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Psychosocial Problems of Healthcare Professionals During the COVİD 19 Pandemic Period and Resilience

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2, 127 - 134, 31.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.53490/egehemsire.838067

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aiello, A., Khayeri, M.Y.-E., Raja, S., Peladeau, N., Romano, D., Leszcz, M. … Schulman R.B. (2011). Resilience training for hospital workers in anticipation of an influenza pandemic. J Contin Educ Health Prof, 31(1),15–20. doi: 10.1002/chp.20096.
  • Aşkın, R., Bozkurt, Y., Zeybek, Z. (2020). Covi̇d - 19 pandemi̇si̇: psi̇koloji̇k terapöti̇k müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sos Bilim Derg, COVID-19 S(37), 304–318.
  • Barello, S., Palamenghi, L., Graffigna, G. (2020). Burnout and Somatic symptoms among frontline healthcare professionals at the peak of the Italian COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res, 290, 1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113129.
  • Cai, H., Tu, B., Ma, J., Chen, L., Fu, L., Jiang, Y., Zhuang Q. (2020). Psychological impact and coping strategies of frontline medical staff in hunan between january and march 2020 during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID) in Hubei, China. Med Sci Monit, 26, e924171-1–16. doi: 10.12659/MSM.924171.
  • Carmassi, C., Foghi, C., Dell’Oste, V., Cordone, A., Bertelloni, C.A., Bui, E., Dell'Osso, L. (2020). PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res, 292, 113312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312
  • Cleary, M., Kornhaber, R., Thapa, D.K., West, S., Visentin, D. (2018). The effectiveness of interventions to improve resilience among health professionals: A systematic review. Nurse Educ Today, 71, 247–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.10.002
  • Dutheil, F., Mondillon, L., Navel, V. (2020). PTSD as the second tsunami of the SARS-COV2 pandemic. Psychol Med, 1–2. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720001336.
  • Dyer, J.G., McGuinness, T.M. (1996). Resilience: analysis of the concept. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 10(5), 276–282. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9417(96)80036-7.
  • Earvolino- Ramirez, M. (2007). Resilience : A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 42(2), 73–82. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6198.2007.00070.x.
  • Enli Tuncay, F., Koyuncu, E., Özel, Ş. (2020). Pandemilerde sağlık çalışanlarının psikososyal sağlığını etkileyen koruyucu ve risk faktörlerine ilişkin bir derleme. Ankara Med J, 2, 488–501. doi: 10.5505/amj.2020.02418
  • Eskin, M. (2011). Sorun çözme terapisi (2. Baskı) Ankara: HYB Yayıncılık.
  • Garcia-Dia, M.J., DiNapoli, J.M., Garcia-Ona, L., Jakubowski, R., O’Flaherty, D. (2013). Concept analysis: Resilience. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 27(6), 264–270. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2013.07.003
  • Greenberg, N., Docherty, M., Gnanapragasam, S., Wessely, S. (2020). Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ, 368, 1–4. doi: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1136/bmj.m1211
  • Hiçdurmaz, D., Üzar, Y. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinde ön safta çalışan hemşirelerin ruhsal sağlığının korunması ve ruhsal travmanın önlenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Derg, 7(Özel Sayı),1–7. doi: 10.31125/hunhemsire.775531.
  • Huang, Y., Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during covıd-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res, 288, 112954. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
  • Kang, L., Ma, S., Chen, M., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Li, R. … Liu, Z. (2020). Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A Cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun, 87, 11–17. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028.
  • Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N. … Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw open, 3(3), e203976. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976.
  • Liu, C.Y., Yang, Y.Z., Zhang, X.M., Xu, X., Dou, Q.L., Zhang, W-W., Cheng, A.S.K. (2020b). The prevalence and influencing factors in anxiety in medical workers fighting COVID-19 in China: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Epidemiol Infect, 148, e98. doi: 10.1017/S0950268820001107.
  • Liu, Q., Luo, D., Haase, J.E., Guo, Q., Wang, X.Q., Liu, S. … Yang, B.X. (2020a). The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: a qualitative study. Lancet Glob Heal, 8(6), 790–798. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30204-7
