İçten Yanmalı Motor Atık Isılarının Geri Kazanımında Termoelektrik Jeneratörlerin Kullanımı

Öz

ÖZET

 

Termoelektrik jeneratörler sıcaklık farkından elektrik enerjisi üreten yarı iletken yapılardır. İçten yanmalı motorlarda termoelektrik jeneratörlerin kullanımı yakıt ekonomisi sağlamak, emisyonları azaltmak ve motor verimini yükseltilmek için iyi bir teknolojik yöntemdir. İçten yanmalı motorlarda piston üzerinde elde edilen ısıl gücün yaklaşık %70’i egzoz ve soğutma yoluyla kaybedilmektedir. Motor sürtünme kayıpları sonrasında motor çıkış milinde %25 oranında bir faydalı enerji elde edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada içten yanmalı motorların atık ısılarının geri kazanımında kullanılan TEJ modüllerin yapısı, egzoz ve soğutma suyundan atılan ısının geri kazanımı konusunda yapılan uygulamalar anlatılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Atık enerji, termoelektrik jeneratör, içten yanmalı motor, egzoz sistem

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Atık enerji, termoelektrik jeneratör, içten yanmalı motor, egzoz sistem

Kaynakça

1. Dalola, S., Ferrari, M., Ferrari, V., Guizetti, M., Marioli, D. ve Taroni, A., Charecterization of Thermoelectric Modules Powering Autonomous Sensors, IEEE Transaction on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2009. 58 (1), p. 99–107.
2. Khattab, N.M. and El Shenawy E.T., Optimal Operation of Thermoelectric Cooler Driven by Solar Thermoelectric Generator, Energy Conversion and Management. 2006. 47 (4): p. 407-426,.
3. Lertsatitthanakorn, C., Electrical Performance Analysis and Economic Evaluation of Combined Biomass Cook Stove Thermoelectric (BITE) Generator, Bioresource Technology, 2007. 98 (8): p. 1670-1674.
4. Ferrari, M., Ferrari, V., Guizetti, M, Marioli, D. and Taroni, A., Characterization of Thermoelectric Modules for Powering Autonomous Sensors, IMTC 2007 Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. 2007. Warsaw, p. 1-6, 1-3 May.
5. Shen, B., Hendry, R., Cancheevaram, J., Watkins,C., Mantini, M. ve Venkatasubramanian, R., DC-DC Converter Suitable for Thermoelectric Generator, XXIV International Conference on Thermoelectrics. 2005. p. 529-531, 19-23 June.
6. J.G. Haidar and J.I. Ghojel. Waste heat recovery from the exhaust of low-power Diesel engine using fabrication and evaluation of SiGe/electrode. Proc. 16th International Conference on Thermoelectrics. 1997. Dresden, Germany. p. 599-602.
7. Vazquez J, Sanz-Bobi M, Palacios R, et al. State of the art of thermoelectric generators based on heat recovered from the exhaust gases of automobiles. In: Proceedings of the seventh European workshop on thermoelectrics; 2002.
8. Lertsatitthanakorn, C., Electrical Performance Analysis and Economic Evaluation of Combined Biomass Cook Stove Thermoelectric (BITE) Generator, Bioresource Technology. 2007. 98: (8), p. 1670-1674.

