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İdeolojinin Coğrafi Tezahürü: Ērān Ud Anērān

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2, 797 - 824, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050218

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Sasani imparatorluk ideolojisi ve propagandası ile imparatorluğun merkezi coğrafyası arasında kurgulanan bağ tarif edilmekte ve bunun devlet sistemi kurgusunda dönüşüm ve sürekliliğe ne ölçüde etki ettiği ve bu dinamik sürecin hangi argümanlarla beslendiği ele alınmaktadır. Sasani imparatorluğu sadece rakiplerine karşı değil aynı zamanda kendi tebaasından farklı dini ve etnik zümrelerin aleyhine de ideolojik bir yaklaşım benimsemişti. Önce siyasi ve askeri kazanımlar elde ederek İran’da yegâne güç oldular daha sonra bu kazanımları din, tarih ve gelenekle takviye ettiler. Hem hanedanın kendisi hem de hanedanın hükmettiği coğrafya dini ve kültürel olarak kutsandı ve bunlardan birinin varlığı diğerinin mevcudiyetine zorunlu olarak bağlandı. Böylece Ērān, Ērānšahr ve Ērān ud anērān kavramları kurulan sistemin adı ve temsili oldu. Bu çalışmada Ērān kavramının ilk defa ne zaman kullanıldığıyla ilgili yeni bir öneri getirilmekte ve Ērānšahr “İran imparatorluğu” ve Ērān ud anērān “İraniler ve gayr-ı İraniler” gibi coğrafi ve tarihsel kavramların ne tür ideolojik saikler etrafında şekillendiği tartışılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

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  • Michael Alram - Rika Gyselen, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Paris-Berlin- Wien. Bd. 1, Ardashir I.- Shapur I. DenkWein 317. Veröff. Num. Kom. 41. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. (SNS-1)
  • Ammianus Marcellinus, The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus; During The Reigns of The Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentian, and Valens (Trans. by Charles Duke Yonge, M. A.), London, 1894.
  • Chronicle of Arbela (ed. and trans. by P. Kawerau (Eng. trans. by Timothy Króll): Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium Editum Consilio Universitatis Catholicæ Americæ et Universitatis Catholicæ Lovaniensis, Vol. 468, Scriptores Syri, Tomus 200, Lovanii: in Aedibus E. Peters, 1985. Back 1978 (ŠKZ, KSM, KNRm, KKZ)
  • Michael Back, Die Sassanidischen Staatsinschriften: Studien zur Orthographie und Phonologie desMittelpersischen der Inschriften, zusammen mit einem etymologischen Index desmittelpersischenWortgutes und einem Textcorpus der behandelten Inschriften (ed. and trans), ActIr 18. Leiden: Brill.
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  • Naser N. Chegini-A. V. Nikitin, “Sasanian Iran–Economy, Society, Arts and Crafts”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, 3, s. 35-80.
  • Touraj Daryaee, The Fall of the Sāsānian Empire and the End of Late Antiquity: Continuity and Change in the Province of Persis, University of California, Los Angeles (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi).
  • Touraj Daryaee, “Dīdgāhhā-ye Mōbedān va Šāhānšān e Sāsānī dar Bāra-e Ērānšahr”, Nāme-ī Īrānebāstān, No: 2: s. 19-27.
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  • Touraj Daryaee “Ardaxşir and the Sasanians’ Rise to Power”, Anabasis; Studia Classica et Orientalia I, s. 236-255.
  • Touraj Daryaee, “If these Walls Could Speak: The Barrier of Alexander, Wall of Darband and Other Defensive Moats”, Borders Itineraries on the Edges of Iran (ed. Stefano Pellò), (Eurasiatica 5), s. 79-88.
  • Touraj Daryaee, “The idea of the Sacred Land of Ērānšahr”, Persianism in Antiquity. Oriens et Occidens, 25, 393-400.
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Geographical Manifestation of Ideology: ĒRĀN UD ANĒRĀN

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2, 797 - 824, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050218

