SANAL GERÇEKLİK DEVRİMİ: HEMŞİRELİK EĞİTİMİNDE DEĞİŞEN TEKNOLOJİ

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 109 - 117, 26.04.2018

Hatice Erdem , Dilek Sarı

Öz

Başlık: SANAL
GERÇEKLİK DEVRİMİ: HEMŞİRELİK EĞİTİMİNDE DEĞİŞEN TEKNOLOJİ

Özet: Sanal
gerçeklik genellikle çeşitli bilgisayar ve aygıtları aracılığıyla üretilen üç
boyutlu bir dünya olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Sanal gerçeklik sağlık
çalışanlarının eğitimlerinde, alınan teorik bilginin uygulamaya aktarılması ile
ilgili yaşanan güçlüklerin çözüme ulaştırılması ve daha kısa sürede bir çok
öğrenciye ulaşım imkanı sağlaması ile popüler hale gelmeye başlamıştır.
Hastalara zarar vermemek, hataları en aza indirmek, etik ihlalleri önlemek,
eğitiminin kalitesini artırmak, öğrencilerin uygulama etkinliğini arttırmak ve
eğitimle öğrencinin memnuniyetini sağlamak için simülasyon kullanımı
gerekmektedir. Sanal gerçeklikleri sayesinde en karmaşık sağlık bakım
ortamlarını etkin bir şekilde canlandırabilmeleri bu tür eğitimlerin en güçlü
özelliklerindendir. Liretatür incelendiğinde hemşirelik alanında nazotrekeal
aspirasyon, üriner kateterizasyon, İV kateterizasyon uygulamaları ve ağrı
kontrolünde sanal gerçeklik simülatörlerinin kulanıldığı görülmektedir.
Dolayısıyla risksiz bir ortamda klinik senaryoların sınırsız şekilde
uygulanmasına izin vererek öğrencinin kaygısını azaltmayı ve kendine olan
güvenini arttırmayı, klinik karar verme becerilerini geliştirmeyi ve öğrenciye
uygulama sonunda geribildirim vererek etkili öğrenmeyi sağlayan sanal gerçeklik
hemşirelik eğitiminde yükselen bir değer olarak yer almaktadır. 

Anahtar kelimeler:   Sanal
gerçeklik, simülasyon, hemşirelik eğitimi.

Destekleyen kurumlar:

Kaynakça:

Ahlberg
G, Hultcrantz R, Jaramillo E & et al. Virtual Reality Colonoscopy Simulation: A Compulsory
Practice For The Future Colonoscopist?. Endoscopy 2005; 37(12): 1198-1204.

Albiol-Perez S, Gil-Gómez JA, Muñoz-Tomás MT & et al.
The Effect of Balance Training on Postural Control in Patients with Parkinson’s
Disease Using a Virtual Rehabilitation System. Methods Inf Med 2017; 56(2): 138-144.

Alinier G,
Hunt B, Gordon R & et al. Effectiveness Of İntermediate-Fidelity Simulation
Training Technology İn Undergraduate Nursing Education. J Adv Nurs. 2006;
54(3): 359-369.

Altun GP.
Serebral Palsi’li Çocuklarda Sanal Gerçeklik Oyunlarının Üst Ekstremite
Fonksiyonları Üzerine Etkisi Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, 2015

Bayar K, Çadır G, Bayar B. Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Klinik
Uygulamaya Yönelik Düşünce ve Kaygı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin
2009; 8(1).

Bradley
P. The History of Simulation in Medical Education and Possible Future
Directions. Med Educ 2006; 40: 254-262.

Cecil J, Gupta A, Pirela-Cruz M. An Advanced
Simulator For Orthopedic Surgical Training. Int
J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2018; 13(2): 305-319.

Chang
KKP, Chung JWY, Wong TKS. Learning Intravenous Cannulation: A Comparison Of The
Conventional Method And The Cathsim Intravenous Training System. J Clin Nurs
2002; 11(1): 73-78.

