BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The use of Writing Techniques in School Counseling in Light of Constructivist Approach

Yıl 2007, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, - 3, 01.08.2007

Öz

-

Kaynakça

  • Adkins, B. J., Taber, J. I. ve Russo, A. M. (1985). The spoken autobiography: A powerful tool in group psychotherapy. Social Work, 30, 435-439.
  • Anderson, H. (2000). Becoming a postmodern collaborative therapist: A clinical and theoretical journey. Part I. Journal of the Texas Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, 3(1), 5-12.
  • Anderson, H. (2001). Becoming a postmodern collaborative therapist: A clinical and theoretical journey. Part II. Journal of the Texas Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, 6(1), 4-22.
  • Austenfeld, J.L., Paolo, A.M. ve Stanton, A.L. (2006). Effects of writing about emotions versus goals on psychological and physical health among third-year medical students. Journal of Personality, 74(1), 267-286.
  • Booth, R. J., Petrie, K. J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Changes in circulating lymphocyte numbers following emotional disclosure: Evidence of buffering? Stress Medicine, 13, 23–29.
  • Brott, P.E. (2004). Constructivist assessment in career counseling. Journal of Career Development, 30, 189-200.
  • Brott, P.E. (2005). A constructivist look at life roles. The Career Development Quarterly, 54, 138-149.
  • Bujold, C. (2004). Constructing career through narrative. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 470-484.
  • Burton, C.M. ve King, L.A. (2004). The health benefits of writing about intensely positive experiences. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 150-163.
  • Cameron, L.D. ve Nicholls, G. (1998). Expression of stressful experiences through writing: Effects of a self-regulation manipulation for pessimists and optimists. Health Psychology, 17, 84-92.
  • Chen, C.P. (2003). Enhancing vocational psychology practice through narrative inquiry. Australian Journal of Career Development, 11, 14-21.
  • Christensen, A.J. ve Smith, T.W. (1993). Cynical hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during self-disclosure. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 193-202.
  • Clark, M.A., Severy, L.E. ve Sawyer, S.A. (2004). Creating connections: Using a narrative approach in career group counseling with college students from diverse cultural backgrounds. Journal of College Counseling, 7, 24-31.
  • Conheim, W.W. ve Page, L. (2003). Personal journals: New users for an age-old practice. Information Today, 20(1), 27-30.
  • Day, A.L. (2001). The journal as a guide for the healing journey. Nursing Cliniques of North America, 36, 131-142.
  • De Shazer, S. (1991). Putting Difference to Work. New York: Norton.
  • Esterling, B.A., Antoni, M.H., Kumar, M., ve Schneiderman, N. (1994). Emotional disclosure through writing or speaking modulates latent Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 130-140.
  • Fristad, M., Gavazzi, S., & Soldano, K. (1999). Naming the enemy: Learning to differentiate mood disorder ‘‘symptoms’’ from the ‘‘self’’ that experiences them. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 10(1), 81–88.
  • Gibson, R.L. ve Mitchell, M.H. (1990). Introduction to Counseling and Guidance. New York: Macmillan.
  • Gidron, Y., Peri, T., Connolly, J.F., ve Shalev, A.Y. (1996). Written disclosure in posttraumatic stress disorder: Is it beneficial for the patient? Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 184, 505-507.
  • Gladding, S. T. (1998). Counseling as an Art: The Creative Arts in Counseling. (Second edition). American Counseling Association.
  • Haddock, B. (1989). Scenario writing: A therapeutic application. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, II, 234-243.
  • Hartley, J., Sotto, E. ve Pennebaker, J. (2003). Speaking versus typing: A case study of the effects of using voice-recognition software on academic correspondence, British Journal of Educational Technology, 34(1), 5-16.
  • Jordan, K. B. ve L’Abate, L. (1995). Programmed writing and therapy with symbiotically enmeshed patients. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 49(2), 225-236.
  • Kahn, B. B. (1999). Art therapy with adolescents: Making it work for school counselors. Professional School Counseling, 2(4), 291-299.
  • Keeling, M.L. ve Nielson, L.R. (2005). Indian Women’s experience of a narrative intervention using art and writing. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 27(3), 435-452.
  • King, L.A. (2001). The health benefits of writing about life goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 798-807.
  • L’Abate, L. (1991). The use of writing in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 45,87-98.
  • Lepore, S.J. ve Greenberg, M.A. (2002). Mending broken hearts: Effects of expressive writing on mood, cognitive processing, social adjustment, and health following a relationship breakup. Psychology and Health, 17(5), 547-560.
  • Lepore, S. J., Ragan, J. D., & Jones, S. (2000). Talking facilitates cognitive–emotional processes of adaptation to an acute stressor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78, 499–508.
  • Lerner, A. (1988). Poetry therapy corner. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 2, 118-120.
  • Linesch, D.G. (1988). Adolescent art therapy. New York: Brunner/ Mazel.