  • Lu, W., Wang, H., Lin, Y., Li, L. (2020). Psychological status of medical workforce during the Covıd-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res, 288,1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112936.
  • Maunder, R.G., Lancee, W.J., Mae, R., Vincent, L., Peladeau, N., Beduz, M.A., Hunter, J.J.,Leszcz, M. (2010). Computer-assisted resilience training to prepare healthcare workers for pandemic influenza -a randomized trial of the optimal dose of training. BMC Health Serv Res, 10, 72–81.
  • Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., Qin, M., Huang, H. (2020). Work Stress among chinese nurses to support wuhan for fighting against the Covıd-19 epidemic. J Nurs Manag, 28(5), 1002–1008. doi: 10.1111/jonm.13014.
  • Munawar, K., Choudhry, F.R. (2021). Exploring stress coping strategies of frontline emergency health workers dealing COVID-19 in Pakistan: A qualitative inquiry. Am J Infect Control, 49(3), 286-292. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.214.
  • Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V.G., Papoutsi, E., Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the Covıd-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun, 88, 901–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
  • Rajkumar, R.P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr, 52,102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
  • Rogers, D. (2016). Which educational interventions improve healthcare professionals’ resilience?. Med Teach, 38(12),1236–1241. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2016.1210111.
  • Sakaoğlu, H.H., Orbatu, D., Emiroglu, M., Çakır, Ö. (2020). COVID-19 salgını sırasında sağlık çalışanlarında spielberger durumluk ve sürekli kaygı düzeyi: tepecik hastanesi örneği. Tepecik Eğit ve Araşt Hast Derg, 30(Ek Sayı), 1–9. doi: 10.5222/terh.2020.56873
  • Shechter, A., Diaz, F., Moise, N., Anstey, D.E., Ye, S., Agarwal, S. … Abdalla, M. (2020). Psychological distress, coping behaviors, and preferences for support among new york healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 66, 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.007.
  • Sun, N., Wei, L., Shi, S., Jiao, D., Song, R., Ma, L. … Wang, H. (2020). A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients. Am J Infect Control, 48(6), 592–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.03.018
  • T.C.Sağlık Bakanlığı COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Sayfası. (2020b). Erişim adresi: https://COVID19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html, (Erişim tarihi: 07/12/2020).
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı COVID-19 Halka Yönelik Sıkça Sorulan Sorular. (2020a). Erişim adresi: https://COVID19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/sss/halka-yonelik.html, (Erişim tarihi: 18/08/2020).
  • Tan, B.Y.Q., Chew, N.W.S., Lee, G.K.H., Jing, M., Yeo, L.L.L., Zhang, K. …Sharma,V.K. (2020). Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in Singapore. Ann Intern Med, 6, 1–3. doi: 10.7326/M20-1083.
  • Tusaie, K., Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: A historical review of the construct. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18(1), 3-8. doi: 10.1097/00004650-200401000-00002.
  • Vinkers, C.H., van Amelsvoort, T., Bisson, J.I., Branchi, I., Cryan, J.F., Domschke, K. … van der Wee, N.J.A. (2020). Stress resilience during the coronavirus pandemic. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 35, 12–16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.05.003
  • Wang, S., Xie, L., Xu, Y., Yu, S., Yao, B., Xiang, D. (2020). Sleep disturbances among medical workers during the outbreak of COVID-2019. Occup Med (Lond), 70(5), 364-369. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa074.
  • World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. (2020). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019?gclid=CjwKCAiAwrf-BRA9EiwAUWwKXiF53hzLFUQ44kl5__cmxvLH65y8EMe7mYoZaLzZUrItq5n_4Sw1TxoCbZ4QAvD_BwE, (Erişim tarihi: 07/12/2020).
  • World Health Organization. Physical health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. (2020b). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 21/08/2020).
  • Yıldırım, S. (2014). Kriz. O. Çam & E. Engin (Ed), Ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları hemşireliği bakım sanatı kitabı içinde (s257- 273). İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitabevi.
  • Zhai, Y., Du, X. (2020). Loss and grief amidst COVID-19: A path to adaptation and resilience. Brain Behav Immun, 87, 80-81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.053
  • Zhu, Z., Xu, S., Wang, H., Liu, Z., Wu, J., Li, G. … Wang, E. (2020). COVID-19 in Wuhan : Immediate psychological impact on 5062 health workers. medRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.20025338v2.full.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 15/08/2020).

