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The Phenomenon of Silence in Music and the Courage to Create Through the Example of Cage

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 22, 111 - 125, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.31722/ejmd.1248385

Öz

This study intends to survey the use of silence in musical composition in the period starting from the eighteenth century and ending with John Cage’s 4’33’’. The various phases in the compositional evolution of 4’33’’ which is centered around the conceptual use of silence, are examined. Various elements such as chance music and noise – which can be considered as opposite of silence – used by Cage in different compositional periods are addressed. The sequential connection of these elements is evaluated for their contextual role with regards to silence. This composition is of seminal importance because it poses the most fundamental questions that would provide a definition of what music actually is. Although these ideas are seen as innovative, their historical similarity to the ideas about music in Neo-Platonic Ancient Roman philosophy is revealed. The study also shows Cage’s conviction in transforming an idea into an art piece at a time of contrary musical conventions.

Kaynakça

  • Boethius, A. M. (1989). Fundamentals of Music. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Boulez, P. (1964). Alea. Perspectives of New Music, sf 42-53. Erişim Tarihi: 1 Nisan, 2018, http://www.jstor.org/stable/832236
  • Bower, C. (1978). Boethius and Nicomachus: An Essay Concerning the Sources of De institutione musica. Vivarium, 1(16), sf. 44-45. Erişim Tarihi: 7 Nisan, 2018, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42569706 adresinden alındı
  • Buch, E. (2020). Seeing the Sound of Silence in the Great War, Musik in Konfrontation und Vermittlung. Beiträge zur Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Musikforschung 2018 in Osnabrück, Dietrich Helms éd., Osnabrück, Electronic Publishing Osnabrück, sf. 101-113. Erişim Tarihi: 27 Ağustos, 2022, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344319643_Seeing_the_Sound_of_Silence_in_the_Great_War
  • Cage, J. (1948). A Composer’s Confessions, The Natıonal Inter-Collegıate Arts Conference, Vassar College, 28 Şubat, 1948, Poughkeepsie: New York, Erişim Tarihi 15 Haziran 2022, https://www.nws.edu/johncage/acomposersconfession.html
  • Cage, J. (1958). Future of Music: Credo. New York. yy
  • Cage, J. (1961). Silence: Lectures and Writings. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press.
  • Cage, J. (1981). Empty Words Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.
  • Cooper, B. (2011). Beethoven's uses of silence. The Musical Times, 152(1914), 25-43. Erişim Tarihi: 3 Nisan 2018 http://www.jstor.org/stable/23039954
  • Dickinson, P. (1991). Review of Erik Satie; Satie the Composer; Satie Seen through His Letters, by A. Gillmor, R. Orledge, O. Volta, & M. Bullock. The Musical Quarterly, 75(3), 404–409. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Haziran 2022 http://www.jstor.org/stable/742058
  • Gann, K. (2010). No Such Thing as Silence: John Cage’s 4’33". Yale University Press. Erişim Tarihi: 28 Nisan, 2018, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1np6sj
  • Gillmor, A. (1976). Interview with John Cage. Contact: A Journal for Contemporary Music (1971-1990), Erişim Tarihi: 3 Nisan, 2018 https://doi.org/10.25602/GOLD.cj.v0i14.1017
  • Hughes, P (2004). Radio 3 plays 'silent symphony', Erişim Tarihi: 12 Nisan, 2018, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3401901.stm
  • Kahn, D. (1997). John Cage: Silence and Silencing. The Musical Quarterly, 81(4), 556-598. Erişim Tarihi: 28 Nisan, 2018, http://www.jstor.org/stable/742286
  • Kaufman, S. (2012). John Cage, with Merce Cunningham, revolutionized music, too, Washington Post, Erişim Tarihi: 28 Nisan, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/theater_dance/john-cage-with-merce-cunningham-revolutionized-music-too/2012/08/30/a3edbaf8-f177-11e1-892d-bc92fee603a7_story.html
  • Kostka, S. (2006). Materials and Techniques of Twentieth-Century Music. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
  • Kostelanetz, R. (1988). Conversing With Cage. Limelight Editions
  • Lo, K. Y. (2015). Functions of Silence in the Twelve-Tone Music of Anton Webern. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi) McGill University, Montreal.
  • Maconie, R. (1990). The works of Karlheinz Stockhausen. Londra: Oxford University Press.
  • Margulis, E. H. (2007). Moved by Nothing: Listening to Musical Silence. Journal of Music Theory, 51(2), 245-276. 3 Nisan 2018 http://www.jstor.org/stable/40283130
  • May, R. (1975). Yaratma Cesareti. (Çev. A. Oysal). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Miller, L. E. (2006). Henry Cowell and John Cage: Intersections and Influences, 1933–1941. Journal of the American Musicological Society, 59(1), 47–112. Erişim Tarihi: 28 Nisan, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1525/jams.2006.59.1.47
  • Pritchett, J. (1996). The Music of John Cage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Revill, D. (1993). The Roaring Silence: John Cage, a Life. New York: Arcade Publishing.
  • Taruskin, R. (2009). Music In The Late Twentieth Century, Chapter 2 Indeterminacy. Oxford History of Western Music. 25 Ağustos 2022 https://www.oxfordwesternmusic.com/view/Volume5/actrade-9780195384857-div1-002005.xml