  • Longhurst, J. ve Sandage, S.A. (2004). Appropriate technology and journal writing: Structured dialogues that enhance learning. College Teaching, 52, 69-75.
  • Mahoney, M.J. (1995). Cognitive and Constructive Psychotherapies Theory, Research, and Practice. APA, USA.
  • Malde, S. (1988). Guided autobiography: A counseling tool for older adults. Journal of Counseling and Development, 66, 290-293.
  • Mazza, N. (2003). Poetry Therapy: Theory and Practice. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
  • McGihon, N.N. (1996). Writing as a therapeutic modality. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 34(6), 31-35.
  • McLeod, J. (1997). Narrative and Psychotherapy. London: Sage Publications.
  • McLeod, J. (2004). Social construction, narrative, and psychotherapy. In Angus, L.E. and McLeod, J. (eds). The Handbook of Narrative and Psychotherapy. London: Sage Publications.
  • Murphy, L.J., Mitchell, D.L. (1998). When writing helps to heal: e-mail as therapy. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 26(1), 21-33.
  • Murray, R. J., Lamnin, A. D. ve Carver, C. S. (1989). Emotional expression in written essays and psychotherapy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 414-429.
  • Oberkirch, A. (1983). Personal writings in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 37, 265-273.
  • Oliver, M., Nelson, K.W., Cade, R. ve Cueva, C. (2007). Therapeutic letter writing from school counselors to students, parents, and teachers. Professional School Counseling, 10(5), 510-515.
  • Olson, S.D., Korcuska, J.S. ve Paez, S.B. (2007). Creating narrative leagues in schools. Professional School Counseling, 10(5), 520-523.
  • Parkyn, D.L. (1999). Learning in the company of others: Fostering a discourse community with a collaborative electronic journal. College Teaching, 47, 88-91.
  • Pennebaker, J. W. (1993). Putting stress into words: Health, linguistic, and therapeutic implications. Behavior Research and Therapy, 31, 539-548.
  • Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166.
  • Pennebaker, J. W. ve Beal, S.K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274- 281.
  • Pennebaker, J. W. ve Francis, M. (1996). Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 601-626.
  • Pennebaker, J. W. ve Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(10), 1243-1254.
  • Pennebaker, J.W. (1999). Disclosure and health: An interview with James Pennebaker. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 15, 161-195.
  • Perls, F.S., Hefferline, R.F. ve Goodman, P. (1951/1971). Gestalt Therapy: Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality, New York: Julian Pres.
  • Powers, R.L. ve Hahn, J.M. (1977). Creativity in problem solving: The Double Dialogue Technique. Individual Psychologist, 14, 22-32.
  • Rasmussen, P.T. ve Tommy, K. (1992). Guided letter writing: A long brief therapy method whereby clients carry out their own treatment. Journal of Strategic and Systemic Therapies, 11, 1-18.
  • Rico, G. (1983). Writing the Natural Way. Boston: J.P. Tarcher.
  • Riley, S. (1999). Contemporary Art therapy with adolescents. London, Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley publishers.
  • Riordan, R.J. (1996). Scriptotherapy: Therapeutic writing as a counseling adjunct. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74(3), 263-270.
  • Schmidt, U., Bone, G., Hems, S., Lessem, J. ve Treasure, J. (2002). Structured therapeutic writing tasks as an adjunct to treatment in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 10, 299-315.
  • Severy, L.E. (2008). Analysis of an online career narrative intervention: “What’s my story?” Career Development Quarterly, 56(3), 268-273.
  • Smyth, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 174-184.
  • Soper, B ve Von Bergen, C.W. (2001). Employment Counseling and life stressors: Coping through expressive writing. Journal of Employment Counseling, 38(3), 150-161.
  • Taggart, L. (1994). Student autobiographies with a twist of technology. Educational Leadership, 51(7), 34-35.
  • Torem, M.S. (1993). Therapeutic writing as a form of ego-state therapy. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis,35, 267-276.
  • White, M., ve Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeuticends. New York:W.W.Norton & Company.
  • White, V.E. ve Murray, M.A. (2002). Passing notes: The use of therapeutic letter writing in counseling adolescents. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 24(2), 166-176.
  • Wing, J.F., Schutte, N.S. ve Byrne, B. (2006). The effect of positive writing on emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(10), 1291-1302.
  • Wright, J. (2002). Online counseling: Learning from writing therapy. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 30(3), 285-298.
  • Yalom, I. (1999). Her gün biraz daha yakın. İki kere anlatılan Herkesin bildiği bir terapi. (Çev. Zeliha İyidoğan Babayiğit). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Young, R.A ve Collin, A. (2004). Introduction: Constructivism and social constructivism in the career field. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 373-388.
  • Zimmerman, T., & Shepherd, S. (1993). Externalizing the problem of bulimia through conversation, drawing and letter writing in group therapy. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 12, 22–31.
  • Zyromski, B. (2008). Journaling: An underutilized counseling tool. Retrieved May16, 2008, from (http://www.jsc.montana.edu/articles/v5n9.pdf ).