Choi
KS. Virtual Reality in Nursing:
Nasogastric Tube Placement Training Simulator. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;245:1298.

Coelho CM, Silva CF, Santos JA & et al. Contrasting The Effectiveness And Efficiency Of
Virtual Reality And Real Environments İn The Treatment Of Acrophobia. PsychNology 2008; 6(2): 203-216.

Fotheringham
D. Triangulation For The Assessment Of Clinical Nursing Skills: A Review Of
Theory, Use And Methodology. Int J Nurs Stud 2010; 47: 386–391.

Grantcharov
TP, Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P & et al. Learning Curves And İmpact Of Previous Operative Experience
On Performance On A Virtual Reality Simulator To Test Laparoscopic Surgical
Skills. Am J Surg 2003;185(2):146-149.

Gündoğdu
H, Dikmen Y. Hemşirelik Eğitiminde Simülasyon: Sanal Gerçeklik Ve Haptik
Sistemler. J Hum Rhythm 2017;
3(4), 173-176.

Herrmann MJ, Katzorke A, Busch Y & et al. Medial Prefrontal
Cortex Stimulation Accelerates Therapy Response Of Exposure Therapy İn
Acrophobia. Brain Stimul 2017; 10(2):291-297. 

Hua Y, Qiu R, Yao WY & et al. The Effect
Of Virtual Reality Distraction On Pain Relief During
Dressing Changes İn Children With Chronic Wounds On Lower Limbs. Pain Manag
Nurs. 2015; 16(5): 685-691. 

İsmailoğlu
EG, Zaybak A. Comparison Of The Effectiveness Of A Virtual Simulator With A
Plastic Arm Model İn Teaching Intravenous Catheter Insertion Skills. Comput
Inform Nurs 2018;36(2): 98-105.

Jamison RJ,
Hovancsek MT, Clochesy JM. A Pilot Study Assessing Simulation Using Two
Simulation Methods For Teaching İntravenous Cannulation. Clinical Simulation in
Nursing 2006; 2(1): 9-12.

Jamison RJ, Hovancsek MT, Clochesy JM. A Pilot Study
Assessing Simulation Using Two Simulation Methods For Teaching Intravenous
Cannulation. Clinical Simulation
in Nursing 2006; 2(1):
9-12.

Jasinevicius
TR, Landers M, Nelson S & et al.
An Evaluation Of Two Dental Simulation Systems: Virtual Reality Versus
Contemporary Non-Computer-Assisted. J
Dent Educ 2004; 68(11):
1151-1162.

Jenson CE, Forsyth DM. Virtual Reality Simulation: Using
Three-Dimensional Technology To Teach Nursing Students. Comput Inform Nurs 2012; 30(6): 312-318.

Jöud A,
Sandholm A, Alseby L & et al. Feasibility
Of A Computerized Male Urethral Catheterization Simulator. Nurse Educ Pract
2010; 10: 70-75.

Jun L, WonJong K, Anna
S & et al. An Intravenous Injection
Simulator using Augmented Reality for Veterinary Education and its Evaluation
2012. Erişim tarihi: 15.02.2018 Erişim adresi: http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/2410000/2407524/p31-lee.pdf?ip=155.223.64.100&id=2407524&acc=ACTIVE%20SERVICE&key=956257EA1AE17323%2E7DF4DC657CAA076A%2E4D4702B0C3E38B35%2E4D4702B0C3E38B35&__acm__=1520709775_919f63bd4af0f8a86fe82fecee2355bb  Doi:10.1145/2407516.2407524

Jung EY, Park
DK, Lee YH  & et al. Evaluation Of
Practical Exercises Using An İntravenous Simulator İncorporating Virtual
Reality And Haptics Device Technologies. Nurse Educ Today 2012; 32(4): 458-463.

