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Dağıtık Defter Teknolojileri ve Uygulama Alanları Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2021, , 36 - 45, 01.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1011289

Öz

Dağıtık defter teknolojisi verilerin dağıtık olarak saklandığı ve yönetildiği yeni bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Mevcut merkezi sistemler güvenlik, güvenilirlik ve kesintisiz çalışma konusunda sorunludur. Verilerin tek bir noktada tutulması sunucuların siber saldırılara açık bir merkez haline getirilmesine neden olmaktadır. Bunun yanında merkezi sunucuların yöneticileri veya saldırganlar verileri manipüle edebilmektedir. İnternete bağlı cihazların sayısının artmasıyla merkezi sunucuların tüm istekleri karşılayabilmesi giderek zorlaşmaktadır. Tüm bu problemleri gidermek için dağıtık defter teknolojisinin kullanıldığı çalışmalar artmaktadır. Dağıtık defter teknolojisinde veriler dağıtık olarak tutulduğu için tek bir saldırı noktası oluşmamakta ve veriler hiçbir katılımcı tarafından değiştirilememektedir. Katılımcılar birbirleri arasında merkezi bir sunucu olmadan aracısız işlem yapabileceği için işlem yoğunluğu ne kadar fazla olursa olsun sistem kesintisiz olarak çalışabilmektedir. Dağıtık defter teknolojisinin teknik olarak açıklandığı ilk makale 1991 yılında yayımlanmıştır. İlk yaygın kullanımı 2008 yılında ortaya çıkan Bitcoin kripto parasıdır. Bitcoin, küresel finans sisteminin çöktüğü 2008 yılında Satoshi Nakamoto tarafından geliştirilen aracısız ve güvenli ödeme sistemidir. Bitcoin kripto parasının popüler hale gelmesi ile birlikte arkasındaki dağıtık defter teknolojisi olan blok zinciri ile ilgili farklı sektörlere yönelik çalışmalar yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalarda blok zinciri teknolojisinin hız ve ölçeklenebilirlik açısında yeterli olmadığının görülmesi nedeniyle Hashgraph, Tangle, Holochain ve Tempo dağıtık defter teknolojileri geliştirilmiştir. Bu makalede mevcut dağıtık defter teknolojileri ile savunma, siber güvenlik, sigorta, tedarik zinciri, dijital hak yönetimi, sağlık, enerji ve finans alanlarında nasıl kullanılabileceği açıklanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Haber, S., & Stornetta, W. S. (1991). How to time-stamp a digital document. Journal of Cryptology. 3(2), 99-11.
  • Antal, C., Cioara T., Anghel I., Antal M., & Salomie, I. Distributed Ledger Technology Review and Decentralized Applications Development Guidelines (2021). Future Internet. 13(3):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13030062
  • Kannengießer, N., Lins, S., Dehling, T., & Sunyaev, A. (2020). Trade-offs between Distributed Ledger Technology Characteristics. ACM Computing Surveys, 53(2), 37. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379463
  • Lamport, L., Shostak, R., & Pease, M. (1982). The Byzantine Generals Problem. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 4(3), 382-401. https://doi.org/10.1145/357172.357176
  • Mazières, D., & Shasha D. (2002). Building secure file systems out of byzantine storage. PODC '02: Proceedings of the twenty-first annual symposium on Principles of distributed computing. 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1145/571825.571840
  • Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Eylül 2021, https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf)
  • Buterik, V. (2013). Ethreum. (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Eylül 2021, https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper).
  • Arslan, S. S., Jurdak, R., Jelitto, J., & Krishnamachari, B. (2020). Advancements in distributed ledger technology for Internet of Things. Internet of Things, 9, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2019.100114
  • Pandl, K. D., Thiebes, S., Schmidt-Kraepelin, M., & Sunyaev A. (2020). On the Convergence of Artificial Intelligence and Distributed Ledger Technology: A Scoping Review and Future Research Agenda. IEEE. 8, 57075-57095. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2981447