CAGE ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN MÜZİKTE “SESSİZLİK” OLGUSU VE YARATMA CESARETİ

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 22, 111 - 125, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.31722/ejmd.1248385

Öz

Sessizlik olgusu tarih boyunca müzikte kullanılan önemli bir öge olmuştur. Besteci John Cage 4’33’’ isimli eserinde bu olguyu ön plana çıkartarak 20. yüzyıl müziğine yenilikçi bir yaklaşımla katkıda bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada on sekizinci yüzyıldan başlayarak John Cage’in 1952 yılında yazdığı 4’33’’ isimli esere kadar sessizlik olgusunun müzikte nasıl kullanıldığı araştırılmıştır. Hiçbir istemli sesten oluşmayan eserin yaratılma sürecinde geçtiği çeşitli evreler üzerinden Cage’in bestecilik dönemlerinde etkilendiği farklı unsurlar anlatılmış, bestecinin şans müziği ve sessizliğin karşıtı olarak nitelendirilen gürültü ile yaptığı denemeleri sessizlik ile nasıl bağdaştırdığı hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Bestecinin sessizlikle ilgili algıya dayalı fikirlerinin, eserin yaratılma sürecindeki etkisi incelenmiş ve bu fikirlerin her ne kadar yenilikçi olarak görülse de tarihsel olarak Yeni-Platoncu Antik Roma felsefesinde müzikle ilgili fikirlerle olan benzerliği ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, sanatçıların yaratıcı bir fikri orijinal bir sanat eserine dönüştürme sürecinde gösterdikleri yaratma cesareti ve bu cesareti tetikleyen olgular Cage örneği üzerinden açıklanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Boethius, A. M. (1989). Fundamentals of Music. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Boulez, P. (1964). Alea. Perspectives of New Music, sf 42-53. Erişim Tarihi: 1 Nisan, 2018, http://www.jstor.org/stable/832236
  • Bower, C. (1978). Boethius and Nicomachus: An Essay Concerning the Sources of De institutione musica. Vivarium, 1(16), sf. 44-45. Erişim Tarihi: 7 Nisan, 2018, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42569706 adresinden alındı
  • Buch, E. (2020). Seeing the Sound of Silence in the Great War, Musik in Konfrontation und Vermittlung. Beiträge zur Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Musikforschung 2018 in Osnabrück, Dietrich Helms éd., Osnabrück, Electronic Publishing Osnabrück, sf. 101-113. Erişim Tarihi: 27 Ağustos, 2022, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344319643_Seeing_the_Sound_of_Silence_in_the_Great_War
  • Cage, J. (1948). A Composer’s Confessions, The Natıonal Inter-Collegıate Arts Conference, Vassar College, 28 Şubat, 1948, Poughkeepsie: New York, Erişim Tarihi 15 Haziran 2022, https://www.nws.edu/johncage/acomposersconfession.html
  • Cage, J. (1958). Future of Music: Credo. New York. yy
  • Cage, J. (1961). Silence: Lectures and Writings. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press.
  • Cage, J. (1981). Empty Words Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.
  • Cooper, B. (2011). Beethoven's uses of silence. The Musical Times, 152(1914), 25-43. Erişim Tarihi: 3 Nisan 2018 http://www.jstor.org/stable/23039954
  • Dickinson, P. (1991). Review of Erik Satie; Satie the Composer; Satie Seen through His Letters, by A. Gillmor, R. Orledge, O. Volta, & M. Bullock. The Musical Quarterly, 75(3), 404–409. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Haziran 2022 http://www.jstor.org/stable/742058
  • Gann, K. (2010). No Such Thing as Silence: John Cage’s 4’33". Yale University Press. Erişim Tarihi: 28 Nisan, 2018, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1np6sj
  • Gillmor, A. (1976). Interview with John Cage. Contact: A Journal for Contemporary Music (1971-1990), Erişim Tarihi: 3 Nisan, 2018 https://doi.org/10.25602/GOLD.cj.v0i14.1017
  • Hughes, P (2004). Radio 3 plays 'silent symphony', Erişim Tarihi: 12 Nisan, 2018, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3401901.stm
  • Kahn, D. (1997). John Cage: Silence and Silencing. The Musical Quarterly, 81(4), 556-598. Erişim Tarihi: 28 Nisan, 2018, http://www.jstor.org/stable/742286
  • Kaufman, S. (2012). John Cage, with Merce Cunningham, revolutionized music, too, Washington Post, Erişim Tarihi: 28 Nisan, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/theater_dance/john-cage-with-merce-cunningham-revolutionized-music-too/2012/08/30/a3edbaf8-f177-11e1-892d-bc92fee603a7_story.html
  • Kostka, S. (2006). Materials and Techniques of Twentieth-Century Music. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
  • Kostelanetz, R. (1988). Conversing With Cage. Limelight Editions
  • Lo, K. Y. (2015). Functions of Silence in the Twelve-Tone Music of Anton Webern. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi) McGill University, Montreal.
  • Maconie, R. (1990). The works of Karlheinz Stockhausen. Londra: Oxford University Press.
  • Margulis, E. H. (2007). Moved by Nothing: Listening to Musical Silence. Journal of Music Theory, 51(2), 245-276. 3 Nisan 2018 http://www.jstor.org/stable/40283130
  • May, R. (1975). Yaratma Cesareti. (Çev. A. Oysal). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Miller, L. E. (2006). Henry Cowell and John Cage: Intersections and Influences, 1933–1941. Journal of the American Musicological Society, 59(1), 47–112. Erişim Tarihi: 28 Nisan, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1525/jams.2006.59.1.47
  • Pritchett, J. (1996). The Music of John Cage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Revill, D. (1993). The Roaring Silence: John Cage, a Life. New York: Arcade Publishing.
  • Taruskin, R. (2009). Music In The Late Twentieth Century, Chapter 2 Indeterminacy. Oxford History of Western Music. 25 Ağustos 2022 https://www.oxfordwesternmusic.com/view/Volume5/actrade-9780195384857-div1-002005.xml
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Müzik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Deniz Gülfırat 0000-0001-5295-391X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Şubat 2023
Kabul Tarihi 5 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 22

