Blok Zinciri Teknolojisi: Kullanım Alanları, Açık Noktaları ve Gelecek Beklentileri

Öz

Bitcoin, merkezi otoriteye ihtiyaç duymayan, dağıtık ve dijital bir para birimi olarak, son yıllarda finans dünyasındaki popüler konuların başında gelmektedir. İlk dönemde Bitcoin’in finansal özelliklerine duyulan ilgi, zaman içerisinde Bitcoin’e hayat veren blok zinciri teknolojisine doğru kaymaya başlamıştır. Hemen her gün yeni bir uygulama alanını duymaya başladığımız blok zinciri teknolojisi alanındaki akademik araştırmalar sınırlı sayıdadır. Ülkemizde de gerek uygulama gerekse akademik anlamda yeterli sayıda çalışma olmadığını söyleyebiliriz. Bu inceleme, blok zinciri teknolojisini sistematik olarak gözden geçirerek, kullanım alanlarını, açık noktalarını ve gelecek beklentilerini tartışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bitcoin,blok zinciri,dağıtık uzlaşı,kripto para,dijital para

Blockchain Technology: Use Cases, Open Issues and Future Expectations

Abstract

In recent years, as being a distributed and digital currency, and not being in need of a centralized authority, Bitcoin has become the foremost among the most popular subjects of the financial world. The initial interest in Bitcoin’s financial features change course into blockchain technology, which essentially vitalizes the Bitcoin. While we have started to hear about the new implementations of blockchain technology almost every day, worldwide academic research is still limited. Unfortunately, implementation efforts and academic studies on blockchain in our country is also scarce. This paper systematically investigates the blockchain technology to discuss its usage areas, open issues, and future expectations.

Keywords

• itcoin,blokchain,distributed consensus,cyrptocurrency,digital money

Kaynakça

1. Nakamoto, S. 2008, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf .
2. Wikipedia, 2018a, Satoshi Nakamoto, Wikimedia Foundation, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto .
3. Blockchain Luxembourg S.A., 2018, Blockchain Market Capitalization, https://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap .
4. Wikipedia, 2018b, Craig Steven Wright, Wikimedia Foundation, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Steven_Wright .
5. Kılınç, H. 2014, Fair and secure multi-two party computation and multi party fair exchange, Koç Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
6. Çay, Ş. 2016, Elektronik ödeme sistemlerinin finansal piyasalara etkisi, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
7. Tüfek, B. Ü. 2017, Elektronik ödeme araçları ve geleceğin yaklaşımı kripto para, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
8. Yakupoğlu, C. 2016, A comparative study of bitcoin and alternative cryptocurrencies, Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimler Ensitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.

