Elektrikle Çalışan Araçların Elektrik Şebekesine Olan Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Elektrikli araçların içten yanmalı olanlara göre avantajları günümüze kadar daha da artmıştır. Bu nedenle kullanımları da artmıştır. Ancak, bu araçlar şarj esnasında şebekeye zarar vermeye başlamıştır Bu çalışmada elektrikli araçların aynı anda evlerde, alışveriş merkezlerinde ve şarj istasyonlarında şarj edildiklerinde şebeke üzerindeki etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca Türkiye'deki Kırıkkale ilinin verilerine dayanarak kurulabilecek istasyonların yerleri de tespit edilmiştir. Bu verilerle Matlab Yazılımı ile bir Olasılık Yoğunluk Fonksiyonu elde edilmiş ve Matlab'daki Monte-Carlo algoritması ile de bir şarj modeli oluşturulmuştur. Daha sonra, tüm modeller Digsilent Powerfactory yazılımı kullanılarak Quasi-Dynamic simülasyonu ile şebekeye uygulanmıştır. Tüm bu operasyonlarla Kırıkkale'deki hat durumu ve trafo kapasiteleri araştırılmıştır. Böylece yatırımcılar ve Enerji Dağıtım Şirketi için geçerli modeller oluşturulmuştur. Ayrıca Kırıkkale'nin şebekesi de bu anlamda incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Elektrikli araçlar
• şarj istasyonları
• Monte-Carlo simülasyonu

Investigation on The Electrical Vehicles Effects on The Electrical Power Grid

Öz

The advantages of electrical vehicles compared to internal combustion ones have increased more importantly up to this day. Therefore, their usage has also increased. However, these vehicles have started to be damaging to the grid during charging. In this study, the effects of electric vehicles on the grid when they are simultaneously charged in houses, malls and charging stations have been analyzed. In addition, based on the data of the city of Kırıkkale in Turkey, the locations of the stations that can be established were also determined. A Probability Density Function was obtained in Matlab Software with the help of this data, and a charging model was created with Monte-Carlo algorithm in Matlab as well. After that, all models were applied to the grid with Quasi-Dynamic simulation using Digsilent Powerfactory software. The line status and transformer capacities in Kırıkkale has been investigated until 2025 with all these operations. Thus, valid models were created for investors and Energy Distribution Company. Additionally, Kırıkkale grid was also examined in this sense.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Electric Vehicles
• Charging Stations
• Monte-Carlo Simulation

Kaynakça

1. [1] I. E. Agency, “Global EV Outlook 2018: Towards Cross-modal Electrification.” IEA, 2018, p. 143.
2. [2] Visual Capitalist, “Our Energy Problem: Putting the Battery in Context,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/our -energy-problem-battery-context/http://www.visualcapitalist.com/our-energy-problem-battery-context/
3. [3] M. Danzer, V. Liebau, and F. Maglia, “Aging of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles,” in Advances in Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles. Elsevier, 2015, pp. 359–387.
4. [4] A. von Meier, “Ev infrastructure planning and grid impact assessment: A case for mexico,” 2018.
5. [5] E. W. Wood, L. Rames, Clement, A. Bedir, N. Crisostomo, and J. Allen, “California Plug-In Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projections 2017-2025-Future Infrastructure Needs for Reaching the State’s Zero Emission-Vehicle Deployment Goals,” pp. (No. NREL/TP–5400–70893), 2018.
6. [6] J. Ning, Y. Tang, and W. Gao, “A hierarchical charging strategy for electric vehicles considering the users’ habits and intentions,” in 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2015, pp. 1–5.
7. [7] Y. A. Alhazmi, H. A. Mostafa, and M. M. Salama, “Optimal allocation for electric vehicle charging stations using Trip Success Ratio,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 91, pp. 101–116, oct 2017. [Online]. Available: nurlfhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/(pii/S0142061516314260)
8. [8] S. Mousavi and D. Flynn, “Controlled charging of electric vehicles to minimize energy losses in distribution systems,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 49, no. 27, pp. 324–329, 2016.