Kaynak Göster

APA Gülfırat, D. (2023). CAGE ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN MÜZİKTE “SESSİZLİK” OLGUSU VE YARATMA CESARETİ. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance(22), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.31722/ejmd.1248385
AMA Gülfırat D. CAGE ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN MÜZİKTE “SESSİZLİK” OLGUSU VE YARATMA CESARETİ. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance. Haziran 2023;(22):111-125. doi:10.31722/ejmd.1248385
Chicago Gülfırat, Deniz. “CAGE ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN MÜZİKTE ‘SESSİZLİK’ OLGUSU VE YARATMA CESARETİ”. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance, sy. 22 (Haziran 2023): 111-25. https://doi.org/10.31722/ejmd.1248385.
EndNote Gülfırat D (01 Haziran 2023) CAGE ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN MÜZİKTE “SESSİZLİK” OLGUSU VE YARATMA CESARETİ. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance 22 111–125.
IEEE D. Gülfırat, “CAGE ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN MÜZİKTE ‘SESSİZLİK’ OLGUSU VE YARATMA CESARETİ”, Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance, sy. 22, ss. 111–125, Haziran 2023, doi: 10.31722/ejmd.1248385.
ISNAD Gülfırat, Deniz. “CAGE ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN MÜZİKTE ‘SESSİZLİK’ OLGUSU VE YARATMA CESARETİ”. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance 22 (Haziran 2023), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.31722/ejmd.1248385.
JAMA Gülfırat D. CAGE ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN MÜZİKTE “SESSİZLİK” OLGUSU VE YARATMA CESARETİ. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance. 2023;:111–125.
MLA Gülfırat, Deniz. “CAGE ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN MÜZİKTE ‘SESSİZLİK’ OLGUSU VE YARATMA CESARETİ”. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance, sy. 22, 2023, ss. 111-25, doi:10.31722/ejmd.1248385.
Vancouver Gülfırat D. CAGE ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN MÜZİKTE “SESSİZLİK” OLGUSU VE YARATMA CESARETİ. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance. 2023(22):111-25.

Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance