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The Unclarified Role of Turkic Communities in the Adventure of Silk

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1, 327 - 345, 01.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1333311

Öz

Humanity's interaction with silk goes back as far as five thousand years. Seri culture is an occupation that has been inherited for generations and requires a great deal of experience and knowledge. Although it does not attract attention, it is interesting that the areas where sericulture spread are the cities where Turkish communities lived and spread throughout history. On the other hand, the paradigms related to the beginning of the Silk Road and the emergence of systematic trade are also inadequate. Silk Road studies point to skilled cavalry nomads organizing trade. However, the horse nomads of the steppe are almost lost players of the Silk Road. In fact, the route; It was passing through the lands of numerous Turkish communities, who were the de facto owners of Central Asia. The Turks had a good background for trade, which they inherited from their ancestors. The taxation of settled cultures eventually gave birth to the Silk Road trade. The silk trade for horses initiated with China made the Turks the richest nomads of Central Asia ever. Despite these, the least known actor in the adventure of silk is the Turks.

Kaynakça

  • Anthony 2007 David W. Anthony, The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern World, Princeton University Press.
  • Barisitz 2017 Stephan Barisitz, Central Asia and the Silk Road Economic Rise and Decline Over Several Millennia, Springer International Publishing.
  • Beckwith 1945 Christopher I. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road A History of Central Eurasia From the Bronze Age to The Present, Princeton University Press.
  • Benjamin 2018 Craig Benjamin, Empires of Ancient Eurasia the First Silk Roads Era, 100 Bce–250 Ce, Cambridge University Press.
  • Bielenstein 2005 Hans Bienlenstein, Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World 589-1276, Brill Academic Publishing.
  • Di Cosmo 2002 Nicolo Di Cosmo, Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History, Cambridge University Press.
  • Fuwei 2009 Shen Fuwei, Cultural Flow Between China and the Outside World Throughout History, Foreign Language Press.
  • La Vaissière 2005 Etienne De La Vaissière, Sogdian Traders, Trc. James Ward, Ed. Denis Sinor, Nicola Di Cosmo, Brill Academic Publishing.
  • Legget 1949 William Legget, The Story of Silk, Lifetime Editions. NewYork
  • Liu 2010 Xinru Liu, The Silk Road in World History, Oxford University Press.
  • Mackerras 1972 Colin Mackerras, The Uighur Empire According to The T'ang Dynastic Histories, Australıan Natıonal Unıversıty Press.
  • Martti 1969 Rasanen Martti, Versuch Eınes Etymologıschen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen, Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
  • McLaughlin 2010 Raoul McLaughlin, Rome and the Distant East Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China, Continuum.
  • Pope vd. 1937 Arthur Utham Pope, Phyllis Ackerman, A Survey of Persian Art 3, Oxford University Press.
  • Roux 2014 Jean-Paul Roux, Orta Asya Tarih ve Uygarlık, trc. Lale Arslan Özcan, Kabalcı Yayıncılık.
  • Skaff 2012 Jonathan Karam Skaff, Sui-Tang China and its Turko-Mongol Neighbors - Culture, Power and Connections, 580-800, Oxford University Press.
  • Watt ve Wardwell 1998 James C.Y. Watt, Anne E. Wardwell, When Silk Was Gold Central Asian And Chinese Textiles, The Metropolitan Museum of Art in cooperation with The Cleveland Museum of Art.
  • b. Makaleler
  • Barfield 2001 Thomas Barfield, “Steppe Empires, China and the Silk Route: Nomads as a Force İn İnternational Trade and Politics”, Nomads in The Sedentary World, Ed. Anatoly M. Khazanov, Andre Wink Richmond, Curzon Press, s. 234-249.
  • Beckwith 1991 Christopher I. Beckwith, “The Impact of the Horse and Silk Trade on The Economies of T'ang China and the Uighur Empire: On the Importance of International Commerce in the Early Middle Ages”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Cilt 34, Sayı 3, s. 183-198.
  • Chen 1981 Ching-Lung Chen, “Trading Activities of the Turkic Peoples in China”, Central Asiatic Journal, Cilt 25, Sayı 1/2, Proceedings of The 23rd Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, s. 38-53.
  • Christian 2000 David Christian, “Silk Road or Steppe Roads? The Silk Roads in World History” Journal of World History, Cilt 11, Sayı 1, s. 1-26.
  • Feltham 2009 Heleanor B. Feltham, “Justinian and the International Silk Trade”, Ed. Victor H. Mair, Sino-Platonic Papers, University of Pennsylvania, s. 1-40.
  • Frachetti 2012 Michael D. Frachetti, “Multiregional Emergence of Mobile Pastoralism and Nonuniform Institutional Complexity across Eurasia”, Current Anthropology, Cilt 53, Sayı 1, s. 2–38.
  • Frachetti vd. 2017 Michael. D. Frachetti, C. Evan Smith, Cynthia. M. Traub, Tim Williams, “Nomadic Ecology Shaped the Highland Geography of Asia’s Silk Roads”, Nature, Cilt 543, s. 193–198.
  • Gündoğdu 2021 Abdullah Gündoğdu, “Bozkır Halklarında Devlet Fikrinin Doğuşu ve İşleyişi Bulkaktan Tıncılığa / Kargaşadan Esenliğe”, Kökler – Yay Çeken Kavimlerin Şafağı, Cilt 3, Ed. Sergen Çirkin, Ötüken Yayınları, 2021, ss. 363-412.
  • Hamilton 1995 James Hamilton “East-West borrowings via the Silk Road of Textile Terms”, Diogenes, Cilt 43, Sayı 171, s. 25-33.
  • Hoisæter 2017 Tomas Larsen Hoisæter, “Polities and nomads: the emergence of the Silk Road exchange in the Tarim Basin region during late prehistory (2000–400 BCE)”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Cilt 80, Sayı 2, s. 339-363.
  • Honeychurch 2014 William Honeychurch, “Alternative Complexities: The Archaeology of Pastoral Nomadic States”, Journal of Archaeological Research, Cilt 22, Sayı 4, s. 277–326.
  • Liu 2005 Xinru Liu, “Viticulture and viniculture in the Turfan region”, The Silk Road, Cilt 3, Sayı 1, s. 23-27.
  • Mackerras 1969 Colin Mackerras, “Sino-Uighur Diplomatic and Trade Contacts (744 To 840)”, Central Asiatic Journal, Cilt 13, Sayı 3, s. 215-240.
  • Mackerras 2000 Colin Mackerras, “Uygur-Tang Relations, 744-840”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt 19, Sayı 2, s. 223-234.
  • Skaff 2003 Jonathan Karam Skaff, “The Sogdian Trade Diaspora in East Turkestan during the Seventh and Eighth Centuries”, Journal of The Economic and Social History of the Orient, Cilt 46, Sayı 4, s. 475-524.
  • Steinmann 1987 Linda K. Steinmann, “Shah 'Abbas and The Royal Silk Trade 1599-1629”, Bulletin, Cilt 14, Sayı 1, ss. 68-74.
  • Thorley 1971 Jack Thorley, “The Silk Trade between China and the Roman Empire at its Height, 'Circa' A. D. 90-130”, Greece & Rome, Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association, Cilt 18, Sayı 1, s. 71-80.
  • Wardwell 1992 Anne E.Wardwell, “Two Silk and Gold Textiles of the Early Mongol Period”, The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cilt 79, Sayı 10, s. 354-378.
  • Waugh 2007 David Waugh, “Richthofen’s “Silk Roads”: Towards The Archaeology of A Concept”, The Silk Road, Cilt 5, Sayı 1, s. 1-21.