Yapılandırmacı Yaklaşım Işığında Okul Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Hizmetlerinde Yazılı Tekniklerin Kullanılması

Yıl 2007, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, - 3, 01.08.2007

Öz

20 yüz yılın başından günümüze kadar kuramsal olarak birbirinden farklı yaklaşımları benimseyen pek çok psikolojik danışman ın uygulamalarında yaratıcı yazma çalışmaları günlük tutma otobiyografi şiir veya mektup yazma gibi çeşitli yazma tekniklerini kullanıldıklarını görmek mümkündür Bununla birlikte yazmanın psikolojik danışmada en yaygın kullanımı yapılandırmacı yaklaşımlar içindedir Günümüzün eğitim anlayışı büyük ölçüde yapılandırmacı yaklaşımın etkisi altında görülmektedir Bu etkinin okullardaki psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik PDR hizmetlerine yansıması kaçınılmazdır Bu çalışmada terapötik bir araç olarak yazma teknikleri tanıtıldıktan sonra yapılandırmacı yaklaşım ışığında okul PDR hizmetlerinde yazmanın kullanılmasına ilişkin çeşitli örnekler sunulmuştur Ayrıca PDR alanında yazılı etkinliklerin kullanılmasına ilişkin bundan sonra yürütülecek araştırmalar ve yapılacak uygulamalar için önerilerde bulunulmuştur

