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Etiyopya ve Kenya: Zoraki Soğuk Savaş Güvenlik Ortaklığı (1974-1991)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 2, 781 - 800, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1226591

Öz

Soğuk savaş dönemi siyasi ve ideolojik rekabetlerinin Afrika Boynuzu üzerinde göze çarpan sonuçları bulunmaktadır. Bu durum, ülkelerin özgürlüklerini Avrupa sömürge yönetiminden edindiklerinde ve serbest dış politika kurmaya çalıştıklarında görüldü. 1974'ten önce Etiyopya ve Kenya batı yanlısı ülkelerdi. Ortak ideolojik yapılarından dolayı iki ülke arasında güvenlik ortaklığı için kolay bir platform oluşturdu. Ancak, 1974 yılında İmparatorluk döneminin sona ermesinin ardından Etiyopya’da ideolojinin Marksizm-Leninizm'e kayması, Etiyopya-Kenya güvenlik ortaklığının zayıflatacağı düşünüldü. Ancak, ideolojik eşitsizlik karşısında Etiyopya-Kenya güvenlik ortaklığı devam etti. Bu makale, ideolojik eşitsizliğe bakılmaksızın Etiyopya-Kenya güvenlik ortaklığının devamı için yeni bir içgörü çizmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın sonucu, iki ülke arasında kesintisiz güvenlik ortaklığının aşağıdaki üç nedenden kaynaklandığını göstermektedir: (i) güvenlik ve hayatta kalmaya olan ilgisinin ideolojik eşitsizliğin üzerinde olması; (ii) barışçıl sınır diplomasisinin varlığı; ve (iii) sınır ötesi ortak planlama ve jeopolitik yakınlık nedeniyle iletişim teknolojisinin geliştirilmesinden kaynaklanan uygulanabilir sınır ötesi ortaklıkların varlığı. Analiz sürecinde, Etiyopya Ulusal Arşiv ve Kütüphane Ajansı'ndan (EUAKA) kullanılmayan arşiv belgeleri ve ikincil edebiyat eserleri kullanılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ethiopian National Archive and Library Agency (ENALA)
  • ENALA, Ethio-Kenya Boundary, B17.02.14.02.
  • ENALA, Ethiopia and Kenya Governments Agreements A.17.2.14.03.
  • ENALA, Ethiopia and Kenya Governments Agreements, B17.2.14.03.
  • ENALA, Ethiopia and Kenya Governments, B17.02.14.02.
  • ENALA, Ethio-Somali Study Report, A17.2.262. 03.
  • ENALA, Ethio-Kenya Boundary, A17.03.14.02.
  • ENALA, Ethiopia and Kenya Governments, B17.04.14.02.
  • African Research Bulletin, Vol.1, African Research Ltd, London, 1964, p.89.
  • African Research Bulletin, Vol.4, African Research Ltd, London, 1967, p.754.
  • African Contemporary Record, Vol.10, Africa Publishing Company, New York and London, 1978, p.253.
  • African Diary: Africa Publications, India, Vol. xix, No.2, 1979, p.298.
  • African Contemporary Record, African Publishing Company, New York and London, Vol.17, 1985, p.276.
  • Adar 1986 Korwa Gombe Adar, The Significance of the Legal Principle of ‘Territorial Integrity’ as the Model Determinant of Relations: A Case Study of Kenya’s Foreign Policy Towards Somalia, 1963-1983, Indiana State University Press.
  • Betiru 1989 Tena Betiru, “Ethio-Kenya Border Relation”, Addis Ababa University.
  • Brownlie 1976 Ian Brownlie, African Boundaries, London: Oxford University Press.
  • Creed and Menkhaus 1986
  • John Creed and Kenneth Menkhaus, “The Rise of Saudi Regional Power and The Foreign Policies of Northeast African States,” Northeast African Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, Michigan State University Press, pp.1-22.
  • Hirtzel 1976 Richard D. Hirtzel, “The Relations of Kenya with its Bordering States,” US Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, pp.1-31.
  • Jackson 2007 Donna R. Jackson, “The Carter Administration and Somalia,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 31, No. 4, Oxford University Press, pp.703-721.
  • Laitin 1976 David D. Laitin, “Somali Territorial Claims in International Perspective,” Africa Today, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp.29-38.
  • Lefebvre 1996 Jeffrey A. Lefebvre, “Middle East Conflicts and Middle Level Power Intervention in the Horn of Africa,” Middle East Journal, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp.387-404.
  • Makinda 1982 Samuel M. Makinda, “Conflict and the Superpowers in the Horn of Africa,” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.93-103.
  • Makinda1982 Samuel M. Makinda, “Conflict and Accommodation in the Horn of Africa: Kenya’s Role in the Somali-Ethiopian Dispute,” African Studies Association of Australia and Pacific, pp.1-24.
  • Makinda 1983 Samuel M. Makinda, “From Quiet Diplomacy to Cold War Politics: Kenya's Foreign Policy,” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2, Africa: Tensions and Contentions, Taylor & Francis, Ltd, (1983), pp.300-319.
  • Mayall 1978 James Mayall, “The Battle for the Horn: Somali Irredentism and International Diplomacy,” The World Today, Vol. 34, No. 9, pp.336-345.
  • Mihiret 1989 Kassa Mihiret, “A Survey of Ethiopia-Kenyan Relations”, Addis Ababa University.
  • Ododa 1989 Harry Ododa, “Somalia's Domestic Politics and Foreign Relations since the Ogaden War of 1977-78,” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp.285-297.
  • Cyprine 1995 Oduogo Cyprine, “Kenya-Ethiopia Relation: A Study of the Significance of Economic and Political Factors Contributing to the Cooperation, 1963-1991”, MA Thesis in International Relation at University of Nairobi.
  • Salwe 2001 Abdisalam M. Issa Salwe, The Cold War Fallout: Boundary Politics and Conflict in the Horn of Africa, Haan Publishing.
  • Schraeder and Rosati 1987
  • Peter J Schraeder and Jerel A. Rosati, “Policy Dilemmas in the Horn of Africa: Contradictions in the U.S- Somalia Relationship,” Northeast African Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp.19-42.
  • Valenta 1980/81 Jira Valenta “Soviet-Cuban intervention in the Horn of Africa: Impact and Lesson,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol.34, No.2, Soviet- American Competition in the Third World, pp.353-367.
  • Woodroofe 2014 Louis Prentis Woodroofe, “Buried in the Sands of the Ogaden”: The United States, the Horn of Africa and the Demise of Détente, London School of Economics and political Science, ProQuest PLC.
  • Woodwell 2007 Douglas Woodwell, Nationalism in International Relations, Macmillan Publisher, New York.