Öz

Investigating the connection established between the ideology and propaganda of the Sasanian Empire and the heart of Ērānšahr, this study aims to explore how this affects the transformation and continuity in the state system as well as how this dynamic process is maintained. The Sasanian system adopts an ideological approach which is not only against its rivals but also against the religious and ethnic groups different from its subjects. First, they gained political and military victories and became the only power in Iran, and later they maintained these victories and gains with religion, history and tradition. Both the dynasty itself and the geography ruled by the dynasty were considered as religiously and culturally sacred, and the existence of the Sasanian dynasty and Iran were made connected to each other. Thus, the concepts of Ērān, Ērānšahr and Ērān ud anērān became the names and representatives of the established system. This study suggests a new proposal about when the term Ērān ‘Iran’ was first used, and it formulates the ideological motives that urge Sasanians to use geographical and historical concepts such as Ērānšahr ‘Iranian empire’ and Ērān ud anērān ‘Iranians and non-Iranians’.

Kaynakça

  • Agathias, The Histories, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae (translated With an Introduction and Short Explanatory Notes by Joseph D. Frendo) Berlin, 1975.
  • Michael Alram, “Early Sasanian Coinage”, The Sasanian Era: the Idea of Iran, Vol. III (Ed. by V. S. Curtis - S. Stewart), s. 17-30.
  • Michael Alram - Maryse Blet-Lemarquand - Prods Oktor Skjærvø, “Shapur, King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians.” Res Orientales XVII: Des Indo-Grecs aux Sassanides: Donnees Pour L’histoire et la Geographie Historique, s. 11–40. Bures-sur- Yvette: Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
  • Michael Alram - Rika Gyselen, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Paris-Berlin- Wien. Bd. 1, Ardashir I.- Shapur I. DenkWein 317. Veröff. Num. Kom. 41. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. (SNS-1)
  • Ammianus Marcellinus, The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus; During The Reigns of The Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentian, and Valens (Trans. by Charles Duke Yonge, M. A.), London, 1894.
  • Chronicle of Arbela (ed. and trans. by P. Kawerau (Eng. trans. by Timothy Króll): Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium Editum Consilio Universitatis Catholicæ Americæ et Universitatis Catholicæ Lovaniensis, Vol. 468, Scriptores Syri, Tomus 200, Lovanii: in Aedibus E. Peters, 1985. Back 1978 (ŠKZ, KSM, KNRm, KKZ)
  • Michael Back, Die Sassanidischen Staatsinschriften: Studien zur Orthographie und Phonologie desMittelpersischen der Inschriften, zusammen mit einem etymologischen Index desmittelpersischenWortgutes und einem Textcorpus der behandelten Inschriften (ed. and trans), ActIr 18. Leiden: Brill.
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  • Bel‘ami, Tarikh-e Bal’ami: Gozide-e Tarikh-e Bel‘ami, (İntihab va şerh: Cafer. Şi‘ar-Seyyid Muhammed Tabatabai, Tehran, 1372. Boyce 1968 (the Letter of Tansar)
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  • Matthew P. Canepa, The Two Eyes of the Earth. Art and Ritual of Kingship Between Rome and Sasanian Iran, Los Angeles - London.
  • Matthew P. Canepa “Technologies of Memory in Early Sasanian Iran: Achaemenid sites and Sasanian identity”, American Journal of Archaeology 114, s. 563-596.
  • Naser N. Chegini-A. V. Nikitin, “Sasanian Iran–Economy, Society, Arts and Crafts”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, 3, s. 35-80.
  • Touraj Daryaee, The Fall of the Sāsānian Empire and the End of Late Antiquity: Continuity and Change in the Province of Persis, University of California, Los Angeles (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi).
  • Touraj Daryaee, “Dīdgāhhā-ye Mōbedān va Šāhānšān e Sāsānī dar Bāra-e Ērānšahr”, Nāme-ī Īrānebāstān, No: 2: s. 19-27.
  • Touraj Daryaee, Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire, London; New York: I. B. Tauris &Co. In association with the Iran Heritage Foundation.
  • Touraj Daryaee, “The Idea of Ērānšahr: Jewish, Christian, and Manichaean Views in Late Antiquity”, Iranian Identity in the Course of History: Proceedings of the Conference Held in Rome, s. 91-108.
  • Touraj Daryaee “Ardaxşir and the Sasanians’ Rise to Power”, Anabasis; Studia Classica et Orientalia I, s. 236-255.
  • Touraj Daryaee, “If these Walls Could Speak: The Barrier of Alexander, Wall of Darband and Other Defensive Moats”, Borders Itineraries on the Edges of Iran (ed. Stefano Pellò), (Eurasiatica 5), s. 79-88.
  • Touraj Daryaee, “The idea of the Sacred Land of Ērānšahr”, Persianism in Antiquity. Oriens et Occidens, 25, 393-400.
  • Albert de Jong, “The Beginning and the End of the Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London, 71(1), s. 53-58.
  • al-Biruni, The Chronology of Ancient Nations: An English Version of the Arabic Text of the Athâr-ul-Bâkiya of Albîrûni Or'Vestiges of the Past'... (ed. and trans. by C. Edward Sachau), London, 1879.
  • Ełiše, History of Vardan and the Armenian War, (trans. with comm. by Robert W. Thomson. Harvard Armenian Texts and Studies 5. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1982.
  • El-Mesudi, Murûc ez-Zeheb (Altın Bozkırlar), (çev. D. Ahsen Batur), Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul, 2004.
  • Richard N. Frye, “Remarks on The Paikuli and Sar Mašhad Inscriptions”, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3/4, s. 702-708.
  • Richard N. Frye, The History of Ancient Iran, C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, München.
  • Philippe Gignoux, (Aneran: EIr, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aneran ).
  • Gherardo Gnoli, The Idea of Iran: an Essay on its Origin, Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
  • Gherardo Gnoli, “Old Persian xšaça-, Middle Persian šahr, Grek ἔθνοϛ”, Iranian languages and texts from Iran and Turan: Ronald E. Emmerick memorial volume (Vol. 13), (eds. Maria Macuch -Mauro Maggi -Werner Sundermann), s.109-119, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • EI: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/farrah
  • Rika Gyselen, “Primary Sources and Historiography on the Sasanian Empire”, Studia iranica, 38(2), s. 163-190.
  • Rika Gyselen, “Romans and Sasanians in the Third Century: Propaganda warfare and ambiguous imagery”, Commutatio et Contentio: Studies in the Late Roman, Sasanian, and Early Islamic Near East, s. 71-87.
  • Tobin Hartnell, “Agriculture in Sasanian Persis: ideology and practice”, Journal of Ancient History, 2(2), s. 182-208.
  • Geoffrey Herman, A Prince Without a Kingdom: the Exilarch in the Sasanian Era (Vol. 150). Mohr Siebeck.
  • Dietrich Huff, “Formation and İdeology of the Sasanian State in the Context of Archaeological Evidence”, in The Sasanian Era: The İdea of İran, Vol. III., (ed. by Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis– Sarah Steward), London, s. 31-59. Humbach ve Skjærvø 1983 (NP) Helmut Humbach-Prods Oktor Skjærvø, The Sassanian Inscription of Paikuli. Part, 3.1: Restored Text and Translation by P. O. Skjærvø, Ludwig Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden, Munich, Germany, Sasanica Sources, s. 1-55.
  • Philip Huyse, Die dreisprachige Inschrift Šābuhrs I. an der Ka‘ba-i Zardušt (ŠKZ), Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum 3.1. (ed. and trans), London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
  • Philip Huyse, “Die sasanidische Königstitulatur: Eine Gegenüberstellung der Quellen”, (oriens et occidens 13) Ērān ud Anērān: Studien zu den Beziehungen zwischen dem Sasanidenreich und der Mittelmeerwelt (ed. by Josef Wiesehöfer and Philip Huyse), Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, s. 181-201.
  • Gikyō Ito, “Zoroastrians' arrival In Japan”, Orient, 15: s. 55-63.
  • İzzettin İbn-i Esir, Tarikh-e Kamil [El-Kamil Fi’t-Tarih], C. I. (Çev. Seyyid Hüseyin Ruhani), Tehran, 1380.
  • İbn-i Miskeweyh Tecarib’ul-Umem ve Teaqubu’l Himem, C. I (tahkik: Seyyid Kesrevi Hasan), Lübnan-Beyrut, 2003. KAP/Kārnāmag ī Ardašīr ī Pābagān
  • Frantz Grenet, La geste d'Ardashir fils de Pâbag; Kārnāmag ī Ardaxšēr ī Pābagān, éditions A Die. 2003. Sadeq Hidayet, Zand u Humen Yesn (Behmen Yeşt), Masalay-e Rej’at va Zohoor dar Ayine Zartoşt; Karname-i Ardeşir’i Papakan, Tehran. 1312.
  • Wilton Marion Krogman, “The Peoples of Early Iran and Their Ethnic Affiliations”, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 26(1), s. 269-308.
  • Olivier Le Comte, “Gorgan and Dehistan: the north-east frontier of the Iranian empire”, Proceedings-British Academy, Vol. 1, No. 133, s. 295-312.
  • David MacKenzie EI (Vol VIII), Fasc 5 s.534. (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eran-eransah).
  • Hamid Mahamedi, “Wall as a System of Frontier Defence During Sasanian Period”, The Spirit of Wisdom (Mēnōg ī Xrad) ed. By. Touraj Daryaee, Mahmoud Omidsalar, Mazda Publishers, California, s. 145-159.
  • William W. Malandra, An introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion: Readings from the Avesta and Achaemenid Inscriptions (Vol. 2), (Ed.), University of Minnesota Press. Mēnō ye Xrad/ Mainyo-i-khard
  • Edward W. West, The Book of the Mainyo-i-khard: The Pazand and Sanskrit Texts, Stuttgart and London, 1871.
  • Fergus Millar, Rome the Greek World, and the East: The Greek World, Jews, and the East, Vol. 3 (Ed. by Hannah M. Cotton and Guy M. Rogers), The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill.
  • Michael G. Morony, “Religious Communities in Late Sasanian and Early Muslim Iraq”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 17, No. 2, s. 113-135.
  • Karin Mosig-Walburg, “Bisher nicht beachtete Münzen Šāpūrs I”, Boreas 3: s. 117–126.
  • Alan V. Williams (ed. and trans.), The Pahlavi Rivāyat Accompanying the Dādestān ī Dēnīg. 2 vols. Copenhagen: The Royal Danish Academy, 1990.
  • Antonio Panaino, “The King and the Gods in the Sasanian Royal Ideology”, Res Orientales: Sources Pour L’historie et la Géographie du Monde Iranien 224-710 Volume XVIII (ed. Rika Gyselen), Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation du moyen-Orient, Bures sur Ywette, s. 209-256.
  • Richard E. Payne, “16: The Reinvention of Iran: The Sasanian Empire and the Huns”, The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, s. 282-299.
  • Richard E. Payne, A State of Mixture: Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity, University of California Press.
  • Richard E. Payne, “Iranian Cosmopolitanism: World Religions at the Sasanian Court”, Cosmopolitanism and Empire: Universal Rulers, Local Elites, and Cultural Integration in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, ed. by. M. Lavan, R. E. Payne and. J. Weisweiler, Oxford, s. 209-230.
  • Zeev Rubin, “The Reforms of Khusraw Anūshirwān,” The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East III: States Resources and Armies (ed. by Averil Cameron), Princeton, s. 227-296. Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr (ŠE)
  • A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic, and History, with English and Persian Translations and Commentary, (ed. and trans. Touraj Daryaee) Costa Mesa, California, Mazda Publishers, 2002.
  • A. Shapur Shahbazi, “Early Sasanians’ Claim to Achaemenid Heritage”, Name-ye Iran-e Bastan, 1(1), s. 61-73.
  • A. Shapur Shahbazi, “The History of the Idea of Iran”, in Birth of the Persian Empire, 1, (ed. by Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis and Sarah Steward), s. 100-111.
  • Abolqasem Firdevsi, Shahnameh (trans. by Dick Davis), The Persian Book of Kings, Penguin Books, 2016.
  • Shaul Shaked, The Wisdom of The Sasanian Sages (Dēnkard VI) by Aturpāt-i Ēmētān. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.
  • Shaul Shaked, “Religion in the Late Sasanian Period: Eran, Aneran, and other Religious Designations”, The Sasanian Era: The Idea of Iran Volume III, (Ed. by Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis and Sarah Stewart), s. 103-118.
  • Rahim M. Shayegan, Aspects of History and Epic in Ancient Iran: From Gaumāta to Wahnām, Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University.
  • Abolala Soudavar, The Aura of Kings: Legitimacy and Divine Sanction in Iranian Kingship, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa, California.
  • Abolala Soudavar, “Looking through The Two Eyes of the Earth: A Reassessment of Sasanian Rock Reliefs”, Iranian Studies, 45(1), s. 29-58.
  • Martin Sprengling, “Kartīr, Founder of Sasanian Zoroastrianism”, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 57, No. 2, s. 197-228.
  • Werner Sundermann, “Kē čihr az yazdan: Zur Titulatur der Sasanidenkönige”, Archív orientálni, 56, s. 338-340.
  • Werner Sundermann “The Date of the Barm-e Delak Inscription”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 7: s. 203-205.
  • Touraj Daryaee, “The Middle Persian Text Sūr ī Saxwan and the Late Sasanian Court”, Des Indo-Grecs aux Sassanides: Donnés pour l’histoire et la géographie historique, edited by R. Gyselen, s. 81–72. Res Orientales 17. Buressur- Yvette: Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient, 2007.
  • Taberi, Milletler ve Hükümdarlar Tarihi, C. III (Çev. Zakir Kadiri Ugan-Ahmet Temir), İstanbul, 1991. al- Tabari, Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden (trans. by Theodor Nöldeke). Leiden: Brill, 1879.
  • Sayyed Hasan Taqizadeh, “The Early Sasanians: Some Chronological Points Which Possibly Call for Revision”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 11, No. 1, s. 6-51.
  • Herbert Cushing Tolman, Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions, Nashville.
  • Ursula Weber, “Narseh, König der Könige von Ērān ud Anērān”, Iranica Antiqua, 47, s. 153-302.
  • Robert J. Wenke, “Western Iran in the Partho-Sasanian Period: The Imperial Transformation”, The Archaeology of western Iran: Settlement and Society from Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest (ed. By Frank Hole), London, s. 251-281.
  • Geo Widengren, “The Status of the Jews in the Sasanian empire” Iranica Antiqua, 1, s. 117-162.
  • Josef Wiesehöfer, Das frühe Persien: Geschichte eines antiken Weltreichs, Verlag, CH Beck.
  • Ehsan Yarshater, “Were the Sasanians heirs to the Achaemenids?”, Atti del Convegno Internazionale sul Tema: La Persia nel Medioevo, s. 517-533. AccademiaNazionale dei Lincei, Quaderno 160. Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
  • Muhammet Yücel, “A Unique Drachm of Shapur I.”, Iranian Studies, 50(3), s. 331-344. Zand ī Wahman Yasn (ZWY)
  • The Zand ī Wahman Yasn: a Zoroastrian Apocalypse (Ed. and Trans. Carlo. G. Cereti) Serie Orientale 75. Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. 1995.
Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Muhammet Yücel 0000-0002-1936-0327

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yücel, M. (2021). İdeolojinin Coğrafi Tezahürü: Ērān Ud Anērān. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 36(2), 797-824. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050218
AMA Yücel M. İdeolojinin Coğrafi Tezahürü: Ērān Ud Anērān. TID. Aralık 2021;36(2):797-824. doi:10.18513/egetid.1050218
Chicago Yücel, Muhammet. “İdeolojinin Coğrafi Tezahürü: Ērān Ud Anērān”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 36, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 797-824. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050218.
EndNote Yücel M (01 Aralık 2021) İdeolojinin Coğrafi Tezahürü: Ērān Ud Anērān. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 36 2 797–824.
IEEE M. Yücel, “İdeolojinin Coğrafi Tezahürü: Ērān Ud Anērān”, TID, c. 36, sy. 2, ss. 797–824, 2021, doi: 10.18513/egetid.1050218.
ISNAD Yücel, Muhammet. “İdeolojinin Coğrafi Tezahürü: Ērān Ud Anērān”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 36/2 (Aralık 2021), 797-824. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050218.
JAMA Yücel M. İdeolojinin Coğrafi Tezahürü: Ērān Ud Anērān. TID. 2021;36:797–824.
MLA Yücel, Muhammet. “İdeolojinin Coğrafi Tezahürü: Ērān Ud Anērān”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, c. 36, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 797-24, doi:10.18513/egetid.1050218.
Vancouver Yücel M. İdeolojinin Coğrafi Tezahürü: Ērān Ud Anērān. TID. 2021;36(2):797-824.