Kaynakça

  • Adkins, B. J., Taber, J. I. ve Russo, A. M. (1985). The spoken autobiography: A powerful tool in group psychotherapy. Social Work, 30, 435-439.
  • Anderson, H. (2000). Becoming a postmodern collaborative therapist: A clinical and theoretical journey. Part I. Journal of the Texas Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, 3(1), 5-12.
  • Anderson, H. (2001). Becoming a postmodern collaborative therapist: A clinical and theoretical journey. Part II. Journal of the Texas Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, 6(1), 4-22.
  • Austenfeld, J.L., Paolo, A.M. ve Stanton, A.L. (2006). Effects of writing about emotions versus goals on psychological and physical health among third-year medical students. Journal of Personality, 74(1), 267-286.
  • Booth, R. J., Petrie, K. J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Changes in circulating lymphocyte numbers following emotional disclosure: Evidence of buffering? Stress Medicine, 13, 23–29.
  • Brott, P.E. (2004). Constructivist assessment in career counseling. Journal of Career Development, 30, 189-200.
  • Brott, P.E. (2005). A constructivist look at life roles. The Career Development Quarterly, 54, 138-149.
  • Bujold, C. (2004). Constructing career through narrative. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 470-484.
  • Burton, C.M. ve King, L.A. (2004). The health benefits of writing about intensely positive experiences. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 150-163.
  • Cameron, L.D. ve Nicholls, G. (1998). Expression of stressful experiences through writing: Effects of a self-regulation manipulation for pessimists and optimists. Health Psychology, 17, 84-92.
  • Chen, C.P. (2003). Enhancing vocational psychology practice through narrative inquiry. Australian Journal of Career Development, 11, 14-21.
  • Christensen, A.J. ve Smith, T.W. (1993). Cynical hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during self-disclosure. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 193-202.
  • Clark, M.A., Severy, L.E. ve Sawyer, S.A. (2004). Creating connections: Using a narrative approach in career group counseling with college students from diverse cultural backgrounds. Journal of College Counseling, 7, 24-31.
  • Conheim, W.W. ve Page, L. (2003). Personal journals: New users for an age-old practice. Information Today, 20(1), 27-30.
  • Day, A.L. (2001). The journal as a guide for the healing journey. Nursing Cliniques of North America, 36, 131-142.
  • De Shazer, S. (1991). Putting Difference to Work. New York: Norton.
  • Esterling, B.A., Antoni, M.H., Kumar, M., ve Schneiderman, N. (1994). Emotional disclosure through writing or speaking modulates latent Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 130-140.
  • Fristad, M., Gavazzi, S., & Soldano, K. (1999). Naming the enemy: Learning to differentiate mood disorder ‘‘symptoms’’ from the ‘‘self’’ that experiences them. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 10(1), 81–88.
  • Gibson, R.L. ve Mitchell, M.H. (1990). Introduction to Counseling and Guidance. New York: Macmillan.
  • Gidron, Y., Peri, T., Connolly, J.F., ve Shalev, A.Y. (1996). Written disclosure in posttraumatic stress disorder: Is it beneficial for the patient? Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 184, 505-507.
  • Gladding, S. T. (1998). Counseling as an Art: The Creative Arts in Counseling. (Second edition). American Counseling Association.
  • Haddock, B. (1989). Scenario writing: A therapeutic application. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, II, 234-243.
  • Hartley, J., Sotto, E. ve Pennebaker, J. (2003). Speaking versus typing: A case study of the effects of using voice-recognition software on academic correspondence, British Journal of Educational Technology, 34(1), 5-16.
  • Jordan, K. B. ve L’Abate, L. (1995). Programmed writing and therapy with symbiotically enmeshed patients. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 49(2), 225-236.
  • Kahn, B. B. (1999). Art therapy with adolescents: Making it work for school counselors. Professional School Counseling, 2(4), 291-299.
  • Keeling, M.L. ve Nielson, L.R. (2005). Indian Women’s experience of a narrative intervention using art and writing. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 27(3), 435-452.
  • King, L.A. (2001). The health benefits of writing about life goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 798-807.
  • L’Abate, L. (1991). The use of writing in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 45,87-98.
  • Lepore, S.J. ve Greenberg, M.A. (2002). Mending broken hearts: Effects of expressive writing on mood, cognitive processing, social adjustment, and health following a relationship breakup. Psychology and Health, 17(5), 547-560.
  • Lepore, S. J., Ragan, J. D., & Jones, S. (2000). Talking facilitates cognitive–emotional processes of adaptation to an acute stressor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78, 499–508.
  • Lerner, A. (1988). Poetry therapy corner. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 2, 118-120.
  • Linesch, D.G. (1988). Adolescent art therapy. New York: Brunner/ Mazel.
  • Longhurst, J. ve Sandage, S.A. (2004). Appropriate technology and journal writing: Structured dialogues that enhance learning. College Teaching, 52, 69-75.
  • Mahoney, M.J. (1995). Cognitive and Constructive Psychotherapies Theory, Research, and Practice. APA, USA.
  • Malde, S. (1988). Guided autobiography: A counseling tool for older adults. Journal of Counseling and Development, 66, 290-293.
