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Procrastination: Types, Components, Demographic Effects, and Cultural Differences

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 106 - 121, 24.07.2015
https://doi.org/10.12984/eed.09571

Öz

Procrastination refers to put off intended tasks to another time (Lay, 1986). The purpose of procrastination is to make one’s life more pleasant, but it nearly always add stress, disorganization and failure. The idea underlying procrastination may be ‘later is better’. However, when tomorrow comes, the pattern resurfaces and the person excuses him/herself by promising that ‘I will do it tomorrow’. Hence, procrastination can be called as ‘tomorrow syndrome’. Research results have shown that procrastination should be overcome since engaging in procrastination lead to negative outcome along with negative affect on the individuals’ psychological wellbeing. National literature follows international results. In this respect, in the present review, definitions of procrastination, types and components of procrastination are presented along with the treatment programs. The national literature on procrastination and prevalence of procrastination among students and adults in terms of cross-cultural results will also be discussed

Kaynakça

  • Academic Skills Center, (2004). Procrastination is the thief of time. 12 Ağustos, 2004’te California Polytechnic Eyalet Üniversitesi, Öğrenci Akademik Servisinden alıntıdır, www.sas.calpdy.edu/asc/ssl/procrastination.html
  • Aydoğan, D. (2008). Academic procrastination among faculty of education students: The role of gender, age, academic achievement, perfectionism and depression. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Aydoğan, D. (2008). Akademik erteleme davranışının benlik saygısı, durumluk kaygı ve öz-yeterlik ile açıklanabilirliği. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Deniz, M. E., Traş, Z., ve Aydoğan, D. (2009). An Investigation of academic procrastination, locus of control, and emotional intelligence. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 9(2), 623-632.
  • Balkıs, M. (2006). Öğretmen adaylarının davranışlarındaki erteleme eğiliminin düşünme ve karar verme tarzları ile ilişkisi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Balkıs, M. (2013). Academic procrastination, academic life satisfaction and academic achievement: The mediation role of rational beliefs about studying. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychoterapies, (13)1, 57-74.
  • Balkıs, M., ve Duru, E. (2009). Prevalance of academic procrastination among pre-service teachers, and its relationship with demographics and individual preferences. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 5(1), 18-32.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Beck, B. L., Koons, S. R., ve Milgrim, D. L. (2001). Correlates and consequences of behavioral procrastination: The effects of academic procrastination, self-consciousness, self-esteem, and self-handicapping. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 16(1), 3-11.
  • Beswick, G., Rothblum, E. D., ve Mann, L. (1988). Psychological antecedents of student procrastination. Australian Psychologist, 23(2), 207-217.
  • Bishop, J. B., Gallagher, R. P., ve Cohen, D. (2000). College students’ problems: Status, trends, and research. D. H. Davis, K (Edt.), College counseling: Issues and strategies for a new millennium: American Counseling Association.
  • Bridges, K. R., ve Roig, M. (1997). Academic procrastination and irrational thinking: A re-examination with context controlled. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(6), 941-944.
  • Burka, J. B., ve Yuen, L. M. (1983). Procrastination: Why do you do it, what to do about it. CA: Addison- Wesley Publishing Company.
  • Carden, R., Bryant, C., ve Moss, R. (2004). Locus of control, test anxiety, academic procrastination, and achievement among college students. Psychological Reports, 95(2), 581-582.
  • Cassady, J. C., ve Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 270-295.
  • Chabaud, P., Ferrand, C., ve Maury, J. (2010). Individual diffrerences in undergraduate student athletes: The roles of perfectionism and trait anxiety perception of procrastination behavior. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 38(8), 1041-1056.
  • Choi, J. N., ve Moran, S. V. (2009). Why not procrastinate? Development and validation of a new active procrastination scale. Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 195-212.
  • Chu, A. H. C., ve Choi, J. N. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of "Active" procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. Journal of Social Psychology, 145(3), 245-264.
  • Çakıcı, D. Ç. (2003). Lise ve üniversite öğrencilerinde genel ve akademik erteleme davranışının incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Dietz, F., Hofer, M., ve Fries, S. (2007). Individual values, learning routines and academic procrastination. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(4), 893-906.
  • Doyle, J. A. ve Paludi, M. A. (1998). Sex and gender: The human experience. Boston: McGrow Hill.
  • Effert, B. R., ve, J. R. (1989). Decisional Procrastination - Examining Personality-Correlates. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4(1), 151-156.
  • Ellis, A., ve Knaus, W. (1977). Overcoming procrastination. NY: Signet.
  • Eun Hee, S. E. O. (2009). The relationship of procrastination with a mastery goal versus an avoidance goal. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 37(7), 911-919.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1991). Compulsive procrastination: Some self-reported characteristics. Psychological Reports, 68(2), 455-458.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1992). Procrastinators and perfect behavior: An exploratory factor analysis of self-presentation, self-awareness, and self-handicapping components. Journal of Research in Personality, 26, 75-84.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1994). Dysfunctional procrastination and its relationship with self-esteem, interpersonal dependency, and self-defeating behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(5), 673-679.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (2001). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 16, 185-196.
  • Ferrari, J. R., ve Emmons, R. A. (1994). Procrastination as revenge: Do people report using delays as a strategy for vengeance? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(4), 539-544.
  • Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., ve McCown, W. G. (Eds.) (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory research, and treatment. NY: Plenum Press.
  • Ferrari, J. R., ve Tice, D. M. (2000). Procrastination as a self-handicap for men and women: A task-avoidance strategy in a laboratory setting. Journal of Research in Personality, 34(1), 73-83.
  • Harrington, N. (2005b). It's too difficult! Frustration intolerance beliefs and procrastination. Cognitive Therapy Research, 30, 699–709.
  • Harriot, J., ve Ferrari, J. R. (1996). Prevalence of procrastination among sample of adults. Psychological Reports, 78, 611-616.
  • Howell, A. J., Watson, D. C., Powell, R. A., ve Buro, K. (2006). Academic procrastination: The pattern and correlates of behavioural postponement. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1519-1530.
  • Kachgal, M. M., Hansen, L. S., ve Nutter, K. J. (2001). Academic procrastination prevention/intervention strategies and recommendations. Journal of Developmental Education, 25(1), 14-20.
  • Kandemir, M. (2014). The predictors of academic procrastination: Responsibility, attributional styles regarding sucsess/failure, and beliefs in academic self-efficacy. Education and Science, 39(171), 99-114.
  • Karas, D., ve Spada, M. M. (2009). Brief cognitive-behavioural coaching for procrastination: a case series. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research & Practice, 2(1), 44-53.
  • Keller, F. S. (1968). “Good-Bye teacher…” Journal of Applied Behavior, 1, 79-89.
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Erteleme: Türleri, Bileşenleri, Demografik Etkenler ve Kültürel Farklılıklar