  • Cagigas, D., Clifton, J., Diaz-Fuentes, D., & Fernández-Gutiérrez, M. (2021). Blockchain for Public Services: A Systematic Literature Review. IEEE. 9, 13904-13921. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3052019
  • Chen, Y-C, Chou, Y-P, & Chou, Y-C. (2019). An Image Authentication Scheme Using Merkle Tree Mechanisms. Future Internet, 11(7), 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11070149
  • Qadir, A. M., & Varol, N. (2019). A Review Paper on Cryptography. 2019 7th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS), 1-6. doi: 10.1109/ISDFS.2019.8757514.
  • Singh, S., Iqbal, S., & Jaiswal, A. (2015). Survey on Techniques Developed using Digital Signature: Public key Cryptography. International Journal of Computer Applications, 117(16). doi: 10.5120/20635-3272
  • Wamba, S. F., Kamdjoug, J. R. K., Bawack, R. E., & Keogh, J. G. (2020). Bitcoin, Blockchain and Fintech: a systematic review and case studies in the supply chain. Production Planning & Control, 31:2-3, 115-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2019.1631460
  • Bach, L. M., Mihaljevic, B., & Zagar, M. (2018). Comparative analysis of blockchain consensus algorithms. 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), 1545-1550. doi: 10.23919/MIPRO.2018.8400278
  • Dolenc, D., Turk, J., & Pustišek, M. (2020). Distributed Ledger Technologies for IoT and Business DApps. 2020 International Conference on Broadband Communications for Next Generation Networks and Multimedia Applications (CoBCom), 1-8. doi: 10.1109/CoBCom49975.2020.9174188
  • Hedera. (2021). (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Eylül 2021, https://hedera.com/learning/what-is-asynchronous-byzantine-fault-tolerance-abft)
  • Şafak, E., Arslan, Ç., & Gözütok, M. (2020). Blok Zinciri ile Yeni Nesil Dağıtık Defter Teknolojilerinin Karşılaştırılması. 2020 4th International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT), 1-6. doi: 10.1109/ISMSIT50672.2020.9254311
  • Saad, A. & Park, S. Y. (2019). Decentralized Directed acyclic graph based DLT Network. COINS '19: Proceedings of the International Conference on Omni-Layer Intelligent Systems, 158-163. https://doi.org/10.1145/3312614.3312647
  • Živi, N., Kadušić, E., & Kadušić, K. (2019). Directed Acyclic Graph as Tangle: an IoT Alternative to Blockchains. 2019 27th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), 1-3, doi: 10.1109/TELFOR48224.2019.8971190
  • Bhandary, M., Parmar, M., & Ambawade, D. (2020). A Blockchain Solution based on Directed Acyclic Graph for IoT Data Security using IoTA Tangle. 2020 5th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES), 827-832, doi: 10.1109/ICCES48766.2020.9137858
  • Silvano, W.F., & Marcelino, R. (2020). Iota Tangle: A cryptocurrency to communicate Internet-of-Things data. Future Generation Computer Systems, 112, 307-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.05.047
  • Schueffel, Patrick, Alternative Distributed Ledger Technologies Blockchain vs. Tangle vs. Hashgraph - A High-Level Overview and Comparison (December 15, 2017). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3144241 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3144241
  • Harris-Braun, E., Luck, N., & Brock, A. (2018). Holochain scalable agent-centric distributed computing DRAFT (ALPHA 1). https://github.com/holochain/holochain-proto/blob/whitepaper/holochain.pdf
  • Zia, M. F., Benbouzid, M., Elbouchikhi, E., Muyeen, S. M., Techato, K., & Guerrero, J. M., (2020). Microgrid Transactive Energy: Review, Architectures, Distributed Ledger Technologies, and Market Analysis. IEEE Access, 8, 19410-19432. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2968402
  • Brock, A., Atkinson, D., Friedman, E., Harris-Braun, E., McGuire, E., Russell, J. M., Perrin, N., Luck, N., & Harris-Brau, W. (2017). Holo Green Paper. https://files.holo.host/2018/03/Holo-Green-Paper.pdf
  • Masood, F., & Faridi, A.R. (2018). An Overview of Distributed Ledger Technology and its Applications. International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 6(10), 422-427. doi: 10.26438/ijcse/v6i10.422427