  • Mazza, N. (2003). Poetry Therapy: Theory and Practice. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
  • McGihon, N.N. (1996). Writing as a therapeutic modality. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 34(6), 31-35.
  • McLeod, J. (1997). Narrative and Psychotherapy. London: Sage Publications.
  • McLeod, J. (2004). Social construction, narrative, and psychotherapy. In Angus, L.E. and McLeod, J. (eds). The Handbook of Narrative and Psychotherapy. London: Sage Publications.
  • Murphy, L.J., Mitchell, D.L. (1998). When writing helps to heal: e-mail as therapy. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 26(1), 21-33.
  • Murray, R. J., Lamnin, A. D. ve Carver, C. S. (1989). Emotional expression in written essays and psychotherapy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 414-429.
  • Oberkirch, A. (1983). Personal writings in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 37, 265-273.
  • Oliver, M., Nelson, K.W., Cade, R. ve Cueva, C. (2007). Therapeutic letter writing from school counselors to students, parents, and teachers. Professional School Counseling, 10(5), 510-515.
  • Olson, S.D., Korcuska, J.S. ve Paez, S.B. (2007). Creating narrative leagues in schools. Professional School Counseling, 10(5), 520-523.
  • Parkyn, D.L. (1999). Learning in the company of others: Fostering a discourse community with a collaborative electronic journal. College Teaching, 47, 88-91.
  • Pennebaker, J. W. (1993). Putting stress into words: Health, linguistic, and therapeutic implications. Behavior Research and Therapy, 31, 539-548.
  • Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166.
  • Pennebaker, J. W. ve Beal, S.K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274- 281.
  • Pennebaker, J. W. ve Francis, M. (1996). Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 601-626.
  • Pennebaker, J. W. ve Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(10), 1243-1254.
  • Pennebaker, J.W. (1999). Disclosure and health: An interview with James Pennebaker. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 15, 161-195.
  • Perls, F.S., Hefferline, R.F. ve Goodman, P. (1951/1971). Gestalt Therapy: Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality, New York: Julian Pres.
  • Powers, R.L. ve Hahn, J.M. (1977). Creativity in problem solving: The Double Dialogue Technique. Individual Psychologist, 14, 22-32.
  • Rasmussen, P.T. ve Tommy, K. (1992). Guided letter writing: A long brief therapy method whereby clients carry out their own treatment. Journal of Strategic and Systemic Therapies, 11, 1-18.
  • Rico, G. (1983). Writing the Natural Way. Boston: J.P. Tarcher.
  • Riley, S. (1999). Contemporary Art therapy with adolescents. London, Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley publishers.
  • Riordan, R.J. (1996). Scriptotherapy: Therapeutic writing as a counseling adjunct. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74(3), 263-270.
  • Schmidt, U., Bone, G., Hems, S., Lessem, J. ve Treasure, J. (2002). Structured therapeutic writing tasks as an adjunct to treatment in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 10, 299-315.
  • Severy, L.E. (2008). Analysis of an online career narrative intervention: “What’s my story?” Career Development Quarterly, 56(3), 268-273.
  • Smyth, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 174-184.
  • Soper, B ve Von Bergen, C.W. (2001). Employment Counseling and life stressors: Coping through expressive writing. Journal of Employment Counseling, 38(3), 150-161.
  • Taggart, L. (1994). Student autobiographies with a twist of technology. Educational Leadership, 51(7), 34-35.
  • Torem, M.S. (1993). Therapeutic writing as a form of ego-state therapy. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis,35, 267-276.
  • White, M., ve Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeuticends. New York:W.W.Norton & Company.
  • White, V.E. ve Murray, M.A. (2002). Passing notes: The use of therapeutic letter writing in counseling adolescents. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 24(2), 166-176.
  • Wing, J.F., Schutte, N.S. ve Byrne, B. (2006). The effect of positive writing on emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(10), 1291-1302.
  • Wright, J. (2002). Online counseling: Learning from writing therapy. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 30(3), 285-298.
  • Yalom, I. (1999). Her gün biraz daha yakın. İki kere anlatılan Herkesin bildiği bir terapi. (Çev. Zeliha İyidoğan Babayiğit). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Young, R.A ve Collin, A. (2004). Introduction: Constructivism and social constructivism in the career field. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 373-388.
  • Zimmerman, T., & Shepherd, S. (1993). Externalizing the problem of bulimia through conversation, drawing and letter writing in group therapy. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 12, 22–31.
  • Zyromski, B. (2008). Journaling: An underutilized counseling tool. Retrieved May16, 2008, from (http://www.jsc.montana.edu/articles/v5n9.pdf ).
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nagihan Oğuz Duran Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2007
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2007 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Duran, N. O. (2007). Yapılandırmacı Yaklaşım Işığında Okul Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Hizmetlerinde Yazılı Tekniklerin Kullanılması. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 8(2), 3.