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 106 - 121, 24.07.2015
https://doi.org/10.12984/eed.09571

Öz

Yapılması planlanan iş ve görevlerin ileriki bir zamana bırakılıp ötelenmesi erteleme olarak adlandırılır (Lay, 1986). Erteleme sonucunda kişi iş ve görevlerin ileriki bir zamana bıraktığı için geçici bir süre rahatlamış olsa da, bu eğilimin davranışa dönüşmesi çoğu zaman stres artışı, organizasyon bozukluğuna ve başarısızlık ile sonuçlanır. Ertelemenin altında yatan ‘daha sonra daha iyi’ düşüncesi olsa da ertesi gün geldiğinde örüntü yinelenir ve kişi kendisine ‘bunu yarın yapacağım’ sözü verir. Bu nedenle erteleme ‘yarın sendromu’ olarakta adlandırılabilir. Araştırma bulguları, ertelemenin olumsuz sonuçlara neden olduğunu ve bu durumun kişinin psikolojik iyilik halini etkileyebildiğini ortaya koyduğundan, ertelemenin önlenmesinin  gerekli olduğuna dikkat çekmektedir. Ülkemizde de ertelemeyi ele alan  çalışmalar dünya alan yazınını takip eder durumdadır. Bu doğrultuda, bu derleme çalışmasında, ertelemenin tanımları, türleri ve bileşenlerine yer verilirken; erteleme ile başa çıkmak amacıyla oluşturulmuş bazı programlar sunulacak ve ardından ertelemeye ilişkin ulusal alan yazını ve öğrenci-yetişkin profili karşılaştırmalı bir çalışmanın katkılarıyla tartışılmıştır. 