  • Radix. (2020). Tempo - Consensus Lessons Learned. (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Eylül 2021, https://www.radixdlt.com/post/tempo-consensus-lessons-learned)
  • Sudhan, A., & Nene, M. J. (2017). Employability of blockchain technology in defence applications. 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS), 630-637. doi: 10.1109/ISS1.2017.8389247
  • Rahayu, S.B., RMN, N.J., Kamarudin, N.D., & Azahari, A.M. (2019). MILITARY BLOCKCHAIN FOR SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 13(1). https://www.jesoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/KC13_015.pdf
  • Worth, F. (2018). Lockheed Martin Partners With Guardtime Federal For Innovative Cyber Technology. (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Eylül 2021, https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2018-07-09-Lockheed-Martin-Partners-with-Guardtime-Federal-for-Innovative-Cyber-Technology)
  • Mathew. A.R. (2019). Cyber Security through Blockchain Technology. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 9(1). doi: 10.35940/ijeat.A9836.109119
  • Taylor, P.J., Dargahi, T., Dehghantanha, A., Parizi, R.M., & Choo, K.K.R. (2020). A systematic literature review of blockchain cyber security. Digital Communications and Networks, 6(2), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2019.01.005
  • Gatteschi, V., Lamberti, F., Demartini, C., Pranteda, & C., Santamaría, V. (2018). Blockchain and Smart Contracts for Insurance: Is the Technology Mature Enough?. Future Internet, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/fi10020020
  • Chen, W., Xu, Z., Shi, S., Zhao, Y., & Zhao, J. (2018). A Survey of Blockchain Applications in Different Domains. ICBTA 2018: Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Blockchain Technology and Application, 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3301403.3301407
  • Fizzy. (2017). AXA goes blockchain with fizzy. (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Eylül 2021, https://www.axa.com/en/magazine/axa-goes-blockchain-with-fizzy)
  • Moosavi, J., Naeni, L.M., Fathollahi-Fard, A.M., & Fiore, U. (2021). Blockchain in supply chain management: a review, bibliometric, and network analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13094-3
  • Azzi, R., Chamoun, R.K., & Sokhn, M. (2019). The power of a blockchain-based supply chain. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 135, 582-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.06.042
  • Kamath, R. (2018). Food Traceability on Blockchain: Walmart’s Pork and Mango Pilots with IBM. The Journal of British Blockchain Association, 1(1), 1-12. doi: 10.31585/jbba-1-1-(10)2018
  • Cornelius, K. (2021). Betraying Blockchain: Accountability, Transparency and Document Standards for Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). Information 2021, 12(9), 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/info12090358
  • Thenmozhi, M., Dhanalakshmi, R., Geetha, S., & Valli, R. (2021). Implementing blockchain technologies for health insurance claim processing in hospitals. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.776
  • Agbo, C.C., Mahmoud, Q.H., & Eklund, J.M. Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Systematic Review. Healthcare 2019, 7(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7020056
  • Gursoy, G., Brannon, C., Wagner, S., & Gerstein M. (2020). Storing and analyzing a genome on a blockchain. biorxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.975334
  • Medicalchain. (2018). Medicalchain Whitepaper 2.1. (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Eylül 2021, https://medicalchain.com/Medicalchain-Whitepaper-EN.pdf)
  • Jogunola, O., Hammoudeh, M., Anoh, K., & Adebisi, B. Distributed Ledger Technologies for Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading. (2020). 2020 IEEE Electric Power and Energy Conference (EPEC), 1-6. doi: 10.1109/EPEC48502.2020.9320061
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A Survey of Distributed Ledger Technologies and Application Areas