9. Göksaran, E. C. 2017, An analysis of neoliberal sociality in the particular case of bitcoin, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
10. Balçısoy, E. 2017, Yüksek performanslı bitcoin madenciliği için SHA256 özet algoritmasının eniyilenmesi, TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Ensitütüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, .Ankara.
11. Karaköse, İ. S. 2017, Elektronik ödemelerde blok zinciri ve sistematiği ve uygulamaları, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kayseri.Bayram, O. 2017, Dış ticarette yeni ödeme şekli banka ödeme yükümlülüğü BPO-etkinlik analizi, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, Dış Ticaret Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
12. Sönmez, A. 2014, Sanal Para Bitcoin, The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication, 4(3), 1-14.
13. Ateş, L. 2014, Bitcoin: Sanal Para ve Vergileme, Vergi Sorunları Dergisi, 37(308), 131-141.
14. Bozdoğanoğlu, B. 2014, Sanal Para Birimi Bitcoin’in Kayıtdışı Ekonomi ile Karapara Faaliyetlerine Etkisi ve Vergilendirilmesi, Legal Mali Hukuk Dergisi, 10(111), 3-18.
15. Yüksel, B., Armağan, E. 2015 Elektronik Para, Sanal Para, Bitcoin ve Linden Doları’na Hukuki Bir Bakış, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, 74(2), 173-220.
16. Koçoğlu, Ş., Çevik, Y. E., Tanrıöven, C. 2016, Bitcoin Piyasalarının Etkinliği, Likitidesi ve Oynaklığı, Journal of Business Research Turk-Türk İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 77-97.
17. Taşdöken, S. 2016, Dijital Para Bitcoin’in KDV’si, Vergi Dünyaları Dergisi, 0(417), 118-121.
18. Önal, A. 2016, Banka Vasıtalı Ödeme Araçlarını Dışlayan Bir Sistem Olarak Kripto Sanal Para Bitcoin ve Hukuki Niteliği, Banka ve Finans Hukuku Dergisi, 5(17), 165-195.
19. Kızıltepe, F., Öz, H. 2016, Bitcoin Nedir / Ne Değildir, Vergi Sorunları Dergisi, 39(331), 90-95.
20. Plassaras, A. N., 2017, Dijital Para Birimlerini Düzenleme: Bitcoin'in IMF ile Birlikte Değerlendirilmesi, (Çev: Gökçen, H. B.), Vergi Dünyası, 0(428), 120-137.
21. Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, J. E., Rivest, R. L., Stein, C. 2009, Introduction to Algorithms, 3rd Edition, MIT Press, A.B.D.
22. Narayanan, A., Bonneau, J., Felten, E., Miller, A., Goldfeder, S. 2016 Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies: A Comprehensive Introduction, Princeton University, New Jersey.
23. Price, R. 2015, The 21 Companies That Control Bitcoin, Business Insider UK, http://uk.businessinsider.com/bitcoin-pools-miners-ranked-2015-7
24. Usta, A., Doğantekin, S. 2017, Blockchain 101, MediaCat Kitapları, İstanbul.
25. Accenture, 2016, Accenture Debuts Prototype of ‘Editable’ Blockchain for Enterprise and Permissioned Systems, https://newsroom.accenture.com/news/accenture-debuts-prototype-of-editable-blockchain-for-enterprise-and-permissioned-systems.htm .
26. Wikipedia, 2018c, List of Cryptocurrencies, Wikimedia Foundation, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies .
27. CoinMarketCap, 2018, All Cryptocurrencies https://coinmarketcap.com/all/views/all .
28. Özgün Law, 2017, ICO (Initial Coin Offering) Nedir? http://www.ozgunlaw.com/tr-TR/HDetay/ico--initial-coin-offering-nedir--255.html .
29. CoinSchedule Limited, 2018, Cryptocurrency ICO Stats 2018, http://www.coinschedule.com/stats.html .
30. Mougayar, W. 2016, 4 Criteria For Evaluating Blockchain ICOs, CoinDesk, https://www.coindesk.com/evaluate-blockchain-initial-cryptocurrency-offering/ .
31. Deloitte, 2015, Blockchain Distrupting the Financial Services Industry https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ie/Documents/FinancialServices/IE_Cons_Blockchain_1015.pdf .
32. Cognizant, 2016, Blockchain in Banking : A Measured Approach, https://www.cognizant.com/whitepapers/Blockchain-in-Banking-A-Measured-Approach-codex1809.pdf .
33. Everis Next, 2016, 17 Blockchain Disruptive Use Cases, https://everisnext.com/2016/05/31/17-blockchain-disruptive-use-cases/ .