İPEĞİN SERÜVENİNDE TÜRK TOPLULUKLARININ BELİRGİNLEŞMEMİŞ ROLÜ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1, 327 - 345, 01.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1333311

Öz

İnsanlığın ipek ile etkileşimi beş bin yıl kadar öteye gider. İpekçilik nesiller boyu tevarüs eden ve büyük bir tecrübe ve bilgi birikimi gerektiren iştigal alanıdır. Dikkatleri çekmemiş olsa da ipek yetiştiriciliğinin yayıldığı alanların Türk topluluklarının yaşadığı ve tarihi istikametlerindeki şehirler olması ilgi çekicidir. Diğer taraftan İpek Yolu’nun başlangıcı ve sistemli ticaretin ortaya çıkması ile ilgili paradigmalar da neden-sonuç ilişkisine bağlı varsayım ve hipotezleri kurgulayabilmek açısından kifayetsiz kalmaktadır. İpek Yolu araştırmalarında ticareti organize eden yetenekli atlı göçebelere atıf vardır. Ancak bozkırın atlı göçebeleri İpek Yolu’nun adeta kayıp oyuncularıdır. Esasında güzergâh; aralarında soy, dil bağları olan ve Orta Asya’nın fiili sahipleri konumundaki sayısız Türk topluluğunun topraklarından geçmekteydi. Türkler ticaret için atalarından devraldıkları iyi bir arka plana sahiptiler. Yerleşik kültürlerin vergilendirilmesi zamanla İpek Yolu ticaretini doğurdu. Çin ile başlatılan at karşılığı ipek ticareti, Türkleri Orta Asya’nın gelmiş geçmiş en zengin göçebeleri haline getirdi. Bunlara rağmen ipeğin serüveninde en az bilinen aktör Türklerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Anthony 2007 David W. Anthony, The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern World, Princeton University Press.
  • Barisitz 2017 Stephan Barisitz, Central Asia and the Silk Road Economic Rise and Decline Over Several Millennia, Springer International Publishing.
  • Beckwith 1945 Christopher I. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road A History of Central Eurasia From the Bronze Age to The Present, Princeton University Press.
  • Benjamin 2018 Craig Benjamin, Empires of Ancient Eurasia the First Silk Roads Era, 100 Bce–250 Ce, Cambridge University Press.
  • Bielenstein 2005 Hans Bienlenstein, Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World 589-1276, Brill Academic Publishing.
  • Di Cosmo 2002 Nicolo Di Cosmo, Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History, Cambridge University Press.
  • Fuwei 2009 Shen Fuwei, Cultural Flow Between China and the Outside World Throughout History, Foreign Language Press.
  • La Vaissière 2005 Etienne De La Vaissière, Sogdian Traders, Trc. James Ward, Ed. Denis Sinor, Nicola Di Cosmo, Brill Academic Publishing.
  • Legget 1949 William Legget, The Story of Silk, Lifetime Editions. NewYork
  • Liu 2010 Xinru Liu, The Silk Road in World History, Oxford University Press.
  • Mackerras 1972 Colin Mackerras, The Uighur Empire According to The T'ang Dynastic Histories, Australıan Natıonal Unıversıty Press.
  • Martti 1969 Rasanen Martti, Versuch Eınes Etymologıschen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen, Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
  • McLaughlin 2010 Raoul McLaughlin, Rome and the Distant East Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China, Continuum.
  • Pope vd. 1937 Arthur Utham Pope, Phyllis Ackerman, A Survey of Persian Art 3, Oxford University Press.
  • Roux 2014 Jean-Paul Roux, Orta Asya Tarih ve Uygarlık, trc. Lale Arslan Özcan, Kabalcı Yayıncılık.
  • Skaff 2012 Jonathan Karam Skaff, Sui-Tang China and its Turko-Mongol Neighbors - Culture, Power and Connections, 580-800, Oxford University Press.
  • Watt ve Wardwell 1998 James C.Y. Watt, Anne E. Wardwell, When Silk Was Gold Central Asian And Chinese Textiles, The Metropolitan Museum of Art in cooperation with The Cleveland Museum of Art.