Yıl 2021, , 36 - 45, 01.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1011289

Öz

Distributed ledger technology offers a new approach in which data is stored and managed in distributed. Centralized systems are problem in terms of security, reliability and uninterrupted operation. Data keeping in single point causes center servers to become open to cyber attacks. In addition administrators of central servers or attackers can manipulate data. With the increase in the number of devices connected to the Internet, it is increasingly difficult for central servers to answer all requests. In order to solve all these problems, studies using distributed ledger technology are increasing. Distributed ledger technology, there is no single point of failure because the data is kept in a distributed and data can’t be changed by any participant. The system can operate uninterruptedly, no matter how high the transaction density as the participants can transact between each other without a central server. The first article describing the distributed ledger technology technically was published in 1991. The first widespread use is Bitcoin, which emerged in 2008. Bitcoin is without intermediary and secure payment system developed by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008, when the global financial system collapsed. The popularization of Bitcoin cryptocurrency, studies on different sectors related to blockchain which is distributed ledger technology behind it have began. Blockchain technology due to the fact that is not sufficient in terms of speed and scalability, Hashgraph, Tangle, Holochain and Tempo distributed ledger technologies have been developed. In this article explains with existing distributed ledger technologies and defence, cybersecurity, insurance, supply chain, digital rights management, healthcare, energy and finance application areas.