Karaöz S. Hemşirelikte
Klinik Öğretime Genel Bir Bakış Ve Etkin Klinik Öğretim İçin Öneriler.
Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi 2003; 1: 15-21.

Kayabası
Y. Sanal Gerçeklik Ve Eğitim Amaçlı Kullanılması. TOJET 2005; 4(3): 151-158.

Khalifa
YM, Bogorad D, Gibson V & et al. Virtual Reality in Ophthalmology Training.
Surv Ophthalmol 2006; 51(3): 259-270.

Khorshıd
L, Eşer İ, Sarı D & et al. Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinde İnvaziv Ve İnvaziv
Olmayan İşlemleri Yapmaya Bağlı Korku Semptom Ve Belirtilerinin İncelenmesi.
Atatürk Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi 2002; 5(2).

Knoll
T, Trojan L, Haecker A &
et al.
Validation Of Computer‐Based Training İn
Ureterorenoscopy. BJU Int 2005; 95(9): 1276-1279.

Koçak Ö, Demirel T,
Karakuş T ve ark. Sanal Dünyalarda Kullanılan Öğretim Stratejileri, Yöntemleri
ve Teknikleri. e-Kafkas Üniversitesi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2016; 3(2): 40-51.

Loukas C, Nikiteas N, Kanakis M & et al. A
Virtual Reality Simulation Curriculum For İntravenous Cannulation
Training. Acad Emerg Med
2010; 17(10): 1142-1145.

McGaghie
WC, Issenberg SB, Petrusa ER & et al. A Critical Review of Simulation-Based
Medical Education Research: 2003-2009. Med Educ 2010; 44: 50-63.

Mevlütoğlu
A. Uçuş Eğitiminde Simülatörler. (Erişim tarihi:10.02.2018) Erişim adresi: http://www1.mmo.org.tr/resimler/dosya_ekler/53c2460013df1fa_ek.pdf?dergi=1320

Mıdık Ö, Kartal M. Simülasyona Dayalı Tıp Eğitimi
[Simulation-Based Medical Education]. Marmara Medical Journal 2010;
23(3):389-399.

O’Shea E. Self-Directed
Learning İn Nursing Education: A Review Of The Literature. J Adv Nurs 2003;
43(1): 62-70.

Park
J, MacRae H, Musselman LJ & et al.. Randomized Controlled Trial Of Virtual
Reality Simulator Training: Transfer To Live Patients. Am J Surg 2007; 194(2):
205-211.

Ravi DK, Kumar N, Singhi P. Effectiveness Of Virtual Reality
Rehabilitation For Children And Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy: An Updated
Evidence-Based Systematic Review. Physiotherapy 2017;
103(3): 245-258.

Reyes SD,
Stillsmoking K, Chadwick-Hopkins D. Implementation And Evaluation Of A Virtual
Simulator System: Teaching İntravenous Skills. Clinical Simulation in Nursing
2008; 4(1): 43-49.

Reznek
M, Harter P, Krummel, T. Virtual Reality And Simulation: Training The Future
Emergency Physician. Acad Emerg Med 2002; 9(1): 78-87.

Sarıkoç
G. Sağlık Çalışanlarının Eğitiminde
Sanal Gerçekliğin Kullanımı. HEAD
2016; 13(1): 11-15.

Sarmasoğlu Ş, Dinç L, Elçin M. Hemşirelik
Öğrencilerinin Klinik Beceri
Eğitimlerinde Kullanılan Standart Hasta ve Maketlere İlişkin Görüşleri. KUHEAD 2016; 13(2): 107-115.

Scapin SQ, Echevarría-Guanilo
ME, Fuculo, PRB &
et al. Use Of Virtual Reality For Treating Burned Children: Case Reports. Rev
Bras Enferm 2017;70(6): 1291-1295.

Silverstein
JC, Dech F, Edison M & et al. 
Virtual Reality: İmmersive Hepatic Surgery Educational Environment.
Surgery 2002; 132(2): 274-277.

Small C, Stone R, Pilsbury J & et al. Virtual Restorative Environment Therapy As An Adjunct
To Pain Control During Burn Dressing Changes: Study Protocol For A
Randomised Controlled Trial. Trials 2015; 16: 329. 

Şendir M, Coşkun EY.
Hemşirelik Eğitiminde Teknolojik Bir Adım: IMventro-sim. JAREN 2016;2(2):
103-108.

Şendir
M, Doğan P. Hemşirelik Eğitiminde
Simülasyonun Kullanımı: Sistematik
İnceleme. F.N.Hem. Derg 2015;
23(1): 49-56.

Tashjian VC, Mosadeghi S, Howard AR & et al. Virtual
Reality for Management of Pain in Hospitalized Patients: Results of a
Controlled Trial. JMIR Ment Health 2017;
4(1): 9.

Thomsen ASS, Bach-Holm D, Kjærbo H &
et al. Operating Room Performance
Improves after Proficiency-Based Virtual Reality Cataract Surgery
Training. Ophthalmology
2017; 124(4): 524-531.

Tsai
W, Fung C, Tsai S &
et al. The Assessment Of Stability And Reliability Of A Virtual
Reality-Based İntravenous İnjection Simulator. Comput Inform Nurs 2008; 26(4):
221-226.

Uzun
Ö. Diş Hekimliğinde Bilgisayar Destekli Eğitim (BDE): Sanal Gerçek Hasta
Simulatörleri. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 2006;
9(2): 138-143.

Vaughana N, Dubeya VN,
Wainwright TW & et al. A Review Of Virtual Reality Based Training
Simulators For Orthopaedic Surgery. Med Eng Phys 2016; 38(2): 59–71.

Vega-Medina
L, Perez-Gutierrez B, Tibamoso G & et al. VR Central Venous Access Simulation System For
Newborns. İEEE 2014: 121-122.

Vidal VL,
Ohaeri BM, John P & et al. Virtual Reality And The Traditional Method For
Phlebotomy Training Among College Of Nursing Students İn Kuwait: Implications
For Nursing Education And Practice. J Infus Nurs 2013; 36(5): 349-355.

Watterson
JD, Beiko DT, Kuan JK &
et al.
A Randomized Prospective Blinded Study Validating Acquistion Of Ureteroscopy
Skills Using A Computer Based Virtual Reality Endourological Simulator. J Urol
2002; 168(5): 1928-1932.

Wiederhold
BK. The Potential For Virtual Reality To İmprove Health Care. 2006. (Erisim Tarihi:
10.12.2017). Erişim adresi: http://www.iactor.eu/downloads/WP%20The%20Potential%20for%20VR%20to%20Improve%20Healthcare.pdf

Wilfong DN, Falsetti
DJ, McKinnon JL & et al. The Effects Of Virtual Intravenous And Patient
Simulator Training Compared To The Traditional Approach Of Teaching Nurses: A
Research Project On Peripheral IV Catheter Insertion. J Infus Nurs 2011; 34 (1): 55-62.

Ziv
A, Small SD, Wolpe PR. Patient Safety And Simulation-Based Medical Education.
Med Teach 2000; 22(5): 489-495.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sanal gerçeklik, simülasyon, hemşirelik eğitimi

Kaynakça

• Ahlberg G, Hultcrantz R, Jaramillo E & et al. Virtual Reality Colonoscopy Simulation: A Compulsory Practice For The Future Colonoscopist?. Endoscopy 2005; 37(12): 1198-1204.
• Albiol-Perez S, Gil-Gómez JA, Muñoz-Tomás MT & et al. The Effect of Balance Training on Postural Control in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Using a Virtual Rehabilitation System. Methods Inf Med 2017; 56(2): 138-144.
• Alinier G, Hunt B, Gordon R & et al. Effectiveness Of İntermediate-Fidelity Simulation Training Technology İn Undergraduate Nursing Education. J Adv Nurs. 2006; 54(3): 359-369.
• Altun GP. Serebral Palsi’li Çocuklarda Sanal Gerçeklik Oyunlarının Üst Ekstremite Fonksiyonları Üzerine Etkisi Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, 2015
• Bayar K, Çadır G, Bayar B. Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Klinik Uygulamaya Yönelik Düşünce ve Kaygı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin 2009; 8(1).
• Bradley P. The History of Simulation in Medical Education and Possible Future Directions. Med Educ 2006; 40: 254-262.
• Cecil J, Gupta A, Pirela-Cruz M. An Advanced Simulator For Orthopedic Surgical Training. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2018; 13(2): 305-319.
• Chang KKP, Chung JWY, Wong TKS. Learning Intravenous Cannulation: A Comparison Of The Conventional Method And The Cathsim Intravenous Training System. J Clin Nurs 2002; 11(1): 73-78.
• Choi KS. Virtual Reality in Nursing: Nasogastric Tube Placement Training Simulator. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;245:1298.
• Coelho CM, Silva CF, Santos JA & et al. Contrasting The Effectiveness And Efficiency Of Virtual Reality And Real Environments İn The Treatment Of Acrophobia. PsychNology 2008; 6(2): 203-216.
• Fotheringham D. Triangulation For The Assessment Of Clinical Nursing Skills: A Review Of Theory, Use And Methodology. Int J Nurs Stud 2010; 47: 386–391.
• Grantcharov TP, Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P & et al. Learning Curves And İmpact Of Previous Operative Experience On Performance On A Virtual Reality Simulator To Test Laparoscopic Surgical Skills. Am J Surg 2003;185(2):146-149.
• Gündoğdu H, Dikmen Y. Hemşirelik Eğitiminde Simülasyon: Sanal Gerçeklik Ve Haptik Sistemler. J Hum Rhythm 2017; 3(4), 173-176.
• Herrmann MJ, Katzorke A, Busch Y & et al. Medial Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation Accelerates Therapy Response Of Exposure Therapy İn Acrophobia. Brain Stimul 2017; 10(2):291-297.
• Hua Y, Qiu R, Yao WY & et al. The Effect Of Virtual Reality Distraction On Pain Relief During Dressing Changes İn Children With Chronic Wounds On Lower Limbs. Pain Manag Nurs. 2015; 16(5): 685-691.
• İsmailoğlu EG, Zaybak A. Comparison Of The Effectiveness Of A Virtual Simulator With A Plastic Arm Model İn Teaching Intravenous Catheter Insertion Skills. Comput Inform Nurs 2018;36(2): 98-105.
• Jamison RJ, Hovancsek MT, Clochesy JM. A Pilot Study Assessing Simulation Using Two Simulation Methods For Teaching İntravenous Cannulation. Clinical Simulation in Nursing 2006; 2(1): 9-12.
• Jamison RJ, Hovancsek MT, Clochesy JM. A Pilot Study Assessing Simulation Using Two Simulation Methods For Teaching Intravenous Cannulation. Clinical Simulation in Nursing 2006; 2(1): 9-12.
