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Investigating Opinions of Mothers on Different Socioeconomic Status in Terms of Perceived Maternal Styles

Yıl 2015, Sayı: 61, 0 - 0, 01.04.2016

Öz

Problem Statement: There are various environmental factors such as culture, socioeconomic status, family patterns, parental personality, family size, and education system among others, which affect development of individuals. Especially in the childhood period, parenting style is an important variable in forming physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development. Parenting style affects the capacity of children to interact with others, psychological wellbeing, and life skills; therefore, parenting style has increasingly been recognized for its importance in fostering children’s social, emotional, and cognitive areas of development. In the literature, there are different types of categorizations of parental style, however, most the acceptable parenting styles are described as democratic, authoritative, and permissive.

Purpose of the Study: The aim of this study is to investigate perceptions of the parenting styles of mothers who have children between 2-6 years old, depending on their socioeconomic status (upper, middle, or lower).

Method: In this study, a quantitative research method was used as the research design to collect and analyze the interpretations and meanings of mothers’ perceptions for maternal style from their responses. In determining the research group, purposive sampling is a type of non-probability sampling technique has been applied. In this respect, within the research process, 20 mothers from upper, middle, and lower socioeconomic levels have been selected and interviewed by using a semi-structured interview form generated with regards to Baumrind’s parental model.  Interviews were analyzed by content analysis and descriptive analysis.

Findings and Results: Finding of analyses were held separately according to socioeconomic level. It was researched whether perceived maternal styles differ depending on SES or not. Mothers from upper socioeconomic level reflect a democratic parental style. Mothers from all socioeconomic levels emphasise that there are rules for children to obey but only mothers in upper socioeconomic level make rules together with children. All of the mothers in upper and middle socio-economic levels and some of mothers in the lower socioeconomic level report to explaining emotions toward behaviours of their children. But when opinions of mothers are examined, it is seen that they do not use "I language" to express their emotions.

Conclusion and Recommendations: Findings of the present study are thought to be crucial in explaining maternal styles over Baumrind’s parenting styles based on the dimensions—unlike the other studies in literature—in the early childhood period based on the SES of mothers. For further studies, it can be recommended that parental style should be evaluated based on the parenting socialisation, practices, and beliefs, and furthermore, in preparing and implementing parent-education.

Keywords: parenting, parental education level, parental income, qualitative research model.

