Bitkilerin Abiyotik Stres Koşullarıyla Başa Çıkmasına Yardımcı Strigolaktonlar

Öz

Bitki hormonları ya da fitohormonlar, bitkilerde az miktarda bulunan, doğal olarak oluşan, çevresel streslere (abiyotik/biyotik) karşı dayanıklılığın oluşmasına etki eden, bitki büyümesi, gelişimi, çevre ve diğer organizmalar ile bitki arasındaki etkileşimde önemli role sahip olan organik maddelerdir. Köklerde sentezlenip, sürgünlere taşınımı gerçekleşen, karotenoidlerden türevlenen strigolaktonlar (SL) ise, bitkide sürgün dallanmasını baskılayan, yaşlanma, kök büyümesi, besin elementi eksikliğinde, mineral alımını artırmak için Arbüsküler Mikorizal Fungus (AMF) ile simbiyotik ilişkiyi teşvik eden, bunun sonucunda su ve mineral madde alımını artıran yeni bir bitki hormonu olarak bilinmektedir. Ayrıca kuraklık, sıcaklık, ağır metal, tuz stresi ve mineral yetersizliği gibi çeşitli abiyotik stres koşullarında da etkili olmaktadır. Su stresi altında, SL'lar sürgün büyümesini engellerken (sitokinin ile etkileşim), su alımını artırmak için, yan kök gelişimini teşvik etmektedir. Absisik asit ile etkileşimde, SL'lar stoma yoğunluğunu düzenlemekte, tohum dormansisini ortadan kaldırarak, çimlenmeyi artırmaktadır. AMF ile olan birliktelik, bitkide strigolakton üretimine de etkide bulunarak, tuz stresinin etkilerini hafifletebilmektedir. Besin elementi, özellikle azot ve fosfor eksikliğinde, bitkide sürgün dallanmasının baskılanmasına yol açan ve simbiyotik ilişkiyi teşvik eden yüksek miktarda SL üretimine neden olmaktadır. AMF, hifler aracılığı ile suyun ve azot, fosfor gibi besin maddelerinin teminini sağlamaktadır. Ağır metal stresi koşullarında, SL'ların dışarıdan uygulanması, ağır metal kaynaklı oksidatif stresi azaltmakta, klorofil miktarını, fotosentezi, antioksidan enzim aktivitelerini artırmakta, lipid peroksidasyonu ile birlikte Reaktif oksijen türlerinin (ROS) seviyesini azaltmakta ve bitki büyümesini teşvik etmektedir. Böylece bitkiler, ağır metal ile bulaşık alanlarda fitohormonları dengeleyerek daha iyi hayatta kalabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Abiyotik stres
• AMF
• Fotosentez
• Strigolakton
• Sürgün.

Strigolactones Help Plants to Cope with Abiotic Stress Conditions

Abstract

Plant hormones or phytohormones are organic substances that are found in small amounts in plants occur naturally, have an important role in plant growth, development, the environment and the interaction between the plant and other organisms. On the other hand, strigolactones (SL) derived from carotenoids, which are synthesized in the roots and transported to the shoots, suppress shoot branching in the plant. It is known as a new plant hormone that increases water and mineral substance intake by promoting symbiotic relationship with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) to increase mineral substance intake in senescence, root growth, nutrient deficiency. It is also effective in various abiotic stress conditions such as drought, heat, heavy metal, salt stress and mineral deficiency. Under water stress, SLs inhibit shoot growth (interaction with cytokinin) while promoting lateral root growth to increase water uptake. In interaction with abscicic acid, SLs regulate stomatal density, remove seed dormancy and increase germination. The association with AMF can alleviate the effects of salt stress by affecting the production of strigolactone in the plant. The nutrient element, especially nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency, causes the production of high amount of SL, which causes the suppression of shoot branching and promotes the symbiotic relationship in the plant. AMF provides the water and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus through hyphae. Under heavy metal stress conditions, external application of SLs reduces heavy metal-induced oxidative stress, increases the amount of chlorophyll, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activities, decreases the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) together with lipid peroxidation and promotes plant growth. Thus, plants can survive better in heavy metal-contaminated areas by balancing phytohormones.

Keywords

• Abiotic stress
• AMF
• Photosynthesis
• Strigolactone
• Shoot

Kaynakça

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