  • b. Makaleler
  • Barfield 2001 Thomas Barfield, “Steppe Empires, China and the Silk Route: Nomads as a Force İn İnternational Trade and Politics”, Nomads in The Sedentary World, Ed. Anatoly M. Khazanov, Andre Wink Richmond, Curzon Press, s. 234-249.
  • Beckwith 1991 Christopher I. Beckwith, “The Impact of the Horse and Silk Trade on The Economies of T'ang China and the Uighur Empire: On the Importance of International Commerce in the Early Middle Ages”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Cilt 34, Sayı 3, s. 183-198.
  • Chen 1981 Ching-Lung Chen, “Trading Activities of the Turkic Peoples in China”, Central Asiatic Journal, Cilt 25, Sayı 1/2, Proceedings of The 23rd Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, s. 38-53.
  • Christian 2000 David Christian, “Silk Road or Steppe Roads? The Silk Roads in World History” Journal of World History, Cilt 11, Sayı 1, s. 1-26.
  • Feltham 2009 Heleanor B. Feltham, “Justinian and the International Silk Trade”, Ed. Victor H. Mair, Sino-Platonic Papers, University of Pennsylvania, s. 1-40.
  • Frachetti 2012 Michael D. Frachetti, “Multiregional Emergence of Mobile Pastoralism and Nonuniform Institutional Complexity across Eurasia”, Current Anthropology, Cilt 53, Sayı 1, s. 2–38.
  • Frachetti vd. 2017 Michael. D. Frachetti, C. Evan Smith, Cynthia. M. Traub, Tim Williams, “Nomadic Ecology Shaped the Highland Geography of Asia’s Silk Roads”, Nature, Cilt 543, s. 193–198.
  • Gündoğdu 2021 Abdullah Gündoğdu, “Bozkır Halklarında Devlet Fikrinin Doğuşu ve İşleyişi Bulkaktan Tıncılığa / Kargaşadan Esenliğe”, Kökler – Yay Çeken Kavimlerin Şafağı, Cilt 3, Ed. Sergen Çirkin, Ötüken Yayınları, 2021, ss. 363-412.
  • Hamilton 1995 James Hamilton “East-West borrowings via the Silk Road of Textile Terms”, Diogenes, Cilt 43, Sayı 171, s. 25-33.
  • Hoisæter 2017 Tomas Larsen Hoisæter, “Polities and nomads: the emergence of the Silk Road exchange in the Tarim Basin region during late prehistory (2000–400 BCE)”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Cilt 80, Sayı 2, s. 339-363.
  • Honeychurch 2014 William Honeychurch, “Alternative Complexities: The Archaeology of Pastoral Nomadic States”, Journal of Archaeological Research, Cilt 22, Sayı 4, s. 277–326.
  • Liu 2005 Xinru Liu, “Viticulture and viniculture in the Turfan region”, The Silk Road, Cilt 3, Sayı 1, s. 23-27.
  • Mackerras 1969 Colin Mackerras, “Sino-Uighur Diplomatic and Trade Contacts (744 To 840)”, Central Asiatic Journal, Cilt 13, Sayı 3, s. 215-240.
  • Mackerras 2000 Colin Mackerras, “Uygur-Tang Relations, 744-840”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt 19, Sayı 2, s. 223-234.
  • Skaff 2003 Jonathan Karam Skaff, “The Sogdian Trade Diaspora in East Turkestan during the Seventh and Eighth Centuries”, Journal of The Economic and Social History of the Orient, Cilt 46, Sayı 4, s. 475-524.
  • Steinmann 1987 Linda K. Steinmann, “Shah 'Abbas and The Royal Silk Trade 1599-1629”, Bulletin, Cilt 14, Sayı 1, ss. 68-74.
  • Thorley 1971 Jack Thorley, “The Silk Trade between China and the Roman Empire at its Height, 'Circa' A. D. 90-130”, Greece & Rome, Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association, Cilt 18, Sayı 1, s. 71-80.
  • Wardwell 1992 Anne E.Wardwell, “Two Silk and Gold Textiles of the Early Mongol Period”, The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cilt 79, Sayı 10, s. 354-378.
  • Waugh 2007 David Waugh, “Richthofen’s “Silk Roads”: Towards The Archaeology of A Concept”, The Silk Road, Cilt 5, Sayı 1, s. 1-21.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyasi Tarih (Diğer)
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Hüsnü Yücekaya