Kaynakça

  • Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior, Child Development, 37(4), 887-907.
  • Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43-88.
  • Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11 (1), 56-95.
  • Baumrind, D. (1996). The discipline controversy revisited. Family Relations, 45(4), 405-414.
  • Barber, B. K., & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control of children and adolescents. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting (pp. 15-52). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83- 96.
  • Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss ( 2th Ed.) New York: Basic Books
  • Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002) ‘Socioeconomic status & child development’, Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 371-399.
  • Chen, J. L., & Kennedy, C. (2004). Family functioning, parenting style, and Chinese children’s weight status. Journal of Family Nursing, 10(2), 262-279.
  • Crockenberg, S., & Litman, C. (1990). Autonomy as competence in 2-year-olds: Maternal correlates of child defiance, compliance, and Self-assertion. Developmental Psychology, 26, 961-971.
  • Conger, R. D., & Dogan, S. J. (2007).Socialization class and socialization in family In J. E. Grusec., and P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization (pp. 433-461). New York: Guilford.
  • Cowan, P. A., Powell, D., & Cowan, C. P. (1997). Parenting interventions: A family systems perspective. In I. E. Sigel & K. A. Renninger (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol 4. Child psychology in practice (5th Ed.) New York: Wiley.
  • Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113 (3), 487-496.
  • Deckers, T., Falk, A., Fosse, F., & Schildberg-Horisch. (2015). How Does Socio-Economic Status Shape a Child’s Personality?. Discussion Paper Series, Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor. Retrieved October 10, 2015, from http://ftp.iza.org/dp8977.pdf.
  • Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptative processes. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 3-25.
  • Doinita, N. E., & Maria, N.D. (2015). Attachment and parenting style. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 203, 199-204.
  • Eisenberg, N. (1992). The caring child. Cambridge, MA.
  • Evans, C. (1997). Turkish fathers’ attitudes to and involvement in their fathering Role: A Low Socio-economic Sample (Master's thesis). Bogazici University, Turkey.
  • Grusec, J. E., & Lytton, H. (1988). Social development: History, theory, and research. Springer-Verlag Publishing.
  • Greenberg, M. T., Cummings, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1990). Attachment in the preschool years; theory research and intervention. Chicago.
  • Halpeny, A. H. ,Nixon, E., & Watson, D. (2010). Summary Report on Parents' and Children's Perspectives on Parentng Styles and Discipline in Ireland. Reports. Retrieved October 10, 2015, from http://arrow.dit.ie//aaschsslrep/13.
  • Halverson, A. M. (1995). The importance of caring and attachment in direct practice with adolescents. In Child and Youth Care Forum, 24 (3), 169-173.
  • Hoff, E., Laursen, B., & Tardif, T. (2002). Socioeconomic status and parenting. In H. Borstein (Eds.), Handbook of Parenting:Vol 2. Biology and Ecology of Parenting (pp.231-253). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers.
  • Hoffman, M. L. (1983). Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalisation. In E.T. Higgins, D. Ruble & W. Hartup (Eds.), Social Cognition and Social Development: A Socio-Cultural Perspective. (pp. 236-74). New York: Cambridge.
  • Hoffman, L. W. (2003). Methodological issues in the studies of SES, parenting, and child development. In M. H. Bornstein & R. H. Bradley (Eds.), Socioeconomic Status, Parenting, and Child Development. (pp. 125-143). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1982). Old age security value of children and socioeconomic development: Cross-national evidence. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 13, 29–42.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (2000). Kulturel psikoloji: Kultur baglaminda insan ve aile. [Cultural psychology: human and family in the cultural context]. İstanbul: Evrim Yayınevi. [İstanbul: Evrim Press]
  • Kagitcibasi, C., Sunar, B., & Bekman, S. (2001). Long-term effects of early intervention: Turkish low income mothers and children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 333-361.
  • Kohlbacher, F. (2006). The use of qualitative content analysis in case study. FQS. Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 7(1), 21.
  • Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. Handbook of child psychology, 4, 1-101.
  • Mansbach, I. K., & Greenbaum, C. W. (1999). Developmental maturity expectations of Israeli fathers and mothers: Effects of education, ethnic origin, and religiosity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23(3), 771-797.
  • Patton, M. Q. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. California: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Rosier, K.B., & Corsaro, W.A. (1993). Competent parents, complex lives: Managing parenthood in poverty. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 22 (2), 171-204
  • Ozyurek, A., & Tezel Sahin, F. (2005). 5-6 yaş grubunda cocugu olan ebeveynlerin tutumlarinin incelenmesi [Examining the attitudes of parents who have children at the age of 5-6]. Gazi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi , 25 (2), 19-34.
  • Santrock, J.W. (2007). A topical approach to life-span development (3th Ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • September, S. J., Rich, E. G., Roman, V. N. (2015). The role of parenting styles and socio-economic status in parents’ knowledge of child development. Early Child Development and Care. 185 (4) , 614-630.
  • Scarr, S., & MacCartney,K. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype →environment effects. Child Development, 54, 2, 424-435.
  • Yagmurlu, B., Citlak, B., Dost, A, & Leyendecker, B. (2009). Turk annelerin cocuk sosyallestirme hedeflerinde egitime bagli olarak gozlenen farkliliklar [Turkish mothers: An investigation of education related within-culture variation]. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24(63), 1-15.
Yıl 2015, Sayı: 61, 0 - 0, 01.04.2016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior, Child Development, 37(4), 887-907.
  • Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43-88.
  • Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11 (1), 56-95.
  • Baumrind, D. (1996). The discipline controversy revisited. Family Relations, 45(4), 405-414.
  • Barber, B. K., & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control of children and adolescents. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting (pp. 15-52). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83- 96.
  • Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss ( 2th Ed.) New York: Basic Books
  • Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002) ‘Socioeconomic status & child development’, Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 371-399.
  • Chen, J. L., & Kennedy, C. (2004). Family functioning, parenting style, and Chinese children’s weight status. Journal of Family Nursing, 10(2), 262-279.
  • Crockenberg, S., & Litman, C. (1990). Autonomy as competence in 2-year-olds: Maternal correlates of child defiance, compliance, and Self-assertion. Developmental Psychology, 26, 961-971.
  • Conger, R. D., & Dogan, S. J. (2007).Socialization class and socialization in family In J. E. Grusec., and P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization (pp. 433-461). New York: Guilford.
  • Cowan, P. A., Powell, D., & Cowan, C. P. (1997). Parenting interventions: A family systems perspective. In I. E. Sigel & K. A. Renninger (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol 4. Child psychology in practice (5th Ed.) New York: Wiley.
  • Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113 (3), 487-496.
  • Deckers, T., Falk, A., Fosse, F., & Schildberg-Horisch. (2015). How Does Socio-Economic Status Shape a Child’s Personality?. Discussion Paper Series, Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor. Retrieved October 10, 2015, from http://ftp.iza.org/dp8977.pdf.
  • Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptative processes. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 3-25.
  • Doinita, N. E., & Maria, N.D. (2015). Attachment and parenting style. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 203, 199-204.
  • Eisenberg, N. (1992). The caring child. Cambridge, MA.
  • Evans, C. (1997). Turkish fathers’ attitudes to and involvement in their fathering Role: A Low Socio-economic Sample (Master's thesis). Bogazici University, Turkey.
  • Grusec, J. E., & Lytton, H. (1988). Social development: History, theory, and research. Springer-Verlag Publishing.
  • Greenberg, M. T., Cummings, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1990). Attachment in the preschool years; theory research and intervention. Chicago.
  • Halpeny, A. H. ,Nixon, E., & Watson, D. (2010). Summary Report on Parents' and Children's Perspectives on Parentng Styles and Discipline in Ireland. Reports. Retrieved October 10, 2015, from http://arrow.dit.ie//aaschsslrep/13.
  • Halverson, A. M. (1995). The importance of caring and attachment in direct practice with adolescents. In Child and Youth Care Forum, 24 (3), 169-173.
  • Hoff, E., Laursen, B., & Tardif, T. (2002). Socioeconomic status and parenting. In H. Borstein (Eds.), Handbook of Parenting:Vol 2. Biology and Ecology of Parenting (pp.231-253). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers.
  • Hoffman, M. L. (1983). Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalisation. In E.T. Higgins, D. Ruble & W. Hartup (Eds.), Social Cognition and Social Development: A Socio-Cultural Perspective. (pp. 236-74). New York: Cambridge.
  • Hoffman, L. W. (2003). Methodological issues in the studies of SES, parenting, and child development. In M. H. Bornstein & R. H. Bradley (Eds.), Socioeconomic Status, Parenting, and Child Development. (pp. 125-143). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1982). Old age security value of children and socioeconomic development: Cross-national evidence. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 13, 29–42.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (2000). Kulturel psikoloji: Kultur baglaminda insan ve aile. [Cultural psychology: human and family in the cultural context]. İstanbul: Evrim Yayınevi. [İstanbul: Evrim Press]
  • Kagitcibasi, C., Sunar, B., & Bekman, S. (2001). Long-term effects of early intervention: Turkish low income mothers and children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 333-361.
  • Kohlbacher, F. (2006). The use of qualitative content analysis in case study. FQS. Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 7(1), 21.
  • Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. Handbook of child psychology, 4, 1-101.
  • Mansbach, I. K., & Greenbaum, C. W. (1999). Developmental maturity expectations of Israeli fathers and mothers: Effects of education, ethnic origin, and religiosity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23(3), 771-797.
  • Patton, M. Q. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. California: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Rosier, K.B., & Corsaro, W.A. (1993). Competent parents, complex lives: Managing parenthood in poverty. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 22 (2), 171-204
  • Ozyurek, A., & Tezel Sahin, F. (2005). 5-6 yaş grubunda cocugu olan ebeveynlerin tutumlarinin incelenmesi [Examining the attitudes of parents who have children at the age of 5-6]. Gazi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi , 25 (2), 19-34.
  • Santrock, J.W. (2007). A topical approach to life-span development (3th Ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • September, S. J., Rich, E. G., Roman, V. N. (2015). The role of parenting styles and socio-economic status in parents’ knowledge of child development. Early Child Development and Care. 185 (4) , 614-630.
  • Scarr, S., & MacCartney,K. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype →environment effects. Child Development, 54, 2, 424-435.
  • Yagmurlu, B., Citlak, B., Dost, A, & Leyendecker, B. (2009). Turk annelerin cocuk sosyallestirme hedeflerinde egitime bagli olarak gozlenen farkliliklar [Turkish mothers: An investigation of education related within-culture variation]. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24(63), 1-15.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Esra Çalik Var Bu kişi benim

