guidance in the virtual museum. Archives and Museum Informatics, 13, 23–53.
  • Resta, G., Dicuonzo, F., Karacan, E., & Pastore, D. (2021). The ımpact of vırtual tours on museum exhıbıtıons after the onset of covid-19 restrictions: visitor engagement and long term perspectıves. Scires-It, 11(1), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.2423/i22394303v11n1p151
  • Richards, G. (1996a). Cultural tourism in Europe. Wallingford: CAB International.
  • Richards, G. (1996b). Production and consumption of european cultural tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(2), 261-283.
  • Richards, G. (2003). What is cultural tourism? A. van Maaren içinde, Erfgoed voor toerisme. Nationaal Contact Monumenten.
  • Richards, G. 2014. The new geographies of tourism: space, place and locality. Wageningen University
  • Rifai, M. B., Kuswardani, R., & Ab, A. (2022). wisata virtual di the louvre museum paris dan pasar terapung pattaya menggunakan teknologi virtual reality berbasis youtube 360. Kapıta Selekta Parıwısata, 2(2). http://www.stipram.org/index.php/ksp/article/view/81
  • Sanalmuze (2020, 12 21). T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Sanal Müze Portalı.. https://sanalmuze.gov.tr/ adresinden alındı
  • Schweibenz, W. (1991) The virtual museum: new perspectives for museums to present objects and information using the Internet as a knowledge base and communication system, in: H. Zimmermann, H. Schramm (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th ISI Conference, 185–200.
  • Seraphin, H., & Dosquet, F. (2020). Mountain tourism and second home tourism as post COVID-19. Worlwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 12(4).
  • Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Shabani, B. (2020). COVID-19 and international travel restrictions: the geopolitics of health and tourism. Tourism Geographies, 1-17.
  • Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: ımpacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 312-321.
  • Statista. (2020, 01 09). Museums by total attendance worldwide https://www.statista.com/statistics/901072/museums-by-total-attendance-worldwide/ adresinden alındı
  • Stogner, M. B. (2009). The media-enhanced museum experience: Debating the use of media technology in cultural exhibitions. Media in Transition 6 International conference (s. 2-19).
  • Sürme, M, Atılgan E (2020). Sanal müzede sanal tur yapan bireylerin memnuniyet düzeylerini belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(3), 1794-1805.
  • Tang, J., & Qiu, C. (2014). Research on motivation, experience, satisfaction and behavioral ıntention of museum tourism—a case of macau museum. Tourism and Hospitality Development Between China and EU, 137-153.
  • Tully, G. (2020). Are we living the future? museums in the time of Covid-19. Tourism Facing a Pandemic: From Crisis to Recovery (s. 229-243). Universita Degli Studi Di Bergamo.
  • Uğur, N. G., & Akbıyık, A. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on global tourism industry: A cross-regional comparison. Tourism Management Perspectives, 1-13.
  • UNESCO. (2020, 12 28). Museums facing COVID-19 challenges remain engaged with communities. UNESCO: https://en.unesco.org/news/museums-facing-covid-19-challenges-remain-engaged-communities adresinden alındı
  • UNWTO. (2020a). COVİD-19 related travel restrictions a global review for tourism. UNWTO Sustainable Development of Tourism Department.
  • UNWTO. (2020b). Tourism back to 1990 levels as arrivals fall by more than 70%. UNWTO: https://www.unwto.org/news/tourism-back-to-1990-levels-as-arrivals-fall-by-more-than-70 adresinden alındı
  • UNWTO. (2020c). World tourism barometer may 2020 special focus on the ımpact of COVID-19. UNWTO: https://www.unwto.org/international-tourism-and-covid-19 adresinden alındı
  • UNWTO (2021, 10 20). Global economy could lose over $4 trıllıon due to covıd-19 ımpact on tourısm. https://www.unwto.org/news/global-economy-could-lose-over-4-trillion-due-to-covid-19-impact-on-tourism adresinden alındı.
  • UNWTO. (2022, 10 20). UNWTO Statistics. https://www.unwto.org/statistics adresinden alındı.
  • WHO. (2020, 12 28). WHO. World Health Organisation: https://www.who.int/publications/ adresinden alındı
  • Williams, C. C. (2020). Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on Europe's tourism industry: Addressing tourism enterprises and workers in the undeclared economy. International Journal of Tourism Research(1), 1-10.
  • Williams, S. (1998). Tourism geography. Routledge Contemporary Human Geography Series.
  • WTTC. (2020, 12 28). The domino effect of COVID-19. World Travel and Tourism Council: https://wttc.org/News-Article/Latest-research-from-WTTC-shows-a-50-percentage-increase-in-jobs-at-risk-in-Travel-and-Tourism adresinden alındı
  • Yeh, S. S. (2020). Tourism recovery strategy against COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Recreation Research, 1-7.
  • Zbuchea, A., Romanelli, M., & Bira, M. (2020). Museum in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: focus on Romania and Italy. Strategica (s. 680-705). Strategica.
  • Zeppel, H., & Hall, C. M. (1991). Selling art and history: cultural heritage and tourism. Journal of Tourism Studies, 2(1), 29-45.
  • Zhang, S.-N., Li, Y.-Q., Ruan, W.-Q., & Liu, C.-H. (2022). Would you enjoy virtual travel? The characteristics and causes of virtual tourists’ sentiment under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Management, 88, 104429. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2021.104429
  • Zuelow, E. (2015). A history of modern tourism. Red Globe Press; 1st ed. 2015 edition.
Toplam 88 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Okan Oğan 0000-0002-7340-1943

Gözde Emekli 0000-0001-8528-5209

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 26 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 31 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Oğan, O., & Emekli, G. (2022). COVID-19 İle Değişen Müze Deneyimlerinin Turizm Coğrafyası Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi: : Dünya’dan ve Türkiye’den Örnekler. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 31(2), 337-353. https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.1175873