TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET ODAĞINDA X PLATFORMUNDA ÖNE ÇIKAN NEFRET SÖYLEMİ ÖRNEKLERİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 436 - 477, 27.09.2025

Melek Yakubi

Öz

Bu çalışma, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin sosyal medya platformlarında nasıl yeniden üretildiğini ve özellikle kadınlara yönelik nefret söyleminin X platformundaki görünümlerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bir milyonun üzerinde görüntülenmeye sahip 10 tweet örneği, göstergebilimsel çözümleme ve söylem analizi yöntemleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, kadınların özellikle kıyafet, yaşam tarzı ve cinsellik gibi temalar üzerinden dijital ortamda yargılandığını ve bu yargıların ataerkil söylemi pekiştirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, feminizm kuramı çerçevesinde dijital şiddetin görünürlüğüne odaklanırken toplumsal farkındalık yaratmayı hedeflemektedir. Araştırma sonucunda ulaşılan veriler, dijital kamusal alanın kadınlar açısından her zaman özgürleştirici bir deneyim sunmadığını göstermektedir. Aksine, sosyal medyada kadınlara yönelik uygulanan sistematik dışlayıcı ve aşağılayıcı söylemler, onları susturmayı ve kamusal görünürlüklerini sınırlandırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu durum, bireysel nefretin ötesinde, toplumsal normların ve ataerkil değerlerin dijital platformlarda yeniden üretildiğini ortaya koyar. Bu bağlamda sosyal medya, yalnızca iletişim ve ifade özgürlüğünün alanı değil, aynı zamanda toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin yeniden inşa edildiği ideolojik bir zemin olarak da ele alınmalıdır. Çalışma, bu zeminin çözümlemesini yaparak dijital ortamda kadınlara yönelik şiddet biçimlerinin anlaşılmasına katkı sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Toplumsal Cinsiyet , Nefret Söylemi , Sosyal Medya , Feminizm , X Platformu

GENDER-BASED HATE SPEECH AGAINST WOMEN ON THE X PLATFORM: A SEMIOTIC AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE

Öz

This study aims to examine how gender inequality is reproduced on social media platforms, with a particular focus on manifestations of hate speech targeting women on the X platform. Ten tweets that received over one million views were analyzed using semiotic and discourse analysis methods. The findings reveal that women are often judged in the digital space based on themes such as clothing, lifestyle, and sexuality, and that these judgments reinforce patriarchal discourse. The study aims to contribute to the visibility of digital violence within the framework of feminist theory while raising social awareness on the issue. The data obtained through the analysis suggest that the digital public sphere does not always offer a liberating experience for women. On the contrary, systematic exclusionary and degrading discourses targeting women on social media serve to silence them and restrict their public visibility.
This phenomenon goes beyond individual expressions of hate, revealing how patriarchal values and societal norms are reproduced and sustained through digital platforms. In this context, social media should be regarded not only as a space for communication and freedom of expression, but also as an ideological ground where gender inequality is actively reconstructed. By analyzing this dynamic, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the forms of gender-based violence in digital environments.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gender Inequality , Feminism , Hate Speech , Social Media , X Platform , Discourse Analysis