34. Evans, C. W. 2015, Bitcoin in Islamic Banking and Finance, Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, 3(1), 1-11.
35. Kar, I. 2016, GENERAL BLOCKCHAIN, The latest customers for the technology behind bitcoin are NATO and the US military, Quartz, http://qz.com/681580/the-latest-customers-for-the-technology-behind-bitcoin-are-nato-and-the-us-military/ .
36. Tapscott, D., Tapscott, A. 2016, Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business and the World, Portfolio/Penguin, A.B.D.
37. Short, T. 2016, Blockchain: The Comprehensive Guide to Mastering the Hidden Economy, Amazon CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, A.B.D.
38. Ramsey, S. 2016, Blockchain: Quick Start Guide to Understanding Blockchain, the Biggest Revolution in Financial Technology and Beyond Since The Internet, Amazon Digital Services, A.B.D., 2016.
39. Huckle, S, Bhattacharya, R, White, M, Beloff, N. 2016, Internet of Things, Blockchain and Shared Economy Applications, Procedia Computer Science, 98(2016), 461-466.
40. Popov S. 2017, The Tangle, http://iotatoken.com/IOTA_Whitepaper.pdf .
41. Bauerle, N. 2018, Why Use a Blockchain?, CoinDesk, https://www.coindesk.com/information/why-use-a-blockchain/.
42. Wüst, K., Gervais, A. 2017, Do you need a blockchain?, IACR Cryptology Print Paper Archieve, 375.
43. Deloitte, 2018, Deloitte Blockchain Lab, https://www2.deloitte.com/ie/en/pages/technology/topics/blockchain-lab.html
44. Rozenfeld, M. 2016, Getting Linked to the Blockchain, http://theinstitute.ieee.org/technology-topics/computing/getting-linked-to-the-blockchain .
45. Cohen, B. 2016, ISO May Propose Certified Standards for Blockchains and Distributed Ledgers, Bitcoin Magazine, https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/iso-may-propose-certified-standards-for-blockchains-and-distributed-ledgers-1464189647 .
46. Young, J. 2016, Why 1/3 of all bitcoin exchanges since 2009 were hacked, Coinfox, http://www.coinfox.info/news/6323-why-1-3-of-all-bitcoin-exchanges-since-2009-were-hacked .
47. Newbium, 2016, The 10 Biggest Bitcoin Hacks In History, https://coins.newbium.com/post/655-the-10-biggest-bitcoin-hacks-in-history .
48. Duggan, W. 2017, 12 Biggest Cryptocurrency Hacks In History, Benzinga, https://www.benzinga.com/fintech/17/11/10824764/12-biggest-cryptocurrency-hacks-in-history.
49. Sasson, E. B., Chiesa, A., Garman, C., Green, M., Miers, I., Tromer, E., Virza, M. 2014, Zerocash: Decentralized Anonymous Payments from Bitcoin, IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, San Jose, CA, USA.
50. Wirdum, A. V. 2016, Ethereum’s DAO Forking Crisis: The Bitcoin Perspective, Bitcoin Magazine, https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/ethereum-s-dao-forking-crisis-the-bitcoin-perspective-1467404395 .
51. Acheson, N. 2018, Is Bitcoin Legal?, Coindesk, http://www.coindesk.com/information/is-bitcoin-legal/ .
52. Lumb, R. 2016, Downside of Bitcoin: A Ledger That Can’t Be Corrected, The New York Times, http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/09/10/business/dealbook/downside-of-virtual-currencies-a-ledger-that-cant-be-corrected.html .
53. Croman, K., Decker, C., Eyal, I., Gencer, A. E., Juels, A., Kosba, A., Miller, A., Saxena, P., Shi, E., Sirer, E. G,. Song, D., Wattenhofer, R. 2016, On scaling decentralized blockchains, Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2016, https://fc16.ifca.ai/bitcoin/papers/CDE+16.pdf .
54. Decker, C., Wattenhofer, R. 2015, A fast and scalable payment network with bitcoin duplex micropayment channels, Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems, 9212, 3-18.
55. Bitcoin.com, 2017, What Is Bitcoin Cash? https://www.bitcoin.com/info/what-is-bitcoin-cash .
56. Lightning Network, 2018, Lightning Network: Scalable, Instant Bitcoin/Blockchain Transactions https://lightning.network/.
57. Tübitak, 2018, Blokzincir Araştırma Laboratuarı, Tübitak BİLGEM, http://blokzincir.bilgem.tubitak.gov.tr/ .