Sağlık Çalışanlarının Covid19 Pandemi Dönemindeki Psikososyal Sorunları ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılığı

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2, 127 - 134, 31.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.53490/egehemsire.838067

Öz

COVİD 19 salgınında tüm olumsuzluklara rağmen sağlık çalışanları salgın karşı mücadelede aktif çalışmalarını sürdürmektedir. Zorlu yaşam olaylarının ardından yaşama yeniden adaptasyonu ifade eden psikolojik dayanıklılık, bu salgın sürecinin zorluklarına karşı sağlık çalışanlarını koruyan bir faktör olarak düşünülmüştür. Devam eden salgında sağlık çalışanlarının desteklenmesi hem kendi sağlıklarının korunması hem de verdikleri hizmetin kalitesi açısından son derece önemlidir. Bu doğrultuda derlemede salgın- pandemi sürecinin sağlık çalışanlarına psikososyal etkileri ve psikolojik dayanıklılıkları incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak pandemi döneminde sağlık çalışanlarının iş koşullarının ağırlaştığı, sosyal yaşantılarının sınırlandığı belirlenmiştir. Sağlık çalışanlarında kaygı, çaresizlik, yalnızlık, keder gibi duygular ve anksiyete bozuklukları, depresyon, uyku bozuklukları gibi ruhsal hastalıklar yaşadıkları, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu riski taşıdıkları belirlenmiştir. Kendine yardım becerilerini kullanan sağlık çalışanlarının olduğu saptanmıştır. Online destek programları önerilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Aiello, A., Khayeri, M.Y.-E., Raja, S., Peladeau, N., Romano, D., Leszcz, M. … Schulman R.B. (2011). Resilience training for hospital workers in anticipation of an influenza pandemic. J Contin Educ Health Prof, 31(1),15–20. doi: 10.1002/chp.20096.
  • Aşkın, R., Bozkurt, Y., Zeybek, Z. (2020). Covi̇d - 19 pandemi̇si̇: psi̇koloji̇k terapöti̇k müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sos Bilim Derg, COVID-19 S(37), 304–318.
  • Barello, S., Palamenghi, L., Graffigna, G. (2020). Burnout and Somatic symptoms among frontline healthcare professionals at the peak of the Italian COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res, 290, 1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113129.
  • Cai, H., Tu, B., Ma, J., Chen, L., Fu, L., Jiang, Y., Zhuang Q. (2020). Psychological impact and coping strategies of frontline medical staff in hunan between january and march 2020 during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID) in Hubei, China. Med Sci Monit, 26, e924171-1–16. doi: 10.12659/MSM.924171.
  • Carmassi, C., Foghi, C., Dell’Oste, V., Cordone, A., Bertelloni, C.A., Bui, E., Dell'Osso, L. (2020). PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res, 292, 113312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312
  • Cleary, M., Kornhaber, R., Thapa, D.K., West, S., Visentin, D. (2018). The effectiveness of interventions to improve resilience among health professionals: A systematic review. Nurse Educ Today, 71, 247–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.10.002
  • Dutheil, F., Mondillon, L., Navel, V. (2020). PTSD as the second tsunami of the SARS-COV2 pandemic. Psychol Med, 1–2. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720001336.
  • Dyer, J.G., McGuinness, T.M. (1996). Resilience: analysis of the concept. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 10(5), 276–282. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9417(96)80036-7.
  • Earvolino- Ramirez, M. (2007). Resilience : A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 42(2), 73–82. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6198.2007.00070.x.
  • Enli Tuncay, F., Koyuncu, E., Özel, Ş. (2020). Pandemilerde sağlık çalışanlarının psikososyal sağlığını etkileyen koruyucu ve risk faktörlerine ilişkin bir derleme. Ankara Med J, 2, 488–501. doi: 10.5505/amj.2020.02418
  • Eskin, M. (2011). Sorun çözme terapisi (2. Baskı) Ankara: HYB Yayıncılık.
  • Garcia-Dia, M.J., DiNapoli, J.M., Garcia-Ona, L., Jakubowski, R., O’Flaherty, D. (2013). Concept analysis: Resilience. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 27(6), 264–270. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2013.07.003
  • Greenberg, N., Docherty, M., Gnanapragasam, S., Wessely, S. (2020). Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ, 368, 1–4. doi: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1136/bmj.m1211
  • Hiçdurmaz, D., Üzar, Y. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinde ön safta çalışan hemşirelerin ruhsal sağlığının korunması ve ruhsal travmanın önlenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Derg, 7(Özel Sayı),1–7. doi: 10.31125/hunhemsire.775531.
  • Huang, Y., Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during covıd-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res, 288, 112954. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
  • Kang, L., Ma, S., Chen, M., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Li, R. … Liu, Z. (2020). Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A Cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun, 87, 11–17. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028.
  • Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N. … Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw open, 3(3), e203976. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976.
  • Liu, C.Y., Yang, Y.Z., Zhang, X.M., Xu, X., Dou, Q.L., Zhang, W-W., Cheng, A.S.K. (2020b). The prevalence and influencing factors in anxiety in medical workers fighting COVID-19 in China: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Epidemiol Infect, 148, e98. doi: 10.1017/S0950268820001107.