Kaynakça

  • Haber, S., & Stornetta, W. S. (1991). How to time-stamp a digital document. Journal of Cryptology. 3(2), 99-11.
  • Antal, C., Cioara T., Anghel I., Antal M., & Salomie, I. Distributed Ledger Technology Review and Decentralized Applications Development Guidelines (2021). Future Internet. 13(3):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13030062
  • Kannengießer, N., Lins, S., Dehling, T., & Sunyaev, A. (2020). Trade-offs between Distributed Ledger Technology Characteristics. ACM Computing Surveys, 53(2), 37. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379463
  • Lamport, L., Shostak, R., & Pease, M. (1982). The Byzantine Generals Problem. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 4(3), 382-401. https://doi.org/10.1145/357172.357176
  • Mazières, D., & Shasha D. (2002). Building secure file systems out of byzantine storage. PODC '02: Proceedings of the twenty-first annual symposium on Principles of distributed computing. 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1145/571825.571840
  • Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Eylül 2021, https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf)
  • Buterik, V. (2013). Ethreum. (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Eylül 2021, https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper).
  • Arslan, S. S., Jurdak, R., Jelitto, J., & Krishnamachari, B. (2020). Advancements in distributed ledger technology for Internet of Things. Internet of Things, 9, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2019.100114
  • Pandl, K. D., Thiebes, S., Schmidt-Kraepelin, M., & Sunyaev A. (2020). On the Convergence of Artificial Intelligence and Distributed Ledger Technology: A Scoping Review and Future Research Agenda. IEEE. 8, 57075-57095. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2981447
  • Cagigas, D., Clifton, J., Diaz-Fuentes, D., & Fernández-Gutiérrez, M. (2021). Blockchain for Public Services: A Systematic Literature Review. IEEE. 9, 13904-13921. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3052019
  • Chen, Y-C, Chou, Y-P, & Chou, Y-C. (2019). An Image Authentication Scheme Using Merkle Tree Mechanisms. Future Internet, 11(7), 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11070149
  • Qadir, A. M., & Varol, N. (2019). A Review Paper on Cryptography. 2019 7th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS), 1-6. doi: 10.1109/ISDFS.2019.8757514.
  • Singh, S., Iqbal, S., & Jaiswal, A. (2015). Survey on Techniques Developed using Digital Signature: Public key Cryptography. International Journal of Computer Applications, 117(16). doi: 10.5120/20635-3272
  • Wamba, S. F., Kamdjoug, J. R. K., Bawack, R. E., & Keogh, J. G. (2020). Bitcoin, Blockchain and Fintech: a systematic review and case studies in the supply chain. Production Planning & Control, 31:2-3, 115-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2019.1631460
  • Bach, L. M., Mihaljevic, B., & Zagar, M. (2018). Comparative analysis of blockchain consensus algorithms. 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), 1545-1550. doi: 10.23919/MIPRO.2018.8400278
  • Dolenc, D., Turk, J., & Pustišek, M. (2020). Distributed Ledger Technologies for IoT and Business DApps. 2020 International Conference on Broadband Communications for Next Generation Networks and Multimedia Applications (CoBCom), 1-8. doi: 10.1109/CoBCom49975.2020.9174188
  • Hedera. (2021). (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Eylül 2021, https://hedera.com/learning/what-is-asynchronous-byzantine-fault-tolerance-abft)
  • Şafak, E., Arslan, Ç., & Gözütok, M. (2020). Blok Zinciri ile Yeni Nesil Dağıtık Defter Teknolojilerinin Karşılaştırılması. 2020 4th International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT), 1-6. doi: 10.1109/ISMSIT50672.2020.9254311
  • Saad, A. & Park, S. Y. (2019). Decentralized Directed acyclic graph based DLT Network. COINS '19: Proceedings of the International Conference on Omni-Layer Intelligent Systems, 158-163. https://doi.org/10.1145/3312614.3312647
  • Živi, N., Kadušić, E., & Kadušić, K. (2019). Directed Acyclic Graph as Tangle: an IoT Alternative to Blockchains. 2019 27th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), 1-3, doi: 10.1109/TELFOR48224.2019.8971190
  • Bhandary, M., Parmar, M., & Ambawade, D. (2020). A Blockchain Solution based on Directed Acyclic Graph for IoT Data Security using IoTA Tangle. 2020 5th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES), 827-832, doi: 10.1109/ICCES48766.2020.9137858
  • Silvano, W.F., & Marcelino, R. (2020). Iota Tangle: A cryptocurrency to communicate Internet-of-Things data. Future Generation Computer Systems, 112, 307-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.05.047
  • Schueffel, Patrick, Alternative Distributed Ledger Technologies Blockchain vs. Tangle vs. Hashgraph - A High-Level Overview and Comparison (December 15, 2017). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3144241 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3144241
  • Harris-Braun, E., Luck, N., & Brock, A. (2018). Holochain scalable agent-centric distributed computing DRAFT (ALPHA 1). https://github.com/holochain/holochain-proto/blob/whitepaper/holochain.pdf
  • Zia, M. F., Benbouzid, M., Elbouchikhi, E., Muyeen, S. M., Techato, K., & Guerrero, J. M., (2020). Microgrid Transactive Energy: Review, Architectures, Distributed Ledger Technologies, and Market Analysis. IEEE Access, 8, 19410-19432. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2968402
  • Brock, A., Atkinson, D., Friedman, E., Harris-Braun, E., McGuire, E., Russell, J. M., Perrin, N., Luck, N., & Harris-Brau, W. (2017). Holo Green Paper. https://files.holo.host/2018/03/Holo-Green-Paper.pdf
  • Masood, F., & Faridi, A.R. (2018). An Overview of Distributed Ledger Technology and its Applications. International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 6(10), 422-427. doi: 10.26438/ijcse/v6i10.422427