9. Ahıska, R. and Dislitas, S., Microcontroller Based Thermoelectric Generator Application, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 2006. 19: (2), p. 135-141.
10. Tsai, H.L. ve Lin, J.M., Model Building and Simulation of Thermoelectric Module Using Matlab/Simulink, Journal of Electronic Materials. 2009. 39: (9), p. 2105–2111.
11. Birkholz, U., Grob, E., Stohrer, U., Voss, K., Conversion of waste exhaust heat in automobiles using FeSi2 thermoelements, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion, Arlington, USA; 1988. p. 124-128.
12. Bass, J.C., Campana, R.J., Elsner, N.B., Thermoelectric generator for diesel engines, Proceedings of the 1990 Coatings for Advanced Heat Engines Workshop, USA.;1990.
13. Bass, J.C., Campana, R.J., Elsner, N.B., Thermoelectric generator for diesel trucks, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Thermoelectrics, Cardiff, Wales; 1991.
14. Bass, J.C., Elsner, N.B., Leavitt, A., Performance of the 1 kW thermoelectric generator for diesel engines”, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Thermoelectrics. New York; 1995.
15. Bass, J.C., Thermoelectric generator for motor vehicle, U.S. Patent US5625245, 1997. April 29;
16. Bass, J.C., Elsner, N.B., Leavitt, A., Method for fabricating a thermoelextric modüle with gapless eggcrate, U.S. Patent US5856210, 1999. January 5.
17. Kobayashi, M., Ikoma, k., Furuya, K., Shinohara, K., Takao, H., Miyoshi, M., Imanishi, Y., Watabane, T., Thermoelectric generation and related properties of conventional type modüle based on Si-Ge alloys, Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Thermoelectrics; 1998.
18. Ikoma, K., Munkiyo, M., Furuya, K., Kobayashi, M., Komatsu, H., Shinohara, K., Thermoelectric generator for gasoline engine using Bi2Te3 modules, J. Japan Inst. Met., 1999. 63 (11): p.1475-1478.
19. Thacher, E., Helenbrook, B., Karri, M., Richter, C., Testing of an automobile exhaust thermoelectric generator in a light truck, Proceedings Ins. Mech. Eng. Part D, Automobile eng., 2007. 221 (1): p.95-107.
20. Matsubara, K., The performance of a segmented thermoelectric converter using Yb-based filled skutterudites and Bi2Te3-based materials”, MRS 2001 Fall Proceedings, Symposium, vol. 691; 2001, G9.1.
21. Matsubara, K., Development of a high efficient thermoelectric stack for a waste exhaust heat recovery, Proceedings of ICT’02, 21st International Conference on thermoelectrics; p. 418-423.
22. Hsiao, Y.Y., Chang, W.C., Chen, S.L., A mathematic model of thermoelectric modüle with applications on waste heat recovery from automobile engine, Energy. 2010. 35: p. 1447-1454.
23. Weng, C.C., Huang, M.J., A simulation study of automotive waste heat recovery using thermoelectric power generator, International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2013. 71: p. 302-309.
24. Ikoma, K., Munkiyo, M., Furuya, K., Kobayashi, M., Izumi, T., Shinohara, K., Thermoelectric modüle and generator for gasoline engine vehicles, Proceedings Int. Conf. Thermoelectrics. 1998. p. 464-467.
25. Kushch, A.S., Bass, J.S., Ghamaty, S., Elsner, N.B., Thermoelectric development at Hi-Z technology, Proceedings Int. Conf. Thermoelectrics, 2001. p. 422-430.
26. Yang, J., “Potential applications of thermoelectric waste heat recovery in the automotive industry”, Proceedings Int. Conf. Thermoelectrics, 2005. p. 155-159.
27. Kunt, M.A., Güneş, H., Termoelektrik Jeneratörlerin İçten Yanmalı Motorların Egzoz Sistemlerinde Farklı Yük Dirençlerinde Uygulaması, 13. Uluslararası Yanma Sempozyumu, 9-11 Eylül 2015.
28. Stabler, F., Automotive Applications of High Efficiency Thermoelectrics, Proceedings of DARPA / ONR / DOE High Efficiency Thermoelectric Workshop, 2002. p.1-26.
29. John Fairbanks, DOE’s Launch of High-Efficiency Thermoelectrics Projects, DEER Conference 2004.
30. Mitsuo Kadota, and K. Yamamoto Advanced Transient Simulation on Hybrid Vehicle Using Rankine Cycle System, SAE international 2008. April, 200801-0310