  • Liu, Q., Luo, D., Haase, J.E., Guo, Q., Wang, X.Q., Liu, S. … Yang, B.X. (2020a). The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: a qualitative study. Lancet Glob Heal, 8(6), 790–798. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30204-7
  • Lu, W., Wang, H., Lin, Y., Li, L. (2020). Psychological status of medical workforce during the Covıd-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res, 288,1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112936.
  • Maunder, R.G., Lancee, W.J., Mae, R., Vincent, L., Peladeau, N., Beduz, M.A., Hunter, J.J.,Leszcz, M. (2010). Computer-assisted resilience training to prepare healthcare workers for pandemic influenza -a randomized trial of the optimal dose of training. BMC Health Serv Res, 10, 72–81.
  • Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., Qin, M., Huang, H. (2020). Work Stress among chinese nurses to support wuhan for fighting against the Covıd-19 epidemic. J Nurs Manag, 28(5), 1002–1008. doi: 10.1111/jonm.13014.
  • Munawar, K., Choudhry, F.R. (2021). Exploring stress coping strategies of frontline emergency health workers dealing COVID-19 in Pakistan: A qualitative inquiry. Am J Infect Control, 49(3), 286-292. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.214.
  • Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V.G., Papoutsi, E., Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the Covıd-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun, 88, 901–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
  • Rajkumar, R.P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr, 52,102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
  • Rogers, D. (2016). Which educational interventions improve healthcare professionals’ resilience?. Med Teach, 38(12),1236–1241. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2016.1210111.
  • Sakaoğlu, H.H., Orbatu, D., Emiroglu, M., Çakır, Ö. (2020). COVID-19 salgını sırasında sağlık çalışanlarında spielberger durumluk ve sürekli kaygı düzeyi: tepecik hastanesi örneği. Tepecik Eğit ve Araşt Hast Derg, 30(Ek Sayı), 1–9. doi: 10.5222/terh.2020.56873
  • Shechter, A., Diaz, F., Moise, N., Anstey, D.E., Ye, S., Agarwal, S. … Abdalla, M. (2020). Psychological distress, coping behaviors, and preferences for support among new york healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 66, 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.007.
  • Sun, N., Wei, L., Shi, S., Jiao, D., Song, R., Ma, L. … Wang, H. (2020). A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients. Am J Infect Control, 48(6), 592–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.03.018
  • T.C.Sağlık Bakanlığı COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Sayfası. (2020b). Erişim adresi: https://COVID19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html, (Erişim tarihi: 07/12/2020).
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı COVID-19 Halka Yönelik Sıkça Sorulan Sorular. (2020a). Erişim adresi: https://COVID19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/sss/halka-yonelik.html, (Erişim tarihi: 18/08/2020).
  • Tan, B.Y.Q., Chew, N.W.S., Lee, G.K.H., Jing, M., Yeo, L.L.L., Zhang, K. …Sharma,V.K. (2020). Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in Singapore. Ann Intern Med, 6, 1–3. doi: 10.7326/M20-1083.
  • Tusaie, K., Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: A historical review of the construct. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18(1), 3-8. doi: 10.1097/00004650-200401000-00002.
  • Vinkers, C.H., van Amelsvoort, T., Bisson, J.I., Branchi, I., Cryan, J.F., Domschke, K. … van der Wee, N.J.A. (2020). Stress resilience during the coronavirus pandemic. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 35, 12–16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.05.003
  • Wang, S., Xie, L., Xu, Y., Yu, S., Yao, B., Xiang, D. (2020). Sleep disturbances among medical workers during the outbreak of COVID-2019. Occup Med (Lond), 70(5), 364-369. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa074.
  • World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. (2020). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019?gclid=CjwKCAiAwrf-BRA9EiwAUWwKXiF53hzLFUQ44kl5__cmxvLH65y8EMe7mYoZaLzZUrItq5n_4Sw1TxoCbZ4QAvD_BwE, (Erişim tarihi: 07/12/2020).
  • World Health Organization. Physical health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. (2020b). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 21/08/2020).
  • Yıldırım, S. (2014). Kriz. O. Çam & E. Engin (Ed), Ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları hemşireliği bakım sanatı kitabı içinde (s257- 273). İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitabevi.
  • Zhai, Y., Du, X. (2020). Loss and grief amidst COVID-19: A path to adaptation and resilience. Brain Behav Immun, 87, 80-81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.053
  • Zhu, Z., Xu, S., Wang, H., Liu, Z., Wu, J., Li, G. … Wang, E. (2020). COVID-19 in Wuhan : Immediate psychological impact on 5062 health workers. medRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.20025338v2.full.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 15/08/2020).
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Emel Öztürk Turgut 0000-0003-0620-2749

Esra Engin 0000-0003-0836-1532

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztürk Turgut, E., & Engin, E. (2022). Sağlık Çalışanlarının Covid19 Pandemi Dönemindeki Psikososyal Sorunları ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılığı. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(2), 127-134. https://doi.org/10.53490/egehemsire.838067