Onur Özcimbit

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yücekaya, H., & Özcimbit, O. (2023). İPEĞİN SERÜVENİNDE TÜRK TOPLULUKLARININ BELİRGİNLEŞMEMİŞ ROLÜ. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 38(1), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1333311
AMA Yücekaya H, Özcimbit O. İPEĞİN SERÜVENİNDE TÜRK TOPLULUKLARININ BELİRGİNLEŞMEMİŞ ROLÜ. TID. Eylül 2023;38(1):327-345. doi:10.18513/egetid.1333311
Chicago Yücekaya, Hüsnü, ve Onur Özcimbit. “İPEĞİN SERÜVENİNDE TÜRK TOPLULUKLARININ BELİRGİNLEŞMEMİŞ ROLÜ”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 38, sy. 1 (Eylül 2023): 327-45. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1333311.
EndNote Yücekaya H, Özcimbit O (01 Eylül 2023) İPEĞİN SERÜVENİNDE TÜRK TOPLULUKLARININ BELİRGİNLEŞMEMİŞ ROLÜ. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 38 1 327–345.
IEEE H. Yücekaya ve O. Özcimbit, “İPEĞİN SERÜVENİNDE TÜRK TOPLULUKLARININ BELİRGİNLEŞMEMİŞ ROLÜ”, TID, c. 38, sy. 1, ss. 327–345, 2023, doi: 10.18513/egetid.1333311.
ISNAD Yücekaya, Hüsnü - Özcimbit, Onur. “İPEĞİN SERÜVENİNDE TÜRK TOPLULUKLARININ BELİRGİNLEŞMEMİŞ ROLÜ”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 38/1 (Eylül 2023), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1333311.
JAMA Yücekaya H, Özcimbit O. İPEĞİN SERÜVENİNDE TÜRK TOPLULUKLARININ BELİRGİNLEŞMEMİŞ ROLÜ. TID. 2023;38:327–345.
MLA Yücekaya, Hüsnü ve Onur Özcimbit. “İPEĞİN SERÜVENİNDE TÜRK TOPLULUKLARININ BELİRGİNLEŞMEMİŞ ROLÜ”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, c. 38, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 327-45, doi:10.18513/egetid.1333311.
Vancouver Yücekaya H, Özcimbit O. İPEĞİN SERÜVENİNDE TÜRK TOPLULUKLARININ BELİRGİNLEŞMEMİŞ ROLÜ. TID. 2023;38(1):327-45.