Kaynakça

• Acar, F., & Ertürk, Y. (2011). CEDAW ve toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği: Türkiye deneyimi. Kadın/Woman 2000, 12(1), 285–302.
• Altun, E. (2020). Türkiye'de sosyal medya ve nefret söylemi: Hukuki çerçeveye eleştirel bir bakış. Hukuk ve Toplum Dergisi, 10(2), 73–90.
• Altuntaş, Y., & Altınova, H. H. (2015). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği bağlamında kadının konumu. Toplum ve Demokrasi, 9(20), 119–134.
• Anonim, [@edwardoglum]. (2024, Temmuz 02). [Tweet]. X Platformu. https://x.com/edwardoglum/status/1803323341022880028
• Anonim, [@egonukaradere]. (2024, Temmuz 20). [Tweet]. X Platformu. https://x.com/egonukaradere/status/1809694237622968586
• Anonim, [@pablittonuz]. (2024, Mart 2). [Tweet]. X Platformu. https://x.com/pablittonuz/status/1739562585811275892
• Anonim, [@peipeimexc]. (2024, Mayıs 24). [Tweet]. X Platformu. https://x.com/peipeimexc/status/1792114223197159869
• Anonim, [@raskolibov]. (2024, Haziran 28). [Tweet]. X Platformu. https://x.com/raskolibov/status/1801272272801440101
• Anonim, [@thered314ll3]. (2024, Ağustos 02). [Tweet]. X Platformu. https://x.com/thered314ll3/status/1807018796370075777
• Anonim, [@thered314ll3]. (2024, Haziran 23). [Tweet]. X Platformu. https://x.com/thered314ll3/status/1800814003075334785
• Anonim, [@thered314ll3]. (2024, Haziran 23). [Tweet]. X Platformu. https://x.com/thered314ll3/status/1800814003075334268
• Anonim, [@thered314ll3]. (2024, Haziran 30). [Tweet]. X Platformu. https://x.com/thered314ll3/status/1804844488449261836
• Anonim, [@tunay_1072]. (2024, Haziran 28). [Tweet]. X Platformu. https://x.com/tunay_1072/status/1801217769582551398
• Baer, H. (2016). Redoing feminism: Digital activism, body politics, and neoliberalism. Feminist Media Studies, 16(1), 17–34.
• Banet-Weiser, S. (2018). Empowered: Popular feminism and popular misogyny. Duke University Press.
• Beauvoir, S. de. (2000). İkinci cins. (Çev. I. Ergüden). Payel Yayınları.
• Boyd, d. (2014). It's complicated: The social lives of networked teens. Yale University Press.
• Bruns, A., & Burgess, J. (2015). Twitter hashtags from ad hoc to calculated publics. In N. Rambukkana (Ed.), Hashtag publics: The power and politics of discursive networks (pp. 13–28). Peter Lang.
• Butler, J. (1999). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
• Butler, J. (2004). Undoing gender. Routledge.
• Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.
• Donovan, J. (2006). Feminist theory: The intellectual traditions of American feminism. Continuum International Publishing Group.
• Dworkin, A. (1981). Pornography: Men possessing women. Putnam.
• Erhart, İ. (2016). #direnkahkaha: Sosyal medya ve dijital feminizm. Toplum ve Bilim, (137), 143–163.
• European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2020). A long way to go for LGBTI equality.
• https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2020-fundamental-rights-report-2020_en.pdf
• Firestone, S. (1970). The dialectic of sex: The case for feminist revolution. William Morrow and Company.
• Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social Text, (25/26), 56–80.
• Fuchs, C. (2014). Social media: A critical introduction. SAGE Publications.
• Giddens, A. (2013). Sosyoloji. (Çev. H. Özel & C. Güzel). Kırmızı Yayınları.
• Gill, R. (2007). Gender and the media. Polity Press.
• Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, content moderation, and the hidden decisions that shape social media. Yale University Press.
• Gray, M. (2009). Out in the country: Youth, media, and queer visibility in rural America. NYU Press.
• Hooks, b. (2000). Feminism is for everybody: Passionate politics. South End Press.
• İçli, G. (2018). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği ve kadına yönelik şiddet. Nobel Yayınları.
• Jane, E. A. (2017). Misogyny online: A short (and brutish) history. SAGE Publications.
• Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. NYU Press.
• Lazar, M. M. (2005). Politicizing gender in discourse: Feminist critical discourse analysis as political perspective and praxis. Critical Discourse Studies, 2(2), 141–164.
• Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Grant, I., & Kelly, K. (2009). New media: A critical introduction (2nd ed.). Routledge. Millett, K. (1970). Sexual politics. Doubleday.
• Munro, E. (2013). Feminism: A fourth wave? Political Insight, 4(2), 22–25.
• Nadim, M., & Fladmoe, A. (2021). Silencing women? Gender and online harassment. Social Media + Society, 7(2).
• Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. NYU Press.
• Papacharissi, Z. (2015). Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. Oxford University Press.
• Parekh, B. (2006). Hate speech: Is there a case for banning? Public Policy Research, 12(4), 213–223.
• Rodó-de-Zárate, M., & Baylina, M. (2018). Queering gender and sexuality in geography education: A perspective from feminist geographies. Gender and Education, 30(6), 753–768.
• Sarikakis, K. (2014). Gendered structures of communication. In C. Carter, L. Steiner & L. McLaughlin (Eds.), The Routledge companion to media & gender (pp. 65–75). Routledge.
• Serano, J. (2007). Whipping girl: A transsexual woman on sexism and the scapegoating of femininity. Seal Press. Sunden, J., & Paasonen, S. (2020). Who controls the platform? Gendered hate speech and the politics of moderation. Feminist Media Studies, 20(4), 526–541.
• Tong, R. (2009). Feminist thought: A more comprehensive introduction (3rd ed.). Westview Press.
• Tufekci, Z. (2015). Algorithmic harms beyond Facebook and Google. Colorado Technology Law Journal, 13(203), 203–218.
• UN Women. (2015). Gender equality and sustainable development. https://www.unwomen.org
• UN Women. (2023). Big Data Analysis on Hate Speech and Misogyny in Four Countries. UN Women Asia-Pacific. https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/ap-pve-big-data-misogyny-brief-s.pdf
• UNESCO. (2023). How to combat hate speech and gendered disinformation online? https://articles.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2023/02/OnlineGenderedDisInformation-BeyondTheUrgency.pdf
• Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. SAGE Publications.
• Van Zoonen, L. (1994). Feminist media studies. SAGE Publications.