Ethiopia and Kenya: A Far-Fetched Cold War Security Pair (1974-1991)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 2, 781 - 800, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1226591

Öz

The cold war era political and ideological rivalries had noticeable consequences on the Horn of Africa as countries acquire their freedom from European colonial administration and looked to establish their unregimented external relation with unregimented foreign policy. Prior to 1974 both Ethiopia and Kenya were pro-west countries and their shared ideological makeup created an easy platform for the security partnership between the two nations. Nonetheless, with the shift of ideology on the side of Ethiopia to Marxism-Leninism following the toppling of the Imperial era, 1974, many spectators supposed that the Ethio-Kenyan security partnership would weaken. But, unlike on looker’s projection, in the face of their ideological disparity, the Ethio-Kenyan security partnership continued. In the light of this, this article intended to chart a new insight for the continuation of the Ethio-Kenyan security partnership regardless of ideological disparity. The outcome of the study reflects that the uninterrupted security partnership between the two nations, even with their ideological variance, was stemmed from the following three reasons: (i) the two countries a pat on the back nature for security and survival as a nation surpassed the value of the cold war era ideological disparity; (ii) the presence of peaceful boundary diplomacy and; (iii) the presence of viable cross-border partnerships between the two countries that stemmed from cross-border joint planning due to geopolitical proximity. In the process of analysis, untapped archival documents from the Ethiopian National Archive and Library Agency (ENALA) together with secondary works of literature are employed.

Kaynakça

  • Ethiopian National Archive and Library Agency (ENALA)
  • ENALA, Ethio-Kenya Boundary, B17.02.14.02.
  • ENALA, Ethiopia and Kenya Governments Agreements A.17.2.14.03.
  • ENALA, Ethiopia and Kenya Governments Agreements, B17.2.14.03.
  • ENALA, Ethiopia and Kenya Governments, B17.02.14.02.
  • ENALA, Ethio-Somali Study Report, A17.2.262. 03.
  • ENALA, Ethio-Kenya Boundary, A17.03.14.02.
  • ENALA, Ethiopia and Kenya Governments, B17.04.14.02.
  • African Research Bulletin, Vol.1, African Research Ltd, London, 1964, p.89.
  • African Research Bulletin, Vol.4, African Research Ltd, London, 1967, p.754.
  • African Contemporary Record, Vol.10, Africa Publishing Company, New York and London, 1978, p.253.
  • African Diary: Africa Publications, India, Vol. xix, No.2, 1979, p.298.
  • African Contemporary Record, African Publishing Company, New York and London, Vol.17, 1985, p.276.
  • Adar 1986 Korwa Gombe Adar, The Significance of the Legal Principle of ‘Territorial Integrity’ as the Model Determinant of Relations: A Case Study of Kenya’s Foreign Policy Towards Somalia, 1963-1983, Indiana State University Press.
  • Betiru 1989 Tena Betiru, “Ethio-Kenya Border Relation”, Addis Ababa University.
  • Brownlie 1976 Ian Brownlie, African Boundaries, London: Oxford University Press.
  • Creed and Menkhaus 1986
  • John Creed and Kenneth Menkhaus, “The Rise of Saudi Regional Power and The Foreign Policies of Northeast African States,” Northeast African Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, Michigan State University Press, pp.1-22.
  • Hirtzel 1976 Richard D. Hirtzel, “The Relations of Kenya with its Bordering States,” US Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, pp.1-31.
  • Jackson 2007 Donna R. Jackson, “The Carter Administration and Somalia,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 31, No. 4, Oxford University Press, pp.703-721.
  • Laitin 1976 David D. Laitin, “Somali Territorial Claims in International Perspective,” Africa Today, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp.29-38.
  • Lefebvre 1996 Jeffrey A. Lefebvre, “Middle East Conflicts and Middle Level Power Intervention in the Horn of Africa,” Middle East Journal, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp.387-404.
  • Makinda 1982 Samuel M. Makinda, “Conflict and the Superpowers in the Horn of Africa,” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.93-103.
  • Makinda1982 Samuel M. Makinda, “Conflict and Accommodation in the Horn of Africa: Kenya’s Role in the Somali-Ethiopian Dispute,” African Studies Association of Australia and Pacific, pp.1-24.
  • Makinda 1983 Samuel M. Makinda, “From Quiet Diplomacy to Cold War Politics: Kenya's Foreign Policy,” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2, Africa: Tensions and Contentions, Taylor & Francis, Ltd, (1983), pp.300-319.
  • Mayall 1978 James Mayall, “The Battle for the Horn: Somali Irredentism and International Diplomacy,” The World Today, Vol. 34, No. 9, pp.336-345.
  • Mihiret 1989 Kassa Mihiret, “A Survey of Ethiopia-Kenyan Relations”, Addis Ababa University.
  • Ododa 1989 Harry Ododa, “Somalia's Domestic Politics and Foreign Relations since the Ogaden War of 1977-78,” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp.285-297.
  • Cyprine 1995 Oduogo Cyprine, “Kenya-Ethiopia Relation: A Study of the Significance of Economic and Political Factors Contributing to the Cooperation, 1963-1991”, MA Thesis in International Relation at University of Nairobi.
  • Salwe 2001 Abdisalam M. Issa Salwe, The Cold War Fallout: Boundary Politics and Conflict in the Horn of Africa, Haan Publishing.
  • Schraeder and Rosati 1987
  • Peter J Schraeder and Jerel A. Rosati, “Policy Dilemmas in the Horn of Africa: Contradictions in the U.S- Somalia Relationship,” Northeast African Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp.19-42.
  • Valenta 1980/81 Jira Valenta “Soviet-Cuban intervention in the Horn of Africa: Impact and Lesson,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol.34, No.2, Soviet- American Competition in the Third World, pp.353-367.
  • Woodroofe 2014 Louis Prentis Woodroofe, “Buried in the Sands of the Ogaden”: The United States, the Horn of Africa and the Demise of Détente, London School of Economics and political Science, ProQuest PLC.
  • Woodwell 2007 Douglas Woodwell, Nationalism in International Relations, Macmillan Publisher, New York.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Nigusu Adem Yımer 0000-0002-4455-6137

Ketebo Abdiyo Ensene Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 37 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yımer, N. A., & Abdiyo Ensene, K. (2022). Ethiopia and Kenya: A Far-Fetched Cold War Security Pair (1974-1991). Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 37(2), 781-800. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1226591
AMA Yımer NA, Abdiyo Ensene K. Ethiopia and Kenya: A Far-Fetched Cold War Security Pair (1974-1991). TID. Aralık 2022;37(2):781-800. doi:10.18513/egetid.1226591
Chicago Yımer, Nigusu Adem, ve Ketebo Abdiyo Ensene. “Ethiopia and Kenya: A Far-Fetched Cold War Security Pair (1974-1991)”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 37, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 781-800. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1226591.
EndNote Yımer NA, Abdiyo Ensene K (01 Aralık 2022) Ethiopia and Kenya: A Far-Fetched Cold War Security Pair (1974-1991). Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 37 2 781–800.
IEEE N. A. Yımer ve K. Abdiyo Ensene, “Ethiopia and Kenya: A Far-Fetched Cold War Security Pair (1974-1991)”, TID, c. 37, sy. 2, ss. 781–800, 2022, doi: 10.18513/egetid.1226591.
ISNAD Yımer, Nigusu Adem - Abdiyo Ensene, Ketebo. “Ethiopia and Kenya: A Far-Fetched Cold War Security Pair (1974-1991)”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 37/2 (Aralık 2022), 781-800. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1226591.
JAMA Yımer NA, Abdiyo Ensene K. Ethiopia and Kenya: A Far-Fetched Cold War Security Pair (1974-1991). TID. 2022;37:781–800.
MLA Yımer, Nigusu Adem ve Ketebo Abdiyo Ensene. “Ethiopia and Kenya: A Far-Fetched Cold War Security Pair (1974-1991)”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, c. 37, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 781-00, doi:10.18513/egetid.1226591.
Vancouver Yımer NA, Abdiyo Ensene K. Ethiopia and Kenya: A Far-Fetched Cold War Security Pair (1974-1991). TID. 2022;37(2):781-800.