• Jasinevicius TR, Landers M, Nelson S & et al. An Evaluation Of Two Dental Simulation Systems: Virtual Reality Versus Contemporary Non-Computer-Assisted. J Dent Educ 2004; 68(11): 1151-1162.
• Jenson CE, Forsyth DM. Virtual Reality Simulation: Using Three-Dimensional Technology To Teach Nursing Students. Comput Inform Nurs 2012; 30(6): 312-318.
• Jöud A, Sandholm A, Alseby L & et al. Feasibility Of A Computerized Male Urethral Catheterization Simulator. Nurse Educ Pract 2010; 10: 70-75.
• Jun L, WonJong K, Anna S & et al. An Intravenous Injection Simulator using Augmented Reality for Veterinary Education and its Evaluation 2012. Erişim tarihi: 15.02.2018 Erişim adresi: http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/2410000/2407524/p31-lee.pdf?ip=155.223.64.100&id=2407524&acc=ACTIVE%20SERVICE&key=956257EA1AE17323%2E7DF4DC657CAA076A%2E4D4702B0C3E38B35%2E4D4702B0C3E38B35&__acm__=1520709775_919f63bd4af0f8a86fe82fecee2355bb Doi:10.1145/2407516.2407524
• Jung EY, Park DK, Lee YH & et al. Evaluation Of Practical Exercises Using An İntravenous Simulator İncorporating Virtual Reality And Haptics Device Technologies. Nurse Educ Today 2012; 32(4): 458-463.
• Karaöz S. Hemşirelikte Klinik Öğretime Genel Bir Bakış Ve Etkin Klinik Öğretim İçin Öneriler. Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi 2003; 1: 15-21.
• Kayabası Y. Sanal Gerçeklik Ve Eğitim Amaçlı Kullanılması. TOJET 2005; 4(3): 151-158.
• Khalifa YM, Bogorad D, Gibson V & et al. Virtual Reality in Ophthalmology Training. Surv Ophthalmol 2006; 51(3): 259-270.
• Khorshıd L, Eşer İ, Sarı D & et al. Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinde İnvaziv Ve İnvaziv Olmayan İşlemleri Yapmaya Bağlı Korku Semptom Ve Belirtilerinin İncelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi 2002; 5(2).
• Knoll T, Trojan L, Haecker A & et al. Validation Of Computer‐Based Training İn Ureterorenoscopy. BJU Int 2005; 95(9): 1276-1279.
• Koçak Ö, Demirel T, Karakuş T ve ark. Sanal Dünyalarda Kullanılan Öğretim Stratejileri, Yöntemleri ve Teknikleri. e-Kafkas Üniversitesi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2016; 3(2): 40-51.
• Loukas C, Nikiteas N, Kanakis M & et al. A Virtual Reality Simulation Curriculum For İntravenous Cannulation Training. Acad Emerg Med 2010; 17(10): 1142-1145.
• McGaghie WC, Issenberg SB, Petrusa ER & et al. A Critical Review of Simulation-Based Medical Education Research: 2003-2009. Med Educ 2010; 44: 50-63.
• Mevlütoğlu A. Uçuş Eğitiminde Simülatörler. (Erişim tarihi:10.02.2018) Erişim adresi: http://www1.mmo.org.tr/resimler/dosya_ekler/53c2460013df1fa_ek.pdf?dergi=1320
• Mıdık Ö, Kartal M. Simülasyona Dayalı Tıp Eğitimi [Simulation-Based Medical Education]. Marmara Medical Journal 2010; 23(3):389-399.
• O’Shea E. Self-Directed Learning İn Nursing Education: A Review Of The Literature. J Adv Nurs 2003; 43(1): 62-70.
• Park J, MacRae H, Musselman LJ & et al.. Randomized Controlled Trial Of Virtual Reality Simulator Training: Transfer To Live Patients. Am J Surg 2007; 194(2): 205-211.
• Ravi DK, Kumar N, Singhi P. Effectiveness Of Virtual Reality Rehabilitation For Children And Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy: An Updated Evidence-Based Systematic Review. Physiotherapy 2017; 103(3): 245-258.