Şükran Kılıç

Hatice Kumandaş Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Sayı: 61

Kaynak Göster

APA Var, E. Ç., Kılıç, Ş., & Kumandaş, H. (2016). Investigating Opinions of Mothers on Different Socioeconomic Status in Terms of Perceived Maternal Styles. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research(61).
AMA Var EÇ, Kılıç Ş, Kumandaş H. Investigating Opinions of Mothers on Different Socioeconomic Status in Terms of Perceived Maternal Styles. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. Nisan 2016;(61).
Chicago Var, Esra Çalik, Şükran Kılıç, ve Hatice Kumandaş. “Investigating Opinions of Mothers on Different Socioeconomic Status in Terms of Perceived Maternal Styles”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, sy. 61 (Nisan 2016).
EndNote Var EÇ, Kılıç Ş, Kumandaş H (01 Nisan 2016) Investigating Opinions of Mothers on Different Socioeconomic Status in Terms of Perceived Maternal Styles. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 61
IEEE E. Ç. Var, Ş. Kılıç, ve H. Kumandaş, “Investigating Opinions of Mothers on Different Socioeconomic Status in Terms of Perceived Maternal Styles”, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, sy. 61, Nisan 2016.
ISNAD Var, Esra Çalik vd. “Investigating Opinions of Mothers on Different Socioeconomic Status in Terms of Perceived Maternal Styles”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 61 (Nisan 2016).
JAMA Var EÇ, Kılıç Ş, Kumandaş H. Investigating Opinions of Mothers on Different Socioeconomic Status in Terms of Perceived Maternal Styles. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2016.
MLA Var, Esra Çalik vd. “Investigating Opinions of Mothers on Different Socioeconomic Status in Terms of Perceived Maternal Styles”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, sy. 61, 2016.
Vancouver Var EÇ, Kılıç Ş, Kumandaş H. Investigating Opinions of Mothers on Different Socioeconomic Status in Terms of Perceived Maternal Styles. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2016(61).