9. [9] J. Mies, J. Helmus, and R. van den Hoed, “Estimating the charging profile of individual charge sessions of electric vehicles in the netherlands,” World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 17, 2018.
10. [10] P. In, “How Americans charge their electric vehicles. 2015,” Idaho National Laboratory, pp. 1–24.
11. [11] U.S. Department of Energy, “December 2014 Evaluating Electric Vehicle Charging Impacts and Customer Charging Behaviors,” no. December, 2014.
12. [12] Temiz, Arma˘gan and Guven A Nezih, “Assessment of impacts of Electric Vehicles on LV distribution networks in Turkey,” in 2016 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON). IEEE, 2016, pp. 1–6.
13. [13] Y. Susuki, N. Mizuta, A. Ishigame, Y. Ota, A. Kawashima, S. Inagaki, and T. Suzuki, “A continuum approach to assessing the impact of spatio-temporal EV charging to distribution grids,” in 2017 IEEE 20th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). IEEE, 2017, pp. 1–6.
14. [14] M. Singh, I. Kar, and P. Kumar, “Influence of EV on grid power quality and optimizing the charging schedule to mitigate voltage imbalance and reduce power loss,” in Proceedings of 14th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPE-PEMC 2010. IEEE, 2010, pp. T2–196–T2–203.
15. [15] M. Biviji, C. Uc¸kun, G. Bassett, J. Wang, and D. Ton, “Patterns of electric vehicle charging with time of use rates: Case studies in California and Portland,” in ISGT 2014. IEEE, 2014, pp. 1–5.
16. [16] J. Liu, “Research on electric vehicle fast charging station billing and settlement system,” in 2017 2nd IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Engineering (ICITE). IEEE, 2017, pp. 223–226.
17. [17] M. H. Moradi, M. Abedini, S. M. Tousi, and S. M. Hosseinian, “Optimal siting and sizing of renewable energy sources and charging stations simultaneously based on Differential Evolution algorithm,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 73, pp. 1015–1024, dec 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061515002859
18. [18] S. Shojaabadi, S. Abapour, M. Abapour, and A. Nahavandi, “Simultaneous planning of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging stations and wind power generation in distribution networks considering uncertainties,” Renewable energy, vol. 99, pp. 237–252, 2016.
19. [19] C. K. Das, O. Bass, G. Kothapalli, T. S. Mahmoud, and D. Habibi, “Overview of energy storage systems in distribution networks: Placement, sizing, operation, and power quality,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 91, pp. 1205–1230, 2018.
20. [20] E. Alghsoon, A. Harb, and M. Hamdan, “Power quality and stability impacts of Vehicle to grid (V2G) connection,” in 2017 8th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC), 2017, pp. 1–6.
21. [21] A° . L. Sørensen, S. Jiang, B. N. Torsæter, and S. Vo¨ ller, “Smart EV charging systems for Zero Emission Neighbourhoods,” no. 5, 2018.
22. [22] B. Yagcitekin, M. Uzunoglu, A. Karakas, and M. Vurgun, “Assessment of a car park with electric vehicles,” in 4th International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives. IEEE, 2013, pp. 961–964.
23. [23] M. R. Mozafar, M. H. Moradi, and M. H. Amini, “A simultaneous approach for optimal allocation of renewable energy sources and electric vehicle charging stations in smart grids based on improved ga-pso algorithm,” Sustainable cities and society, vol. 32, pp. 627–637, 2017.
24. [24] R. Vanderput, “Everything you’ve always wanted to know about fast charging — Fastned,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://fastned.nl/en/blog/post/everything-you-ve-always-wanted-to-know-about-fast-charging
25. [25] (2019, Aug.) Real time consumption. EPIAS. [Online]. Available: https://seffaflik.epias.com.tr/transparency/tuketim/gerceklesen-tuketim/gercek-zamanli-tuketim.xhtml
26. [26] B. Roy, Z. Ivanic, P. Windover, A. Ruder, and M. Shirk, “New york state ev charging station deployment,” World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 867–877, 2016.
27. [27] J. Spoelstra, “Charging behaviour of dutch ev drivers,” Master’s thesis, 2014.
28. [28] J.-H. Kim and C.-H. Kim, “Demand power with ev charging schemes considering actual data,” Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 235–241, 2016.
29. [29] K. Conclusions, “Workplace Charging Frequency of Nissan Leafs and Chevrolet Volts in The EV Project at Six Work Which Vehicles and Work Sites Were Studied ? How Often Did Charging Occur ?” no. November, pp. 1–6, 2014.
30. [30] J. C. Spoelstra, “Charging behaviour of Dutch EV drivers,” 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2014/10/M asterThesisChargingbehaviourofDutchEVdrivers.pdf
31. [31] J.-H. Kim and C.-H. Kim, “Demand power with EV charging schemes considering actual data,” Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 235–241, jan 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/22348972.2016.1254080
32. [32] (03/05/2019) Probability concepts explained: probability distributions (introduction part 3). [Online]. Available: https://towardsdatascience.com/probability-concepts-explained-probability-distributions-introduction-part-3-4a5db81858dc
33. [33] MathWorks©, “Monte Carlo Simulation - MATLAB & Simulink,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ch.mathworks.com/de/discovery/mo nte-carlo-simulation.htmlhttps://www.mathworks.com/discovery/monte-carlo-simulation.html
34. [34] R. Gazete, “Elektrik İletim Sistemi Arz Guvenlilirliği ve Kalitesi Yonetmeliği,” 10/11/2004 tarih ve 25639 say.
35. [35] Enerji Piyasası D¨ uzenleme Kurumu, “Elektrik S¸ebeke Y¨onetmeli˘ gi,” p. 12, 2014.
36. [36] Bijwe, PR and Kothari, DP and Arya, LD, “Alleviation of line overloads and voltage violations by corrective rescheduling,” in IEE Proceedings C (Generation, Transmission and Distribution), vol. 140, no. 4. IET, 1993, pp. 249–255.