• Reyes SD, Stillsmoking K, Chadwick-Hopkins D. Implementation And Evaluation Of A Virtual Simulator System: Teaching İntravenous Skills. Clinical Simulation in Nursing 2008; 4(1): 43-49.
• Reznek M, Harter P, Krummel, T. Virtual Reality And Simulation: Training The Future Emergency Physician. Acad Emerg Med 2002; 9(1): 78-87.
• Sarıkoç G. Sağlık Çalışanlarının Eğitiminde Sanal Gerçekliğin Kullanımı. HEAD 2016; 13(1): 11-15.
• Sarmasoğlu Ş, Dinç L, Elçin M. Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Klinik Beceri Eğitimlerinde Kullanılan Standart Hasta ve Maketlere İlişkin Görüşleri. KUHEAD 2016; 13(2): 107-115.
• Scapin SQ, Echevarría-Guanilo ME, Fuculo, PRB & et al. Use Of Virtual Reality For Treating Burned Children: Case Reports. Rev Bras Enferm 2017;70(6): 1291-1295.
• Silverstein JC, Dech F, Edison M & et al. Virtual Reality: İmmersive Hepatic Surgery Educational Environment. Surgery 2002; 132(2): 274-277.
• Small C, Stone R, Pilsbury J & et al. Virtual Restorative Environment Therapy As An Adjunct To Pain Control During Burn Dressing Changes: Study Protocol For ARandomised Controlled Trial. Trials 2015; 16: 329.
• Şendir M, Coşkun EY. Hemşirelik Eğitiminde Teknolojik Bir Adım: IMventro-sim. JAREN 2016;2(2): 103-108.
• Şendir M, Doğan P. Hemşirelik Eğitiminde Simülasyonun Kullanımı: Sistematik İnceleme. F.N.Hem. Derg 2015; 23(1): 49-56.
• Tashjian VC, Mosadeghi S, Howard AR & et al. Virtual Reality for Management of Pain in Hospitalized Patients: Results of a Controlled Trial. JMIR Ment Health 2017; 4(1): 9.
• Thomsen ASS, Bach-Holm D, Kjærbo H & et al. Operating Room Performance Improves after Proficiency-Based Virtual Reality Cataract Surgery Training. Ophthalmology 2017; 124(4): 524-531.
• Tsai W, Fung C, Tsai S & et al. The Assessment Of Stability And Reliability Of A Virtual Reality-Based İntravenous İnjection Simulator. Comput Inform Nurs 2008; 26(4): 221-226.
• Uzun Ö. Diş Hekimliğinde Bilgisayar Destekli Eğitim (BDE): Sanal Gerçek Hasta Simulatörleri. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 2006; 9(2): 138-143.
• Vaughana N, Dubeya VN, Wainwright TW & et al. A Review Of Virtual Reality Based Training Simulators For Orthopaedic Surgery. Med Eng Phys 2016; 38(2): 59–71.
• Vega-Medina L, Perez-Gutierrez B, Tibamoso G & et al. VR Central Venous Access Simulation System For Newborns. İEEE 2014: 121-122.
• Vidal VL, Ohaeri BM, John P & et al. Virtual Reality And The Traditional Method For Phlebotomy Training Among College Of Nursing Students İn Kuwait: Implications For Nursing Education And Practice. J Infus Nurs 2013; 36(5): 349-355.
• Watterson JD, Beiko DT, Kuan JK & et al. A Randomized Prospective Blinded Study Validating Acquistion Of Ureteroscopy Skills Using A Computer Based Virtual Reality Endourological Simulator. J Urol 2002; 168(5): 1928-1932.
• Wiederhold BK. The Potential For Virtual Reality To İmprove Health Care. 2006. (Erisim Tarihi: 10.12.2017). Erişim adresi: http://www.iactor.eu/downloads/WP%20The%20Potential%20for%20VR%20to%20Improve%20Healthcare.pdf
• Wilfong DN, Falsetti DJ, McKinnon JL & et al. The Effects Of Virtual Intravenous And Patient Simulator Training Compared To The Traditional Approach Of Teaching Nurses: A Research Project On Peripheral IV Catheter Insertion. J Infus Nurs 2011; 34 (1): 55-62.
• Ziv A, Small SD, Wolpe PR. Patient Safety And Simulation-Based Medical Education. Med Teach 2000; 22(5): 489-495.