31. L. Bell, Cooling, Heating, Generating Power, and Recovering Waste Heat with Thermoelectric Systems, Science. 2008. Sep., 321: p 1457-1461.
32. Bass, J.C., Elsner, N.B., Leavitt, F.A., Performance of the 1 kW thermoelectric generator for diesel engines, Hi-Z Technology, Inc., 1994.
33. Kushch, A.S., Bass, J.C., Ghamaty, S., Elsner, N.B., Thermoelectric development at Hi-Z technology, Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Thermoelectrics, Beijing, China, 2001. p. 422-430.
34. Crane, D.T:, Lagrandeur, J.W.,Progress report on BSST-led US department of energy automotive waste heat recovery program, J. Electron. Mater. 2010. (39): p. 2142-2148.
35. Karri, M.A., Thacher, E.F., Helenbrook, B.T., Exhaust energy conversion by thermoelectric generator: two case studies, Energy Convers. Manage., 2011. (52): p. 1596-1611.
36. J. Lagrandeu. Automotive Waste Heat Conversion To Electric Power Using Skutterudite, Tags, Pbte And Bite, Thermoelectrics, 2006. Ict '06. 25th International Conference On, 2006. p. 343–348.
37. Aleksandr S. Kushch, John C. Bass, Saeid Ghamaty and Norbert B. Elsner, Thermoelectric Development At Hi-Z Technology, Paccar Technical Center.
38. Liu, X., Deng, Y.D., Chen, S., Wang, W.S., Xu, Y., Su, C.Q., A case study on compatibility of automotive exhaust thermoelectric generation system, catalytic converter and muffler, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2014. (2): p.62–66.
39. Hsu, C., Huang, G., Chu, H., Yu, B., Yao, D., Experiments and simulations on low-temperature waste heat harvesting system by thermoelectric power generators, Applied Energy. 2011. (88): p. 1291-1297.
40. Wang, Y., Dai, C., Wang, S., Theoretical analysis of a thermoelectric generator using exhaust gas of vehicles as heat source, Applied Energy. 2013. (112): p. 1171–1180.
41. Stevens, R.J., Weinstein, S.J., Koppula, K.S., Theoretical limits of thermoelectric power generation from exhaust gases, Applied Energy. 2014. (133): p.80–88.
42. Gao, X, Andreasen, SJ, Chen, M, Kær, S.K., Numerical model of a thermoelectric generator with compact plate-fin heat exchanger for high temperature PEM fuel cell exhaust heat recovery, Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2012. (37): p. 8488–90.
43. Zhou, S, Sammakia, B.G, White, B, Borgesen, P., Multiscale modeling of thermoelectric generators for the optimized conversion performance. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2013. (62): p. 435–44.
44. Yu, J, Zhao, H, Jianlin, Y, Hua, Z.A., Numerical model for thermoelectric generator with the parallel-plate heat exchanger, J Power Sources. 2007. (172): p. 428–34.
45. Kumar, S, Heister, S.D, Xu, X, Salvado,r J.R, Meisner, G.P., Thermoelectric generators for automotive waste heat recovery systems part ii: parametric evaluation and topological studies, J Electron Mater. 2013. (42): p. 944–55.
46. Kumar, S, Heister, S.D, Xu, X, Salvador, J.R, Meisner, G.P., Thermoelectric generators for automotive waste heat recovery systems part I: numerical modeling and baseline model analysis, J Electron Mater. 2013. (42): p. 665–74.
47. Crane, D.T., An introduction to system-level, steady-state and transient modeling and optimization of high-power-density thermoelectric generator devices made of segmented thermoelectric elements, J Electron Mater. 2010. (40): p. 561–9.
48. Wang, Y, Dai, C, Wang, S., Theoretical analysis of a thermoelectric generator using exhaust gas of vehicles as heat source, Applied Energy. 2013. (112): p. 1–10.
49. Liang, G, Zhou, J, Huang, X., Analytical model of parallel thermoelectric generator, Applied Energy. 2011. (88): p. 5193–9.
50. Min, G, Rowe, D.M., Conversion efficiency of thermoelectric combustion systems, Energy Convers IEEE Trans. 2007 (22): p. 528–34.
51. Ioffe, A.F., Semiconductor thermoelements and thermoelectric cooling. London: Infosearch”, 1957.