  • Radix. (2020). Tempo - Consensus Lessons Learned. (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Eylül 2021, https://www.radixdlt.com/post/tempo-consensus-lessons-learned)
  • Sudhan, A., & Nene, M. J. (2017). Employability of blockchain technology in defence applications. 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS), 630-637. doi: 10.1109/ISS1.2017.8389247
  • Rahayu, S.B., RMN, N.J., Kamarudin, N.D., & Azahari, A.M. (2019). MILITARY BLOCKCHAIN FOR SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 13(1). https://www.jesoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/KC13_015.pdf
  • Worth, F. (2018). Lockheed Martin Partners With Guardtime Federal For Innovative Cyber Technology. (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Eylül 2021, https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2018-07-09-Lockheed-Martin-Partners-with-Guardtime-Federal-for-Innovative-Cyber-Technology)
  • Mathew. A.R. (2019). Cyber Security through Blockchain Technology. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 9(1). doi: 10.35940/ijeat.A9836.109119
  • Taylor, P.J., Dargahi, T., Dehghantanha, A., Parizi, R.M., & Choo, K.K.R. (2020). A systematic literature review of blockchain cyber security. Digital Communications and Networks, 6(2), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2019.01.005
  • Gatteschi, V., Lamberti, F., Demartini, C., Pranteda, & C., Santamaría, V. (2018). Blockchain and Smart Contracts for Insurance: Is the Technology Mature Enough?. Future Internet, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/fi10020020
  • Chen, W., Xu, Z., Shi, S., Zhao, Y., & Zhao, J. (2018). A Survey of Blockchain Applications in Different Domains. ICBTA 2018: Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Blockchain Technology and Application, 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3301403.3301407
  • Fizzy. (2017). AXA goes blockchain with fizzy. (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Eylül 2021, https://www.axa.com/en/magazine/axa-goes-blockchain-with-fizzy)
  • Moosavi, J., Naeni, L.M., Fathollahi-Fard, A.M., & Fiore, U. (2021). Blockchain in supply chain management: a review, bibliometric, and network analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13094-3
  • Azzi, R., Chamoun, R.K., & Sokhn, M. (2019). The power of a blockchain-based supply chain. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 135, 582-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.06.042
  • Kamath, R. (2018). Food Traceability on Blockchain: Walmart’s Pork and Mango Pilots with IBM. The Journal of British Blockchain Association, 1(1), 1-12. doi: 10.31585/jbba-1-1-(10)2018
  • Cornelius, K. (2021). Betraying Blockchain: Accountability, Transparency and Document Standards for Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). Information 2021, 12(9), 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/info12090358
  • Thenmozhi, M., Dhanalakshmi, R., Geetha, S., & Valli, R. (2021). Implementing blockchain technologies for health insurance claim processing in hospitals. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.776
  • Agbo, C.C., Mahmoud, Q.H., & Eklund, J.M. Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Systematic Review. Healthcare 2019, 7(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7020056
  • Gursoy, G., Brannon, C., Wagner, S., & Gerstein M. (2020). Storing and analyzing a genome on a blockchain. biorxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.975334
  • Medicalchain. (2018). Medicalchain Whitepaper 2.1. (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Eylül 2021, https://medicalchain.com/Medicalchain-Whitepaper-EN.pdf)
  • Jogunola, O., Hammoudeh, M., Anoh, K., & Adebisi, B. Distributed Ledger Technologies for Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading. (2020). 2020 IEEE Electric Power and Energy Conference (EPEC), 1-6. doi: 10.1109/EPEC48502.2020.9320061
  • Andoni, M., Robu, V., Flynn, D., Abram, S., Geach, D., Jenkins, D., McCallum, P., & Peacock, A. (2019). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 100, 143-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.014
  • Brilliantova, V., & Thurner, T.W. (2019). Blockchain and the future of energy. Technology in Society, 57, 38-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.11.001
  • Brooklyn Microgrid. (2019). The Brooklyn microgrid: blockchain-enabled community power (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Eylül 2021, https://www.power-technology.com/features/featurethe-brooklyn-microgrid-blockchain-enabled-community-power-5783564)
  • Ali, O., Ally, M., Clutterbuck, & Dwivedi, Y.K. (2020). The state of play of blockchain technology in the financial services sector: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Information Management, 54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102199
  • Chen, Y., & Bellavitis, C. (2020). Blockchain disruption and decentralized finance: The rise of decentralized business models. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00151
  • Barbaschow A. (2020). ASX's blockchain-based CHESS replacement pushed to April 2023. (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Eylül 2021, https://www.zdnet.com/article/asxs-blockchain-based-chess-replacement-pushed-to-april-2023)
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Emre Şafak 0000-0001-7579-3410

Çağlar Arslan Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-1856-9329

Mesut Gözütok Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-5919-1951

Tacettin Köprülü Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-4395-6064

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Şafak, E., Arslan, Ç., Gözütok, M., Köprülü, T. (2021). Dağıtık Defter Teknolojileri ve Uygulama Alanları Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(29), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1011289