Kaynakça

  • Academic Skills Center, (2004). Procrastination is the thief of time. 12 Ağustos, 2004’te California Polytechnic Eyalet Üniversitesi, Öğrenci Akademik Servisinden alıntıdır, www.sas.calpdy.edu/asc/ssl/procrastination.html
  • Aydoğan, D. (2008). Academic procrastination among faculty of education students: The role of gender, age, academic achievement, perfectionism and depression. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Aydoğan, D. (2008). Akademik erteleme davranışının benlik saygısı, durumluk kaygı ve öz-yeterlik ile açıklanabilirliği. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Deniz, M. E., Traş, Z., ve Aydoğan, D. (2009). An Investigation of academic procrastination, locus of control, and emotional intelligence. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 9(2), 623-632.
  • Balkıs, M. (2006). Öğretmen adaylarının davranışlarındaki erteleme eğiliminin düşünme ve karar verme tarzları ile ilişkisi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Balkıs, M. (2013). Academic procrastination, academic life satisfaction and academic achievement: The mediation role of rational beliefs about studying. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychoterapies, (13)1, 57-74.
  • Balkıs, M., ve Duru, E. (2009). Prevalance of academic procrastination among pre-service teachers, and its relationship with demographics and individual preferences. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 5(1), 18-32.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Beck, B. L., Koons, S. R., ve Milgrim, D. L. (2001). Correlates and consequences of behavioral procrastination: The effects of academic procrastination, self-consciousness, self-esteem, and self-handicapping. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 16(1), 3-11.
  • Beswick, G., Rothblum, E. D., ve Mann, L. (1988). Psychological antecedents of student procrastination. Australian Psychologist, 23(2), 207-217.
  • Bishop, J. B., Gallagher, R. P., ve Cohen, D. (2000). College students’ problems: Status, trends, and research. D. H. Davis, K (Edt.), College counseling: Issues and strategies for a new millennium: American Counseling Association.
  • Bridges, K. R., ve Roig, M. (1997). Academic procrastination and irrational thinking: A re-examination with context controlled. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(6), 941-944.
  • Burka, J. B., ve Yuen, L. M. (1983). Procrastination: Why do you do it, what to do about it. CA: Addison- Wesley Publishing Company.
  • Carden, R., Bryant, C., ve Moss, R. (2004). Locus of control, test anxiety, academic procrastination, and achievement among college students. Psychological Reports, 95(2), 581-582.
  • Cassady, J. C., ve Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 270-295.
  • Chabaud, P., Ferrand, C., ve Maury, J. (2010). Individual diffrerences in undergraduate student athletes: The roles of perfectionism and trait anxiety perception of procrastination behavior. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 38(8), 1041-1056.
  • Choi, J. N., ve Moran, S. V. (2009). Why not procrastinate? Development and validation of a new active procrastination scale. Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 195-212.
  • Chu, A. H. C., ve Choi, J. N. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of "Active" procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. Journal of Social Psychology, 145(3), 245-264.
  • Çakıcı, D. Ç. (2003). Lise ve üniversite öğrencilerinde genel ve akademik erteleme davranışının incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Dietz, F., Hofer, M., ve Fries, S. (2007). Individual values, learning routines and academic procrastination. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(4), 893-906.
  • Doyle, J. A. ve Paludi, M. A. (1998). Sex and gender: The human experience. Boston: McGrow Hill.
  • Effert, B. R., ve, J. R. (1989). Decisional Procrastination - Examining Personality-Correlates. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4(1), 151-156.
  • Ellis, A., ve Knaus, W. (1977). Overcoming procrastination. NY: Signet.
  • Eun Hee, S. E. O. (2009). The relationship of procrastination with a mastery goal versus an avoidance goal. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 37(7), 911-919.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1991). Compulsive procrastination: Some self-reported characteristics. Psychological Reports, 68(2), 455-458.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1992). Procrastinators and perfect behavior: An exploratory factor analysis of self-presentation, self-awareness, and self-handicapping components. Journal of Research in Personality, 26, 75-84.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1994). Dysfunctional procrastination and its relationship with self-esteem, interpersonal dependency, and self-defeating behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(5), 673-679.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (2001). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 16, 185-196.
  • Ferrari, J. R., ve Emmons, R. A. (1994). Procrastination as revenge: Do people report using delays as a strategy for vengeance? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(4), 539-544.
  • Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., ve McCown, W. G. (Eds.) (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory research, and treatment. NY: Plenum Press.
  • Ferrari, J. R., ve Tice, D. M. (2000). Procrastination as a self-handicap for men and women: A task-avoidance strategy in a laboratory setting. Journal of Research in Personality, 34(1), 73-83.
  • Harrington, N. (2005b). It's too difficult! Frustration intolerance beliefs and procrastination. Cognitive Therapy Research, 30, 699–709.
  • Harriot, J., ve Ferrari, J. R. (1996). Prevalence of procrastination among sample of adults. Psychological Reports, 78, 611-616.
  • Howell, A. J., Watson, D. C., Powell, R. A., ve Buro, K. (2006). Academic procrastination: The pattern and correlates of behavioural postponement. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1519-1530.
  • Kachgal, M. M., Hansen, L. S., ve Nutter, K. J. (2001). Academic procrastination prevention/intervention strategies and recommendations. Journal of Developmental Education, 25(1), 14-20.
  • Kandemir, M. (2014). The predictors of academic procrastination: Responsibility, attributional styles regarding sucsess/failure, and beliefs in academic self-efficacy. Education and Science, 39(171), 99-114.
  • Karas, D., ve Spada, M. M. (2009). Brief cognitive-behavioural coaching for procrastination: a case series. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research & Practice, 2(1), 44-53.
  • Keller, F. S. (1968). “Good-Bye teacher…” Journal of Applied Behavior, 1, 79-89.
  • Klassen, R. M., Krawchuk, L. L., ve Rajani, S. (2008). Academic procrastination of undergraduates: Low self-efficacy to self-regulate predicts higher levels of procrastination. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33(4), 915-931.
  • Knaus, W. J. (1998). Do it now! Break the procrastination habit. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Knaus, W. (2002). The Procrastination Workbook. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publication Inc.
  • König, C. J., ve Kleninmann, M. (2004). Business before pleasure: No strategy for procrastinators? Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1045-1057.
  • Kutlesa, N. (1998). Effect of group counseling with university students who complain of procrastination. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. London: University of Western Ontario.
  • Lamba, G. (1999). Effects of gender-role and self-efficacy on academic procrastination in college students. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Truman State University, Missouri.
  • Lay, C. H. (1986). At least my research article on procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 474-495.
  • Mandel, H. P. (2004). Constructive confrontation: Cognitive behavior therapy with one type of procrastinating underachiever. In H. C. Schouwenburg, C. H. Lay, T. A. Pychyl ve J. R. Ferrari (Eds.), Counseling the procrastinator in academic setting (pp. 119-131). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  • McKean, J. K. (1994). Using Multiple Risk Factors to Assess the Behavioral, Cognitive, and Affective Effects of Learned Helplessness. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and applied, 128(2), 177-123.
  • Meyer, C. L. (2001). Academic procrastination and self handicapping: Gender differences in response to noncontingent feedback. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 16(1), 87-122.
  • Milgram, N., Marshevsky, S., ve Sadeh, A. (1994). Correlates of academic procrastination: Discomfort, task aversiveness, and task capability. The Journal of Psychology, 129(1), 145-155.
  • Milgram, N. N., Mey-Tal, G., ve Levinson, Y. (1998). Procrastination, generalized or specific, in colege students and their parents. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 297-316.
  • Milgram, N. A., Sroloff, B., ve Rosebaum, M. (1988). The procrastination of everyday life. Journal of Research in Personality, 22(197-212).
  • Moon, S. M. ve Illingworth, A. J. (2005). Exploring the dynamic nature of procrastination: A latent growth curve analysis of academic procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 297-309.
  • Pychyl, T. A., Coplan, R. J., ve Reid, P. A. M. (2002). Parenting and procrastination: gender differences in the relations between procrastination, parenting style and self worth in early adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 271-285.
  • Pychyl, T. A., Lee, J. M., Thibodeau, R., ve Blunt, A. (2000). Five days of emotion: An experience sampling study of undergraduate student procrastination. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 239-254.
  • Rothblum, E. D., Solomon, L. J., & Murakami, J. (1986). Affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(4), 387-394.
  • Schouwenburg, H., C. (1992). Procrastinators and fear of failure: An exploration of reasons for procrastination. European Journal of Personality, 6, 225-236.
  • Schubert, W., Lilly, J., ve Stewart, D. W. (2000). Overcoming the powerlessness of procrastination. Guidance and Counseling, 16(1), 39-43.
  • Seo, E. H. (2008). Self-efficacy as a mediator in the relationship between self-oriented perfectionism and academic procrastination. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 36(6), 753-764.
  • Schowuenburg, H. C., Lay, C. H., Pychyl, T. A., ve Ferrari, J. R. (2004). Counseling the procrastinator in academic settings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Schubert, W., Lilly, J., ve Stewart, D. W. (2000). Overcoming the powerlessness of procrastination. Guidance and Counseling, 16(1), 39-43.
  • Senecal, C., Koestner, R., ve Vallerand, R. J. (1995). Self-regulation and academic procrastination. Journal of Social Psychology, 135(5), 607-619.
  • Senecal, C., Lavoie, K., ve Koestner, R. (1997). Trait and situational factors in procrastination: An interactional model. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 12(4), 889-903.
  • Sigall, H., Kruglanski, A., ve Fyock, J. (2000). Wishful Thinking and Procrastination. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5), 283–296.
  • Sirois, F. M. (2004). Procrastination and intentions to perform health behaviors: The role of self-efficacy and the consideration of future consequences. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(1), 115-128.
  • Sirois, F. M., Melia-Gordon, M. L., ve Pychyl, T. A. (2003). "I'll look after my health, later": An investigation of procrastination and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(5), 1167-1184.
  • Solomon, L. J. ve Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(4), 503-509.
  • Steel, P. (2004). The nature of procrastination. (A Meta Analytic Study) Retrieved May 18, 2004, from http://www.ucalgary.ca/mg/research/media/2003_07.pdf
  • Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94.
  • Stöber, J., ve Joormann, J. (2001). Worry, procrastination, and perfectionism: Differentiating amount of worry, pathological worry, anxiety, and depression. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 25(1), 49.
  • Tan, C. X., Ang, R. P., Klassen, R. M., Lay See, Y., Wong, I. Y. F., Huan, V. S., et al. (2008). Correlates of academic procrastination and students' grade goals. Current Psychology, 27(2), 135-144.
  • Tice, D. M. ve Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The cost and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454-458.
  • Tuckman, B. W. (1991). The development and concurent validity of the procrastination scale. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 51, 473- 481.
  • Uzun Özer, B. (2009a). Bir Grup Ergende Erteleme Davranışı: Sıklığı, Olası Nedenleri ve Umudun Rolü. Turkish Psychological Counselling and Guidance Journal, 32, 12-19.
  • Uzun Özer, B. (2009b). Algılanan anne-baba tutumunun akademik erteleme davranışına etkisi. Türkiyede çocuk yetiştirme: Yaklaşımlar, yöntem, sorunlar, çözümler. VI. Ulusal çocuk kültürü bildirileri, s: 167-178. Yayına Hazırlayan Müge Artar. [Child Rearing in Turkey: Approaches, Srategies, Problems and Solutions. VI. National Child Culture Conference Articles in M Artar Ed. P: 167-178], Ankara.
  • Uzun Özer, B. (2010). A Path analytic study of procrastination: Testing cognitive, affective, and behavioural components. Unpublished Doctorate Thesis. Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
  • Uzun Özer, B. (2011). A Cross sectional study on procrastination: Who procrastinate more? 2011 International Conference of Education, Research, and Innovation Conference, Singapore.
  • Uzun Özer, B. (2014). Psychometric properties of Adult Inventory of Procrastination in a Turkish culture. Journal of Adult Development, 21, 43-47.
  • Uzun Özer, B., Büyükgöze Kavas, A., O’Callaghan, J., & Essau, A. C. (2014). Yes, no, maybe. University & Collage Counseling Journal, http://www.aucc.uk.com/Publications/
  • Uzun Özer, B., Demir, A., ve Ferrari, J. R. (2009). Exploring academic procrastination among Turkish students: Possible gender differences in prevalence and reasons. Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 241-257.
  • Uzun Özer, B., Demir, A., ve Ferrari, J. R. (2013). Reducing of academic procrastination through a group treatment program: A Pilot Study. Journal of Rational Emotive-Cognitive Behavioural, 31(3), 127-135.
  • Uzun Özer, B., Demir, A., ve Harrington, N. (2012). Psychometric properties of Frustration Discomfort Scale in a Turkish Sample. Psychological Reports: Measures & Statistics, 111(1), 117-128.
  • Uzun Özer, B., Saçkes, M., & Tuckman, W. B. (2013). Psychometric Properties of the Tuckman Procrastination Scale in a Turkish Sample. Psychological Reports: Measurement and Assessment, 113(3), 874-884.
  • Uzun Özer, B. ve Saricaoglu, H. (2014). An experimental study on academic procrastination: Effects of weekly homework. International Journal of Psycho-Educational Sciences, 5(5), 1-7.
  • -
  • Valentine, J. C., DuBois, D. L., ve Cooper, H. (2004). The relations between self-beliefs and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review. Educational Psychologist, 39(2),111-133.
  • Van Eerde, W. (2003). A meta-analytically derived nomological network of procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1401-1418.
  • Van Essen, T., Ven Den Heuvel, S., ve Ossebaard, M. (2004). A student course on self-management for procrastinators. In H. C. Schouwenburg, C. H. Lay, T. A. Pychyl & J. R. Ferrari (Eds.), Counseling the procrastinator in academic settings (pp. 59-74). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Van Horebeek, W., Michielsen, S., Neyskens, A., ve Depreeuw, E. (2004). A cognitive-behavioral approaching in group treatment of procrastinators in an academic setting. In H. C. Schouwenburg, C. H. Lay, T. A. Pychyl ve J. R. Ferrari (Eds.), Counseling the procrastinator in academic settings (pp. 105-118). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Walker, L. S. (2004). Overcoming the patterns of powerlessness that lead to procrastination. In H. C. Schouwenburg, C. H. Lay, T. A. Pychyl ve J. R. Ferrari (Eds.), Counseling the procrastinator in academic settings. Washington DC: American Psychological Association
Toplam 89 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bilge Uzun

Ayhan Demir

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Temmuz 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uzun, B., & Demir, A. (2015). Erteleme: Türleri, Bileşenleri, Demografik Etkenler ve Kültürel Farklılıklar. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 16(1), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.12984/eed.09571